1. | EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS |
1.1. | Not all graphenes are equal: diversity is intrinsic to the material system |
1.2. | Trade-offs involved between different production processes |
1.3. | Explaining the main graphene manufacturing routes |
1.4. | Summary of graphene categorisation |
1.5. | Quantitative mapping of graphene morphologies on the market (lateral size vs thickness) |
1.6. | Does anyone mass produce true graphene? |
1.7. | The hype curve of the graphene industry |
1.8. | Graphene suppliers categorised by production process (direct exfoliation, rGO, CVD(powder), Plasma, CVD (film), etc.) |
1.9. | Comparison of business models |
1.10. | Trends in publications for graphene and other 2D materials |
1.11. | Market leaders emerge and consolidation anticipated |
1.12. | Shifting graphene investments |
1.13. | Revenue of graphene companies |
1.14. | Profit and loss trend of graphene companies |
1.15. | Profitable graphene companies |
1.16. | Value creation for graphene companies: a look at public valuation trends |
1.17. | Graphite mines see opportunity in graphene |
1.18. | The rise of China in graphene (production capacity figures of Chinese graphene manufacturers) |
1.19. | Graphene platelet-type: global production capacity by company |
1.20. | Graphene platelet-type: global production capacity by region |
1.21. | The importance of intermediaries |
1.22. | Graphene prices by suppliers |
1.23. | Quality and consistency issue |
1.24. | Learning from the capacity progression of MWCNTs |
1.25. | Graphene film production - technical challenges remain |
1.26. | CVD graphene - applications are shifting |
1.27. | Expanding graphene wafer capacity and adoption |
1.28. | Graphene producers: historical progression |
1.29. | Graphene applications going commercial? |
1.30. | Graphene products and prototypes |
1.31. | Market breakdown by revenue and volume |
1.32. | Nanoinformatics - Accelerating R&D |
1.33. | Overview of 2D materials beyond graphene |
1.34. | General Conclusions |
2. | MARKET FORECASTS |
2.1. | Forecast methodology and assumptions |
2.2. | Granular ten year graphene market forecast segmented by 18 application areas |
2.3. | Ten-year forecast for volume (MT) demand for graphene platelets |
2.4. | Snapshots of the graphene market |
2.5. | Ten-year forecast for graphene platelet vs sheets |
2.6. | CNT market forecast comparison |
3. | PATENT TRENDS |
3.1. | Graphene Patent Trends |
3.2. | Top Patent Holders: Dominance of Asia is Clear |
3.3. | Key Historic Patent and New Entrants |
3.4. | Deep-Dive into Major Patent Holders |
3.5. | Geographic Patent Distribution and Outlook |
4. | OVERVIEW OF LATEST DEVELOPMENTS IN CHINA |
4.1. | The rise of China in graphene (production capacity figures) |
4.2. | SuperC Technology Limited: Already making headway in energy storage |
4.3. | Knano |
4.4. | Ningbo Morsh: one of the largest graphene producers? |
4.5. | 2D Carbon (Changzhou)Ltd |
4.6. | Sixth Element |
4.7. | Sixth Element: success in anti-corrosion and heat spreaders? |
4.8. | Sixth Element: material properties |
4.9. | Sixth Element: also CVD film? |
4.10. | Ningbo Soft Carbon Electronics: R2R CVD graphene growth and transfer |
4.11. | Wealtech/MITBG: Graphene as heating element |
4.12. | Tungshu (Dongxu Optoelectronic Technology) |
4.13. | Tungshu (Dongxu Optoelectronic Technology) |
4.14. | Deyang Carbonene: Exfoliated graphene for heating |
4.15. | Haike (subsidiary of Shandon One New Materials) |
4.16. | Other companies: ENN, Nanjing SCF Nanotech Ltd, Hongsong Technology |
4.17. | Other companies: Liaoning Mote Graphene Technology, Shandon Yuhuang New Energy Technology, Changsha Research Institute of Mining & Metallurgy |
5. | GRAPHENE PRODUCTION |
5.1. | Expanded graphite |
5.2. | Reduced graphene oxide |
