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1. | INTRODUCTION |
1.1. | Printed electronics - reasons why |
1.1. | Comparison of thin film silicon and organic thin films as transistor semiconductors. |
1.1. | SuperPanoramic cockpit with closable opaque layer - a concept of the US Air Force |
1.2. | US Warfighter's back pack must reduce in weight. Wrist displays, printed antennas, batteries, electronics and power generation will be part of this. |
1.2. | Impact of printed electronics on conventional electronics |
1.3. | Progress so far |
1.3. | The different impact of the new printed electronics on various existing electric and electronic markets |
1.3.1. | The age of silicon |
1.3.2. | The dream of organic electronics |
1.3.3. | The example of smart clothing |
1.3.4. | Slow progress with organic conductors |
1.3.5. | Boron nitride - tailoring carbon composites |
1.4. | Organic electronics - the dream |
1.4. | The new inorganic printed and thin film devices |
1.4.1. | Rapidly widening choice of elements - déjà vu |
1.4.2. | Example - printed lighting |
1.4.3. | Example - printed photodetectors |
1.4.4. | Inorganic barrier layers - alumina, silicon nitride, boron nitride etc |
1.5. | Attributes and problems of inorganic, hybrid and organic thin film electronics form a spectrum |
1.6. | Elements employed in the silicon chip business where blue refers to before the 1990s, green for since the 1990s and red for beyond 2005. |
1.7. | Projections for flexible printed and thin film lighting 2007-2025 |
1.8. | Tera-Barrier's barrier stack |
2. | INORGANIC TRANSISTORS |
2.1. | Comparison of printed polymer ink used in pilot production of organic transistors vs two thin film inorganic semiconductors for transistors vs nanosilicon ink |
2.1. | Transparent inorganic transistor |
2.1. | Inorganic compound semiconductors for transistors |
2.1.1. | Learning how to print inorganic compound transistors |
2.1.2. | Zinc oxide based transistor semiconductors and Samsung breakthrough |
2.1.3. | More work on inorganic transistors: Progress at Evonik |
2.1.4. | Amorphous InGaZnO |
2.1.5. | Gallium-indium hydroxide nanoclusters |
2.1.6. | Gallium arsenide semiconductors for transistors |
2.1.7. | Transfer printing silicon and gallium arsenide on film |
2.1.8. | Silicon nanoparticle ink |
2.1.9. | Molybdenite transistors at EPFL Lausanne |
2.1.10. | Carbon nanotube TFTs at SWeNT |
2.2. | Inorganic dielectrics for transistors |
2.2. | Example of ZnO based transistor circuit. |
2.2. | Some of the organisations developing zinc oxide transistors |
2.2.1. | Solution processed barium titanate nanocomposite |
2.2.2. | Alternative inorganic dielectrics HafSOx etc |
2.2.3. | Hybrid inorganic dielectrics - zirconia |
2.2.4. | Hafnium oxide - latest work |
2.2.5. | Aluminium, lanthanum and other oxides |
2.3. | Hewlett Packard prints aSi backplanes reel to reel |
2.3. | Some properties of new thin film dielectrics |
2.3. | Using a nanolaminate as an e-platform |
2.4. | TEM images of solution processed nanolaminates |
2.4. | Benefits and challenges of R2R electronics fabrication were seen as follows: |
2.4. | Inorganic transistors on paper |
2.5. | Progress Towards p-type Metal Oxide Semiconductors |
2.5. | Printing choices |
2.5. | Semiconductor development |
2.6. | Target range for mobility and processing temperature of semiconductors |
2.6. | High-Mobility Ambipolar Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Transistors |
2.7. | Hybrid inorganic/organic transistors and memory |
2.7. | Transfer characteristics of gen3 semiconductor system |
2.7.1. | Resistive switching |
2.7.2. | Oxides as anodes |
2.8. | Do organic transistors have a future? |
