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1. | EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS |
1.1. | Electrical categories |
1.1. | SAE six levels of charging |
1.1. | Example of a slow charging cable carried with an electric car |
1.2. | Cross section of delivery cable for a Kikusu fast charging station in Japan showing signal and power conductors |
1.2. | Car preferences for charging station |
1.2. | Physical categories - Mode, Case and Type |
1.3. | The most popular level of charging |
1.3. | Global market value $millions ex-factory of Levels 1, 2 and 3 car charging stations and other vehicle charging stations sold worldwide 2014-2024 |
1.3. | Global market value $millions ex-factory of Levels 1, 2 and 3 car charging stations and other vehicle charging stations sold worldwide 2014-2024 |
1.4. | Numbers thousands of non-residential car charging stations sold worldwide 2014-2024 |
1.4. | Numbers thousands of the three levels of residential car charging stations sold worldwide 2014-2024, in each case with the inverter on-board the car. |
1.4. | Ten year forecasts |
1.5. | Relative sales by Level |
1.5. | Numbers thousands of non-residential car charging stations sold worldwide 2014-2024 |
1.5. | Numbers thousands rounded of residential, non-residential and total car charging stations sold globally 2014-2024 |
1.6. | Number thousands of Levels 1.2 and 3 car charging stations sold worldwide 2014-2024 |
1.6. | Numbers thousands rounded of residential, non-residential and total car charging stations sold globally 2014-2024 |
1.6. | Charging station sales exceed pure electric cars sales |
1.7. | Price trends |
1.7. | Number thousands of Levels 1.2 and 3 car charging stations sold worldwide 2014-2024 |
1.7. | Average unit price ex-factory of the three levels of car charging stations 2014-2024 in $ thousands. |
1.8. | Global sales of electric cars number thousands, 2013-2024, rounded |
1.8. | Split between Level 2 residential and Level 3 chargers in recent commitments with rounded percentage |
1.8. | A vision for ubiquitous fast charging |
1.9. | Major impediments to the Level 3 people really want |
1.9. | Global sales of pure electric on-road cars and of car charging stations and the ratio between them 2014-2024 |
1.9. | Market for electric vehicles, both hybrid and pure electric, sold in the world 2013-2024 in thousands of units rounded |
1.10. | Market for electric vehicles, both hybrid and pure electric, sold in the world 2013-2024 in US$ billions |
1.10. | Average unit price ex-factory of the three levels of car charging stations 201-2024 in $ thousands |
1.10. | Actual charger pricing |
1.11. | Price sensitivity and opportunity for cost reduction |
1.11. | Typical hardware retail price of charging stations indoor/ residential vs outdoor in $ thousands |
1.11. | Number of Slow Charging Stations in Europe |
1.12. | Number of Fast Charging Stations in Europe |
1.12. | Global sales of electric cars number thousands 2013-2024, rounded |
1.12. | Geographical trends |
1.12.1. | Toyota 2014 onwards |
1.13. | Primary market |
1.13. | Examples of orders and commitments for car charging stations and our estimate of total numbers likely to be delivered |
1.13. | Comparison chart of Fast and Slow Charging Stations in Europe |
1.14. | US league table of manufacturers of car and other charging stations |
1.14. | Favoured locations |
1.15. | Alternative technologies |
1.15. | The charging infrastructure situation by category |
1.16. | Comparison table of Fast and Slow Charging Stations in Europe |
1.16. | Market leaders |
1.17. | Market beyond cars |
1.18. | Vehicle projections by type |
1.19. | Charging infrastructure situation by category |
1.20. | Charging stations in Europe |
2. | INTRODUCTION |
2.1. | Electric vehicle business by value |
2.1. | Solar train concept and underwater docking chargers already in use, both involving lithium-ion traction batteries |
2.2. | Forklift Truck Battery Charger, charging up to 900 ampere-hour of batteries in about eight hours |
2.2. | The car manufacturers' dilemma |
2.2.1. | Charging off-road land vehicles is usually easy |
2.2.2. | On road vehicles are troublesome |
2.2.3. | Many organisations interested |
2.3. | PosiCharge charging station for fast charging of lead acid batteries in forklifts |
2.3. | Potential setbacks and uncertainty |
2.4. | Some certainties |
2.4. | Elegant charging station from Taiwan |
2.5. | Examples of on board solar power charging land electric vehicle batteries |