5.3. | Oxidising graphite: processes and characteristics |
5.4. | Reducing graphene oxide: different methods |
5.5. | Direct liquid phase exfoliation: process and characteristics |
5.6. | Direct liquid phase exfoliation under shear force |
5.7. | Electrochemical exfoliation |
5.8. | Properties of electrochemical exfoliated graphene |
5.9. | Plasma exfoliation |
5.10. | Substrate-less Plasma |
5.11. | Substrate-less CVD (chemical vapour deposition) |
5.12. | Substrate-less CVD: growth of flower like graphene |
5.13. | Producing graphene as an electronic substrate or material |
5.14. | Chemical Vapour Deposited (CVD) Graphene |
5.15. | Growth process of CVD graphene |
5.16. | The key role of oxygen in CVD graphene growth |
5.17. | CVD graphene: cm scale grain domains possible |
5.18. | Roll to roll (R2R) growth of CVD graphene film |
5.19. | The transfer challenge: a showstopper? |
5.20. | Roll-to-roll transfer of CVD graphene |
5.21. | Novel methods for transferring CVD graphene |
5.22. | Using R2R joule heating to enable CVD growth |
5.23. | Epitaxial: high performance but high cost |
5.24. | Graphene from SiC |
5.25. | Improving graphene from SiC epitaxy |
5.26. | Metal on silicon CVD (then transfer) |
5.27. | Transfer-FREE metal on Si graphene |
5.28. | SINGLE CRYSTAL wafer scale graphene on silicon! |
5.29. | CVD Graphene Progress |
6. | ENERGY STORAGE: BATTERIES |
6.1. | Graphene batteries introduction |
6.2. | LFP cathode improvement |
6.3. | Why graphene and carbon black are used together |
6.4. | Results showing graphene improves LFP batteries |
6.5. | Results showing graphene improves NCM batteries |
6.6. | Results showing graphene improves LTO batteries |
6.7. | Why silicon anode battery and key challenges? |
6.8. | Silicon Anodes |
6.9. | Electrolyte and Current Collectors |
6.10. | Fast Charging Lithium-ion Batteries |
6.11. | Motivation - Why Lithium Sulphur batteries? |
6.12. | The Lithium sulphur battery chemistry |
6.13. | Why graphene helps in Li sulphur batteries |
6.14. | State of the art use of graphene in LiS batteries |
6.15. | Mixed graphene/CNT in batteries |
6.16. | Graphene-enabled lead acid battery |
6.17. | Conclusions: graphene role in batteries |
7. | ENERGY STORAGE: SUPERCAPACITORS |
7.1. | Energy Storage Priorities |
7.2. | Batteries vs Supercapacitors |
7.3. | Challenges with graphene: poor out-of-plane conductivity and re-stacking |
7.4. | Graphene supercapacitor Ragone plots |
7.5. | Promising results on GO supercapacitors |
7.6. | Skeleton Technologies' graphene supercapacitors |
7.7. | Targeted high-volume production |
7.8. | Conclusions: graphene role in supercapacitors |
8. | GRAPHENE CONDUCTIVE INKS |
8.1. | Graphene platelet/powder-based conductors: conductive inks |
8.2. | Applications of conductive graphene inks |
8.3. | Results of resistive heating using graphene inks |
8.4. | Heating applications |
8.5. | Uniform and stable heating |
8.6. | Results of de-frosting using graphene inks |
8.7. | Results of de-icing using graphene heaters |
8.8. | Transparent EMI shielding |
8.9. | ESD films printed using graphene |
8.10. | Graphene UV shielding coatings |
8.11. | Graphene inks can be highly opaque |
8.12. | RFID types and characteristics |
8.13. | UV resistant tile paints |
8.14. | Graphene RFID tags: already a success story? |
8.15. | Overview of RFID antennas |
8.16. | Overview of the general RFID antenna market figures |
8.17. | Cost breakdown of RFID tags |
8.18. | Methods of producing RFID antennas |
8.19. | Graphene in glucose test strips |
8.20. | Printed glucose: what is it? |
8.21. | Anatomy of a test strip: one example |
9. | THERMAL MANAGEMENT |
9.1. | Thermal management applications |
9.2. | Introduction to Thermal Interface Materials (TIM) |
9.3. | Advanced Materials for TIM - Introduction |