2.8. | Current efficiency of a Novaled PIN OLEDTM stack on an inkjet printed, transparent conductive ITO anode |
2.9. | Cross-sectional schematic view of an amorphous oxide TFT |
2.10. | Transparent and flexible active matrix backplanes fabricated on PEN films |
2.11. | Molecular precursors synthesized at the University of Oregon |
2.12. | Semprius transfer printing |
2.13. | Performance of Kovio's ink versus others by mobility |
2.14. | Road map |
2.15. | Molybdenite transistor from EPFL Lausanne |
2.16. | Hybrid organic-inorganic transistor and right dual dielectric transistor |
2.17. | Web as clean room |
2.18. | The basic imprint lithography process |
2.19. | Zinc oxide transistors printed on to paper |
2.20. | SEM image of p-type ZnO nanowires |
3. | INORGANIC PHOTOVOLTAICS AND THERMOELECTRIC |
3.1. | Efficiency vs deliverable output power |
3.1. | Wafer vs thin film photovoltaics |
3.1. | Performance criteria and limitations of silicon photovoltaics |
3.2. | Comparison of photovoltaic technologies |
3.2. | Summary of the applicational requirements for the large potential markets |
3.2. | Efficiencies for thin film solar cells |
3.3. | Technology comparison between inorganic and other photovoltaic cells on plastic film |
3.3. | Progress in improving the efficiency of the different types of photovoltaic cell 1975-2011 |
3.3. | Non-silicon inorganic options |
3.3.1. | Lowest cost solar cells - CuSnZnSSe? |
3.3.2. | Copper Indium Gallium diSelenide (CIGS) |
3.3.3. | Gallium arsenide |
3.3.4. | Gallium arsenide - germanium |
3.3.5. | Gallium indium phosphide and gallium indium arsenide |
3.3.6. | Cadmium telluride and cadmium selenide |
3.3.7. | Bismuth ferrite - new principle of operation |
3.3.8. | Porous zinc oxide |
3.3.9. | Polymer-quantum dot devices CdSe, CdSe/ZnS, PbS, PbSe |
3.3.10. | Cuprous oxide PV |
3.3.11. | Other inorganic semiconductors for PV |
3.4. | Inorganic-organic and carbon-organic formulations |
3.4. | CIGS photovoltaic cell configuration that is not yet printed. Nanosolar now prints similar structures reel to reel. |
3.4. | Summary of some of the important performance criteria for photovoltaics by type |
3.4.1. | Titanium dioxide Dye Sensitised Solar Cells (DSSC) |
3.4.2. | Zinc oxide DSCC photovoltaics |
3.4.3. | Development of high-performance organic-dye sensitized solar cells |
3.4.4. | Fullerene enhanced polymers |
3.5. | Other recent advances |
3.5. | Some recent results for inorganic and organic-fullerene photovoltaic cells |
3.5. | CIGS-CGS absorber layer |
3.6. | Roll to roll production of CIGS on metal or polyimide film |
3.6. | Companies pursuing industrial production of CIGS photovoltaics |
3.6. | Cobalt, phosphate and ITO to store the energy |
3.7. | Major US funding for thin Si, CIGS/ZnMnO, DSSC photovoltaics |
3.7. | Quantum Dots Available |
3.7. | An example of flexible, lightweight CdTe photovoltaics on polymer film |
3.8. | Mass production of flexible thin film electronic devices using the three generations of technology. |
3.8. | Typical quantum dot materials from Evident and their likely application. |
3.9. | Thin film market share module cost by technology |
3.9. | A typical DSSC construction |
3.10. | Solar cell researchers |
3.11. | Fullerene-pentacene photovoltaic device |
3.12. | Advantages of Pulse Thermal Processing (PTP) |
4. | BATTERIES AND SUPERCAPACITORS |
4.1. | Some examples of marketing thrust for laminar batteries |
4.1. | Inorganic micro-battery development by CEA Liten, illustrating the various chemistries |
4.1. | Applications of laminar batteries |
4.2. | Technology and developers |
4.2. | CEA Liten Li-Ion battery development |
4.2. | Shapes of battery for small RFID tags advantages and disadvantages |
4.2.1. | All-inorganic printed lithium electric vehicle battery: Planar Energy |