2.5. | How many charging points are needed? |
2.6. | Will there be enough charging points? |
2.6. | Examples of on board solar power charging water borne electric vehicle batteries |
2.6.1. | Chargepoint |
2.6.2. | Flexibility |
2.6.3. | Part of a coordinated effort |
2.7. | Examples of on board solar power charging airborne electric vehicle batteries |
2.7. | Can the grid cope? |
2.8. | Coping with local grid inadequacies - transportable, autonomous charging |
2.8. | CellCube with renewable energy sources |
2.9. | CellCube |
2.9. | Metering in the vehicle or cable |
2.10. | In-vehicle inverters become more capable |
2.10. | Breakaway demonstration of front of CellCube |
2.11. | Breakaway demonstration of rear of CellCube |
2.12. | Gildemeister Energy Solutions |
2.13. | The Ubricity system |
3. | STANDARDS |
3.1. | SAE six levels of charging |
3.1. | Level 3 vehicle-side connector |
3.1. | Global standards setting in this field |
3.1.1. | Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) |
3.1.2. | International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) |
3.1.3. | International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO) |
3.1.4. | Japan |
3.1.5. | Level 1,2,3 |
3.1.6. | HomePlug Green Phy |
3.2. | China |
3.2. | Mennekes plug |
3.3. | The more rugged interface favoured by the French |
3.3. | Europe |
3.3.1. | Code of practice |
3.4. | Technical differences between countries |
3.4. | VDE-AR-E 2623-2-2 electric vehicle charging socket |
3.5. | CHAdeMO plug: NEXCO EV Quick |
3.5. | International strategies |
3.5.1. | Japan |
3.5.2. | Korea |
3.5.3. | North America |
3.6. | TEPCO CHAdeMO Level 3 "Quick" fast charging plug |
3.7. | Yazaki's SAE J1772 compliant electric vehicle connector |
4. | BATTERY SWAPPING |
4.1. | Fastest form of recharging |
4.1. | The good and the bad of battery swapping |
4.1. | Japanese taxi |
4.2. | 20,000 EVs in a smart grid in China |
4.2. | Battery swapping trials - China, Denmark, Israel, Japan, South Korea |
4.3. | 20,000 EVs in a smart grid |
4.4. | Battery swapping alternatives |
5. | ENERGY HARVESTING AND WIRELESS CHARGING |
5.1. | Energy harvesting |
5.1. | The good and the bad of inductive contactless charging of electric vehicles |
5.1. | Solar powered charging stations |
5.1.1. | Solar powered charging stations |
5.1.2. | Alpha Energy USA |
5.1.3. | Beautiful Earth USA |
5.1.4. | E-Move Denmark |
5.1.5. | Envision Solar International USA |
5.1.6. | EVFuture India |
5.1.7. | Flight of the Century |
5.1.8. | OnStar / TimberRock |
5.1.9. | Pininfarina Italy |
5.1.10. | RRC Germany |
5.1.11. | Sanyo Japan |
5.1.12. | Solar Bullet train |
5.1.13. | Solar Unity Company USA |
5.1.14. | SunPods USA |
5.1.15. | Toyota Japan |
5.1.16. | ULVAC |
5.2. | Electricity from the road |
5.2. | Charging station at Rio de Janeiro |
5.2.1. | James Dyson Award UK |
5.2.2. | Innowattech Israel |
5.3. | Wireless charging |
5.3. | PC-Aero pure electric manned plane from Germany with solar charger |
5.3.1. | Conductix-Wampfler Italy |
5.3.2. | Energy Dynamics Laboratory USA |
5.3.3. | Evatran USA |
5.3.4. | Korea Advanced Institute of Technology |
5.3.5. | Nissan Japan |
5.3.6. | Presidio Graduate School USA |
5.3.7. | Qualcomm (HaloIPT) New Zealand |
5.3.8. | Siemens-BMW |
5.3.9. | Singapore A*STAR |
5.3.10. | Volvo and Flanders Drive Sweden, Belgium |
5.3.11. | WiTricity and Partners USA |
5.4. | Solar recharging at Manheim New Jersey National Auto Dealers Exchange |
5.5. | Beautiful Earth Group's Brooklyn container-based charging station |
5.6. | E-Move solar charging station |
5.7. | EVFuture solar powered roadside charge 2008 model |
5.8. | EVFuture solar station detail |
5.9. | Planned flight of Flight of the Century pure electric aircraft |
5.10. | Test bed aircraft for design of Flight of the Century |
5.11. | OnStar and TimberRock EV solar charging |
5.12. | Wireless e-bike charger |
5.13. | Bicycle parking lot in Sakurashinmachi, Setagaya, with Sanyo's Smart Energy System "Solar Parking Lot" |
5.14. | "Solar Parking Lot" based on Sanyo Electric's Smart Energy System |
5.15. | Sanyo Electric's Large-, Medium- and Small-Scale Smart Energy Systems |
5.16. | Solar powered train concept |
5.17. | Solar Unity solar powered charging installed in 2005 |
5.18. | SunPods solar charging station |
5.19. | The 1.9kW Pure Electric Vehicle (PEV) and Plug In Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV) charging station |
5.20. | Road surface electricity generator |