9.4. | Summary of TIM utilising advanced carbon materials |
9.5. | Achieving through-plane alignment |
9.6. | Graphene heat spreaders: commercial success |
9.7. | Graphene heat spreaders: performance |
9.8. | Graphene heat spreaders: suppliers multiply |
9.9. | Graphene as a thermal paste additive |
9.10. | Graphene as additives to thermal interface pads |
9.11. | Graphene: heat conductivity boosters |
9.12. | Nanofluidic coolant |
10. | POLYMER ADDITIVE |
10.1. | General observation on using graphene additives in composites |
10.2. | Graphene platelet-based conductors: polymer composites |
10.3. | Commercial results on graphene conductive composites (Nylon 66): the impact of aspect ration |
10.4. | Graphene as conductive additive in Polyester and PET |
10.5. | Graphene as conductive additive in PMDS, Natural Rubber and Epoxy |
10.6. | Graphene as conductive additive in PUA, PC, PDMS |
10.7. | Conductivity improvement in HDPE |
10.8. | EMI Shielding: graphene additives in epoxy |
10.9. | Results showing Young's Modulus enhancement using graphene |
10.10. | Commercial results on permeation graphene improvement |
10.11. | Permeation Improvement |
10.12. | Commercial results on thermal conductivity improvement using graphene |
10.13. | Thermal conductivity improvement using graphene |
10.14. | Key adoption examples - sports & leisure |
10.15. | Key adoption examples - automotive & industrial |
10.16. | Graphene-enhanced conductive 3D printing filaments |
11. | FIBER REINFORCED POLYMER (FRP) ADDITIVE |
11.1. | Role of nanocarbon as additives to FRPs |
11.2. | Routes to incorporating nanocarbon material into composites |
11.3. | Routes to electrically conductive composites |
11.4. | Technology adoption for electrostatic discharge of composites |
11.5. | Nanocarbon for enhanced electrical conductivity - Graphene |
11.6. | Enhanced thermal conductivity - application overview |
11.7. | Electrothermal de-icing - Nanocarbon patents |
11.8. | Electrothermal de-icing - Graphene research |
11.9. | Nanocomposites for enhanced thermal conductivity - graphene |
11.10. | Embedded sensors for structural health monitoring of composites - introduction |
11.11. | Embedded sensors for structural health monitoring of composites - types |
11.12. | Nanocarbon Sensors for embedded SHM |
12. | SENSORS |
12.1. | Industry examples of graphene-based sensors |
12.2. | Graphene Sensors - Gas Sensors |
12.3. | Graphene Sensors - Smart surfaces |
12.4. | Graphene Sensors - Biosensors |
12.5. | Graphene Quantum Dots |
12.6. | Hall-effect sensor |
12.7. | Graphene's optical properties |
12.8. | Fast graphene photosensor |
12.9. | Commercial example of graphene-enabled photodetector |
12.10. | Graphene humidity sensor |
12.11. | Optical brain sensors using graphene |
12.12. | Graphene skin electrodes |
12.13. | Graphene-enabled stretch sensor applications |
12.14. | Graphene-enabled stretch sensor applications |
13. | TRANSPARENT CONDUCTIVE FILMS AND GLASS |
13.1. | Transparent conducting films (TCFs) |
13.2. | Different Transparent Conductive Films (TCFs) |
13.3. | ITO film assessment: performance, manufacture and market trends |
13.4. | ITO film shortcomings: flexibility |
13.5. | ITO film shortcomings: limited sheet conductivity |
13.6. | ITO films: current prices |
13.7. | Indium's single supply risk: real or exaggerated? |
13.8. | Silver nanowire transparent conductive films: principles |
13.9. | Silver nanowire transparent conductive films: performance levels and value proposition |
13.10. | Silver nanowire transparent conductive films: flexibility |
13.11. | Metal mesh transparent conductive films: operating principles |
13.12. | Metal mesh: photolithography followed by etching |
13.13. | Fujifilm's photo-patterned metal mesh TCF |
13.14. | Embossing/Imprinting metal mesh TCFs |