4.2.2. | Zirconium disulphide |
4.2.3. | Battery overview |
4.2.4. | The Paper Battery Co |
4.2.5. | Nanotecture |
4.2.6. | CEA Liten |
4.2.7. | Rocket Electric, Bexel, Samsung, LG Chemicals and micro SKC batteries for Ubiquitous Sensor Networks |
4.2.8. | Power Paper |
4.2.9. | Solicore, USA |
4.2.10. | SCI, USA |
4.2.11. | Infinite Power Solutions, USA |
4.2.12. | Blue Spark Technologies, USA |
4.2.13. | Enfucell |
4.2.14. | Printed battery research |
4.3. | Smart skin patches |
4.3. | Examples of suppliers of coin type batteries by country |
4.3. | The Power Paper battery |
4.4. | The Infinite Power battery is very small |
4.4. | The spectrum of choice of technologies for batteries in smart packaging |
4.4. | Nano metal oxides with carbon create new supercapacitor |
4.5. | Examples of potential sources of flexible thin film batteries |
4.5. | Infinite Power batteries ready for use |
4.6. | IPS Thinergy rechargeable, solid-state lithium batteries |
4.6. | Examples of universities and research centres developing laminar batteries |
4.7. | The four generations of delivery skin patches |
4.7. | Reel to reel printing of Blue Spark Technologies batteries |
4.8. | Carbon zinc thin film battery from Blue Spark Technologies |
4.8. | Examples of drugs and cosmetics applied by company using iontophoresis |
4.9. | Examples of smart skin patches. |
4.10. | The Estee Lauder smart cosmetic patch with printed inorganic battery and electrodes launched in 2006 a three pack costing $50 and an eight pack costing $100 |
4.11. | The ultimate dream for smart skin patches for drugs - closed loop automated treatment |
4.12. | Evolution of smart skin patches |
5. | CONDUCTORS, SENSORS, METAMATERIALS AND MEMRISTORS |
5.1. | Main applications of conductive inks and some major suppliers today |
5.1. | Typical SEM images of Copper flake C1 6000F. |
5.1. | Silver, indium tin oxide and general comparisons. |
5.2. | Conductor deposition technologies |
5.2. | Industrial Inkjet Printhead and nano-Cu ink developed by Samsung Electro-Mechanics |
5.2. | Different options for printing electronics, level of success and examples of companies |
5.3. | Comparison of metal etch (e.g. copper and aluminium) conductor choices |
5.3. | Silver-based ink as printed and after curing |
5.3. | 2009/2010 breakthroughs in printing copper |
5.3.1. | Challenges with copper |
5.3.2. | University of Helsinki |
5.3.3. | NanoDynamics |
5.3.4. | Applied Nanotech Holdings |
5.3.5. | Samsung Electro-Mechanics |
5.3.6. | Intrinsiq announces nano copper for printing |
5.3.7. | NovaCentrix |
5.3.8. | Hitachi Chemical |
5.4. | Conductive Inks |
5.4. | Conductance in ohms per square for the different printable conductive materials compared with bulk metal |
5.4. | Electroless metal plate - Additive print process with weakly conductive ink (e.g. plastics or carbon) followed by wet metal plating |
5.5. | Electro metal plate - Additive print process with weakly conductive ink (e.g. plastics or carbon) followed by dry metal plating |
5.5. | Loading for spherical conductive fillers |
5.5. | Progress with new conductive ink chemistries and cure processes |
5.5.1. | Novacentrix PulseForge |
5.6. | Pre-Deposit Images in Metal PDIM |
5.6. | Typical SEM images of CU flake C1 6000F. Copper flake |
5.6. | Printable metallic conductors cure at LT e.g. silver based ink |
5.7. | Parameters for metal ink choices |
5.7. | PolyIC approach to patterned transparent electrodes |
5.7. | Transparent electrodes by metal patterning |
5.8. | Printed conductors for RFID tag antennas |
5.8. | Caledon Controls transparent conductive film using printed metal patterning. |
5.8. | Examples of suppliers for metal (mainly silver) PTF inks |