5.21. | Innowattech Piezo Electric Generator |
5.22. | Hino "no plug in" bus |
5.23. | In-road charging of small buses in Turin Italy |
5.24. | Evatran EV charging |
5.25. | Evatran Plugless Power EV charging station |
5.26. | Evatran company milestones |
5.27. | KAIST OLEVs in 2010 |
5.28. | Proximity charged tram |
5.29. | HaloIPT 2010 launch of the first wireless charging in the UK |
5.30. | Operating principle of HaloIPT |
5.31. | Drayson racing car |
5.32. | Principle of the WiTricity Delphi wireless charging system |
6. | RECENT PROGRESS BY COMPANY AND COUNTRY, FUTURE ISSUES |
6.1. | ABB Switzerland |
6.1. | ABB DC fast charging station |
6.2. | ABB's Terra 51 direct current (DC) charger |
6.2. | AeroVironment USA |
6.3. | APplugs Belgium |
6.3. | AeroVironment chargers with Think EV |
6.4. | AeroVironment multiple charging system |
6.4. | Chargemaster UK |
6.5. | Circontrol Spain |
6.5. | Chargemaster FastCharge |
6.6. | Clipper Creek USA |
6.6. | Coulomb Technologies USA |
6.7. | CT&T USA |
6.7. | Clipper Creek Level 2 residential charger |
6.8. | Coulomb Technologies charger |
6.8. | Diamond Aircraft, Siemens, EADS |
6.9. | Eaton Corporation USA |
6.9. | ChargePoint Level 3 fast charger shown left and residential/ light commercial charger shown right |
6.10. | CT&T charger |
6.10. | Elektromotive UK |
6.11. | Epyon Netherlands |
6.11. | The world's first aircraft with a serial hybrid electric drive system |
6.12. | Eaton Level 2 charging station and Quick Charger |
6.12. | GE USA |
6.13. | Green Charge Networks USA |
6.13. | Elektromotive charging station |
6.14. | Epyon Terra charging station |
6.14. | Hasetec Japan |
6.15. | Ingeteam Spain |
6.15. | GE WattStation |
6.16. | Green Charge Networks transportable charging station with grid upgrade |
6.16. | JFE Engineering Corporation USA |
6.17. | Leviton USA |
6.17. | Hasetec charging station in action |
6.18. | Ingeteam roadside charger |
6.18. | Liberty PlugIns USA |
6.19. | Mitsubishi Japan |
6.19. | JFE charging interface |
6.20. | Leviton residential EV chargers |
6.20. | Nation-E Switzerland |
6.21. | NEC Takasago Japan |
6.21. | Liberty PlugIns EV charging stations |
6.22. | Mitsubishi roadside charger |
6.22. | Nexco Japan |
6.23. | Nissan Japan |
6.23. | Mitsubishi car charging - home management system |
6.24. | The Angel car mobile charger for rescue |
6.24. | PEP Stations USA |
6.25. | Robert Bosch Germany |
6.25. | Angel car in action |
6.26. | Nation-E Hummer rescue charger car |
6.26. | Schneider Electric France |
6.27. | Siemens Germany |
6.27. | Oregon Governor Ted Kulongoski plugs in the all-electric Nissan LEAF to the nation's first publicly available quick-charge station at Portland General Electric headquarters in Portland, Oregon |
6.28. | Nexco public charger in Hodogawa |
6.28. | SwapPack USA |
6.29. | Tokyo Electric Power Company |
6.29. | Nissan home charging station |
6.30. | PEP charging station |
6.30. | Toyota Japan |
6.31. | Voltec USA |
6.31. | Robert Bosch EV charging station |
6.32. | Schneider Electric EV charging stations |
6.33. | EVlink charging solutions |
6.34. | Tokyo Electric Power Company charge point |
6.35. | Toyota charging station |
6.36. | Potentially revolutionary solution for powering EVs |
6.37. | Voltec residential EV charger |
7. | EXAMPLES OF INFRASTRUCTURE INSTALLATION BY COUNTRY |
7.1. | Chinese cities restricting electric bikes |
7.1. | Austria |
7.1. | EV charging phone booth in Austria |
7.2. | Folkwang Universität The Plug |
7.2. | China |
7.3. | France |
7.3. | EV charger in Japan |
7.4. | Spanish phone booth suitable for addition of charger |
7.4. | Germany |
7.5. | Japan |
7.5. | World's first Tesla charging station installed in 2009 in California |
7.6. | Solar charging of car in San Jose |
7.6. | Portugal |
7.7. | Republic of Ireland |
7.7. | Sign in Raleigh |
7.8. | Basic charging system |
7.8. | Spain |
7.9. | Sweden |
7.9. | Feeding and using the smart grid |
7.10. | Smart grid simulation |
7.10. | United Kingdom |
7.11. | USA |
7.11.1. | California |
7.11.2. | North Carolina |
7.11.3. | Oregon |
7.12. | Fear of grid overload |
7.13. | Electric vehicles and the smart grid |
7.13.1. | Colliding with the needs of electric vehicles? |
7.13.2. | Opportunities |
APPENDIX 1: LATEST PROGRESS WITH LITHIUM-ION TRACTION BATTERIES. | |
APPENDIX 2: IDTECHEX PUBLICATIONS AND CONSULTANCY | |
TABLES | |
FIGURES |
Pages | 209 |
---|---|
Tables | 20 |
Figures | 114 |
Forecasts to | 2024 |