13.15. | Komura Tech: improvement in gravure offset printed fine pattern (<5um) metal mesh TCF ? |
13.16. | Graphene performance as TCF |
13.17. | Doping as a strategy for improving graphene TCF performance |
13.18. | Be wary of extraordinary results for graphene |
13.19. | Graphene transparent conducting films: flexibility |
13.20. | Graphene transparent conducting films: thinness and barrier layers |
13.21. | Wuxi Graphene Film Co's CVD graphene progress |
13.22. | LG Electronics: R2R CVD graphene targeting TCFs? |
13.23. | Ningbo Soft Carbon Electronics: R2R CVD graphene growth and transfer |
13.24. | Quantitative benchmarking of different TCF technologies |
13.25. | Technology comparison |
14. | GRAPHENE TRANSISTORS |
14.1. | Introduction |
14.2. | Transistor Figures-of-Merit (transfer characteristics) |
14.3. | Transistor Figures-of-Merit (output characteristics) |
14.4. | Why graphene transistors? |
14.5. | First graphene FET with top gate (CMOS)- 2007 |
14.6. | High performance top gate FET |
14.7. | Graphene FET with bandgap |
14.8. | Opening a bandgap: e-field induced bandgap bilayer graphene |
14.9. | Opening bandgap: No free lunch! |
14.10. | Graphene wafer scale integration |
14.11. | Graphene IC (2011) |
14.12. | Can graphene FETs make it as an analogue high frequency device? |
14.13. | Why the limited fmax? |
14.14. | So what if we print graphene? Poor competition gives hope! |
14.15. | Fully inkjet printed 2D material FETs |
14.16. | Fully inkjet printed 2D material FETs on TEXTILE |
14.17. | Fully inkjet printed on-textile 2D material logic! |
14.18. | Graphene transistor conclusions |
15. | OTHER APPLICATIONS |
15.1. | Concrete & Asphalt |
15.2. | Headphones |
15.3. | Lubricant |
15.4. | Engine Oil |
15.5. | Water Filtration |
15.6. | Desalination |
15.7. | Copper nanocomposites - introduction |
15.8. | Production of copper nanocomposites |
15.9. | Graphene platelet-based conductors: metal composites |
15.10. | Shear assisted processing and extrusion |
15.11. | Hot Extrusion Nanoalloy |
15.12. | Multilayer copper nanocomposites |
15.13. | Graphene as additive in tires |
15.14. | Results on use of graphene in silica loaded tires |
15.15. | Graphene-enabled vehicle tire |
15.16. | Graphene-enabled bike tires |
15.17. | Anti-corrosion coating |
15.18. | E-textile applications |
15.19. | Antibacterial applications |
16. | 2D MATERIALS BEYOND GRAPHENE |
16.1. | 2D materials beyond graphene: a GROWING family! |
16.2. | Computation suggests thousands available |
16.3. | "Atomic Lego" - the future of material science? |
16.4. | 2D materials beyond graphene: a GROWING family! |
16.5. | Publication rate is astronomical |
16.6. | A range of two materials exist with bandgaps! |
16.7. | Introduction to nano boron nitride |
16.8. | BNNT players and prices |
16.9. | BNNT property variation |
16.10. | BN nanostructures in thermal interface materials |
16.11. | BN vs C nanostructures: manufacturing routes |
16.12. | BNNS - manufacturing status |
16.13. | BNNS - research advancements |
16.14. | TMD - Overview |
16.15. | MoS2: change in band structure from bulk to 2D |
16.16. | Other 2D materials actually work: top gate FET |
16.17. | Other 2D materials actually work: phototransistor |
16.18. | Liquid phase exfoliation: examples of exfoliated TMDs |
16.19. | Wafer scale uniform TMD growth |
16.20. | Wafer scale uniform TMD growth: a look at growth conditions |
16.21. | Why use TMDs at all if mobility not outstanding? |
16.22. | The point of 2D materials as transistors: 5nm gate & beyond? |
16.23. | The point of 2D materials as transistors: large area flexible TFTs? |
16.24. | MXenes - a rapidly emerging class |
16.25. | MXenes - application opportunities |
16.26. | MXenes - Latest research |
16.27. | Phosphorene |
16.28. | Phosphorene - manufacturing |
17. | COMPANY PROFILES |