5.8.1. | Print resolutions required for high performance RFID tag antennas |
5.8.2. | Process cost comparison |
5.8.3. | RFID tag manufacture consolidation and leaders in 2009 |
5.9. | Printing wide area sensors and their memory: Polyscene, Polyapply, 3Plast, PriMeBits, Motorola |
5.9. | Examples of companies progressing printed RFID antennas etc |
5.9. | Choice of printing technology for RFID antennas today |
5.10. | Projected tag assembly costs from Alien Technology in US Cents for volumes of several billions of tags |
5.10. | Some companies progressing ink jettable conductors |
5.10. | Phase Change Memory |
5.11. | Printing metamaterials |
5.11. | Process Cost Comparison 1 - low volume - GB £ /sq metre web production - Antenna on substrate only |
5.11. | How negative refractive index works |
5.12. | How to make a working printed metamaterial |
5.12. | Cost breakdown of an average RFID tag in 2004 and target |
5.12. | Flexible memristors |
5.13. | Company profiles |
5.13. | Possibilities for various new printed conductors. |
5.13. | Printed metal patterning to form metamaterial |
5.13.1. | ASK |
5.13.2. | Poly-Flex |
5.13.3. | Avery Dennison |
5.13.4. | Sun Chemical (Coates Circuit Products) |
5.13.5. | Mark Andy |
5.13.6. | InTune (formerly UPM Raflatac) |
5.13.7. | Stork Prints |
5.14. | Aerosol jet printing by Optomec |
5.14. | Flexible memristor |
5.15. | Meco's Flex Antenna Plating (FAP) machine |
5.15. | Electroless plating and electroplating technologies |
5.15.1. | Conductive Inkjet Technology |
5.15.1. | Hanita Coatings |
5.15.2. | Omron |
5.15.3. | Meco |
5.15.4. | Additive Process Technologies Ltd |
5.15.5. | Ertek |
5.15.6. | Leonhard Kurz |
5.16. | Polymer - metal suspensions |
5.16. | APT's FFD prototype can operate faster than 20 meters per minute. |
5.17. | Additive Process Technologies 2 stage process |
5.17. | Comparison of options |
5.18. | Dry Phase Patterning (DPP) |
5.18. | Additive Process Technologies antenna cost |
5.19. | New technology to make conductive patterns |
5.19. | Inorganic biomedical sensors |
5.19.1. | Disposable blocked artery sensors |
5.19.2. | Disposable asthma analysis |
5.20. | Dry Phase Patterned inductor |
6. | NANOTUBES AND NANOWIRES |
6.1. | Charge carrier mobility of carbon nanotubes compared with alternatives |
6.1. | Properties and morphology of single walled carbon nanotubes |
6.1. | Nanotubes |
6.2. | At Stanford, nanotubes + ink + paper = instant battery |
6.2. | Nanotube shrink-wrap from Unidym |
6.2. | Developers of Carbon Nanotubes for Printed Electronics |
6.3. | Zinc oxide nanowires generating power |
6.3. | Carbon Nanotubes and printed electronics |
6.4. | Developers of Carbon Nanotubes for Printed Electronics |
6.5. | Nanorods in photovoltaics |
6.6. | Zinc oxide nanorod semiconductors |
6.7. | Zinc oxide nano-lasers |
6.8. | Indium oxide nanowires |
6.9. | Zinc oxide nanorod piezo power |
7. | INORGANIC AND HYBRID DISPLAYS AND LIGHTING |
7.1. | Advantages and disadvantages of electrophoretic displays |
7.1. | Pelikon's (now MFLEX) prize winning fashion watch |
7.1. | AC Electroluminescent |
7.1.1. | Fully flexible electroluminescent displays |
7.1.2. | Watch displays |
7.1.3. | MorphTouch™ from MFLEX |
7.1.4. | Electroluminescent and other printed displays |
7.2. | Thermochromic |
7.2. | An example of an elumin8 electroluminescent display |
7.2. | Comparison between OLEDs and E-Ink of various parameters |
7.2.1. | Heat generation and sensitivity |
7.2.2. | CASE STUDY: Duracell battery testers |
7.3. | Electrophoretic |
7.3. | Experimental game printed on beer pack by VTT Technology of Finland |
7.3.1. | Background |
7.3.2. | Applications of E-paper displays |
