1. | EXECUTIVE SUMMARY |
1.1. | What is the circular economy? |
1.2. | Awareness around single use plastic pollution |
1.3. | Global plastics production to pass 600 million tonnes by 2030 |
1.4. | Historical management of Municipal Solid Waste |
1.5. | China's National Sword policy |
1.6. | Outlook for managing plastic waste in largest producers |
1.7. | What is solvent extraction? |
1.8. | Drivers and restraints |
1.9. | Conversion of plastics to fuels (PTF) |
1.10. | Drivers and restraints |
1.11. | Polymer to monomer and intermediate depolymerisation |
1.12. | Drivers and restraints |
1.13. | Global revenues from polymer recycling |
1.14. | What is the future for polymer recycling? |
2. | INTRODUCTION |
2.1. | Plastic Waste |
2.1.1. | Social, economic and environmental megatrends |
2.1.2. | Reduced carbon dioxide emissions directives |
2.1.3. | What is the circular economy? |
2.1.4. | Global supply of plastics has grown exponentially |
2.1.5. | Awareness around single use plastic pollution |
2.1.6. | Global plastics production to pass 600 million tonnes by 2030 |
2.1.7. | Historical management of municipal solid waste |
2.1.8. | The top 10 global recyclers of municipal solid waste (MSW) |
2.1.9. | Plastic recycling is lagging behind |
2.1.10. | Global plastic waste by disposal type |
2.1.11. | China's National Sword policy |
2.1.12. | The consequences of the National Sword policy |
2.1.13. | Plastic recycling varies by polymer type |
2.1.14. | Polymer types: thermoplastics, thermosets and elastomers |
2.1.15. | Why are plastic recycling rates so low? |
2.1.16. | Outlook for managing plastic waste in largest producers |
2.2. | Biobased and biodegradable polymers |
2.2.1. | The range of available biobased monomers |
2.2.2. | Defining "biobased polymers" |
2.2.3. | Biobased polymers and waste management in 2020 |
2.2.4. | Are biodegradable plastics the solution? |
2.2.5. | Biobased value add: The Green Premium... |
2.2.6. | ...versus the price of Brent Crude |
2.2.7. | Environmental costs: the rising tide of plastic pollution |
2.2.8. | Feedstock competition: food or fuel (or plastics)? |
2.2.9. | Drivers and restraints of market growth |
2.2.10. | Relevant IDTechEx research |
3. | RECYCLING TECHNOLOGIES OVERVIEW |
3.1. | Polymer recycling processes |
3.1.1. | Recycling collection methods and facilities |
3.1.2. | Single vs multiple stream recycling |
3.1.3. | The four types of recycling: process definitions |
3.1.4. | Opportunities for recycling in the polymer value chain |
3.2. | Recycling key polymers |
3.2.1. | Recycling key polymer types |
3.2.2. | Recycling PET |
3.2.3. | Technology suppliers for PET recycling in this report |
3.2.4. | Recycling PE |
3.2.5. | Technology suppliers for PE recycling in this report |
3.2.6. | Recycling PP |
3.2.7. | Technology suppliers for PP recycling in this report |
3.2.8. | Recycling PS |
3.2.9. | Technology suppliers for PS recycling in this report |
4. | PRIMARY AND SECONDARY RECYCLING |
4.1. | Mechanical recycling |
4.1.1. | Primary mechanical recycling |
4.1.2. | Secondary mechanical recycling: collection |
4.1.3. | Secondary mechanical recycling: decontamination |
4.1.4. | Secondary mechanical recycling: melt and extrusion |
4.1.5. | Invisible barcodes to improve plastic recycling |
4.1.6. | Recycled polymers in the food industry |
4.1.7. | The problem of downcycling |
4.1.8. | Drivers and restraints of secondary mechanical recycling |
4.2. | Solvent extraction |
4.2.1. | What is solvent extraction? |
4.2.2. | VinyLoop- PVC: a warning case study |
4.2.3. | Technology suppliers |
4.2.4. | APK |
4.2.5. | Polystyvert |
4.2.6. | Purecycle Technologies |
4.2.7. | Worn Again |
4.2.8. | Drivers and restraints |
5. | TERTIARY RECYCLING |
5.1. | Plastic to fuel conversion |
5.1.1. | Conversion of plastics to fuels (PTF) |
5.1.2. | Conversion of plastics to fuels (PTF) |
5.1.3. | Incineration, gasification or thermal pyrolysis? |
5.1.4. | Typical outputs of plastic to fuel processes |
5.1.5. | Pyrolysis of plastic waste |
5.1.6. | Pyrolysis of plastic waste - process diagram |
5.1.7. | Advantages and challenges in plastic pyrolysis |
5.1.8. | Size limitations |
5.1.9. | Hydrogen deficiency |
5.1.10. | Contamination |
5.1.11. | The impact of contamination |
5.1.12. | Gasification of plastic waste |
5.1.13. | Challenges in gasification |
5.1.14. | Options for syngas from gasification |
5.1.15. | Feedstock materials for PTF conversion |
5.1.16. | PTF conversion outputs and side products |
5.1.17. | A comparison of plastic to fuel techniques |
5.1.18. | The environmental impact of plastic to fuel conversion |
5.1.19. | Technology suppliers |
5.1.20. | Agile Process Chemicals LLP |
5.1.21. | Agilyx |
5.1.22. | Enerkem |
5.1.23. | Enval |
5.1.24. | Fulcrum Bioenergy |
5.1.25. | Klean Industries |
5.1.26. | Plastic2Oil |
5.1.27. | PlasticEnergy |
5.1.28. | Nexus Fuels |
5.1.29. | Recycling Technologies |
5.1.30. | Drivers and restraints |
5.2. | Depolymerisation |
5.2.1. | Polymer to monomer and intermediate depolymerisation |
5.2.2. | Depolymerisation of PET |
5.2.3. | Depolymerisation of polystyrene |
5.2.4. | Depolymerisation of polyolefins |
5.2.5. | Depolymerisation of biodegradable polymers |
5.2.6. | Technology suppliers by feedstock |
5.2.7. | Agilyx |
5.2.8. | Ambercycle |
5.2.9. | Aquafil |
5.2.10. | BioCellection |
5.2.11. | Carbios |
5.2.12. | Garbo |
5.2.13. | Gr3n |
5.2.14. | Ioniqa |
5.2.15. | Jeplan |
5.2.16. | Loop Industries |
5.2.17. | Natureworks |
5.2.18. | Pyrowave |
5.2.19. | Drivers and restraints |
6. | QUATERNARY RECYCLING |
6.1. | Waste to energy: polymer incineration |
6.2. | MSW versus coal, oil and gas comparison |
6.3. | Incineration competing with landfill and recycling |
6.4. | Incineration uptake: USA versus Europe |
6.5. | Debate surrounding incineration |
7. | MARKET FORECASTS AND CONCLUSIONS |
7.1. | How oil prices affect plastic recycling |
7.2. | Breakeven price point for mechanical recycling |
7.3. | Breakeven for solvent extraction |
7.4. | Breakeven for plastic to fuel conversion |
7.5. | Breakeven for depolymerisation |
7.6. | Global revenues from polymer recycling |
7.7. | Could regulations spur things on? |
7.8. | What is the future for polymer recycling? |
8. | APPENDIX: GLOSSARY AND DEFINITIONS |
8.1. | Glossary: common acronyms for reference |
8.2. | Key terms and definitions |