7.3.3. | Electrochromic E-Paper using ZnO Nanowire Array |
7.3.4. | The Killer Application |
7.4. | Colour electrophoretics |
7.4. | Duracell battery testing chipless label - front and reverse view |
7.5. | Principle of operation of electrophoretic displays |
7.5. | Inorganic LED lighting and hybrid OLED |
7.6. | Affordable electronic window shutters |
7.6. | E-paper displays on a magazine sold in the US in October 2008 |
7.7. | Retail Shelf Edge Labels from UPM |
7.7. | Quantum dot lighting and displays |
7.8. | Secondary display on a cell phone |
7.9. | Scheme of the fabricated e-paper nanostructure based on ZnO nanowires |
7.10. | Photo image of (a) bleached, and (b) color state of the flexible ZnO nanowire electrode |
7.11. | Electronic paper from Fujitsu |
8. | COMPANY PROFILES |
8.1. | Unidym's target markets for transparent conducting nanotube films |
8.1. | Hewlett Packard |
8.2. | Unidym |
8.2. | NanoMas technology |
8.3. | Konarka thin film solar cell arrays |
8.3. | NanoMas Technologies |
8.4. | Miasolé |
8.4. | G24i has a new UK factory printing titanium oxide photovoltaics |
8.5. | G24i's advanced solar technology vs traditional polycrystalline |
8.5. | Konarka |
8.6. | Spectrolab |
8.6. | Printed Flexible Circuits from Soligie |
8.7. | Capabilities of Soligie |
8.7. | G24i |
8.8. | Soligie |
8.8. | Printed electronics from Soligie |
8.9. | Printing presses used for printing electronics at Soligie |
8.9. | BASF |
8.10. | DaiNippon Printing |
8.10. | An e-label from Soligie |
8.11. | Semiconductor development at Evonik |
8.11. | Evonik |
8.12. | InkTec |
8.12. | Target range for mobility and processing temperature of semiconductors. |
8.13. | Transfer characteristics of gen3 semiconductor system |
8.13. | Samsung |
8.14. | Toppan Printing |
8.14. | Current efficiency of a Novaled PIN OLEDTM stack on an inkjet printed, transparent conductive ITO anode. |
8.15. | Inks developed by InkTec |
8.15. | Nanogram |
8.16. | InkTec Printing methods |
8.17. | Samsung OLED display |
8.18. | NanoGram's Laser Reactive Deposition (LRD) technology |
9. | TIMELINES, SIZING OF OPPORTUNITIES AND MARKET FORECASTS |
9.1. | The market for inorganic versus organic electronics defined by chemistry of key element 2011-2021 |
9.1. | Printed electronics materials and other elements of device income 2011-2021 |
9.1. | Market forecasts 2011-2021 |
9.2. | Materials |
9.2. | Market forecast by component type for 2011-2021 in US $ billions, for printed and potentially printed electronics including organic, inorganic and composites |
9.2. | Percentage share as a whole of the market 2011-2021 |
9.3. | Printed electronics materials and other elements of device income 2011-2021 in billions of dollars |
9.3. | Konarka estimates of opening markets for flexible photovoltaics |
9.3. | Devices |
9.3.1. | Photovoltaics |
9.3.2. | Batteries, displays, etc |
9.3.3. | Market for printed electronic labels |
9.4. | Organic semiconductor projection by IBM |
9.4. | Market forecast by component type for 2011-2021 in US $ billions, for printed and potentially printed electronics including organic, inorganic and composites |
9.5. | Market size for thin film photovoltaic technologies beyond silicon technologies % of the market that is printed and flexible |
9.5. | Technical challenges for the next ten year to improvement of FDICD capabilities |
9.6. | Facts about media |
9.6. | Statistics for electronic labels and their potential locations |
9.7. | SM Products Road Map |
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS | |
APPENDIX 1: IDTECHEX PUBLICATIONS AND CONSULTANCY | |
TABLES | |
FIGURES |
Pages | 298 |
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Tables | 46 |
Figures | 111 |
Companies | 15 |
Forecasts to | 2021 |