1. | EXECUTIVE SUMMARY |
1.1. | Battery Materials for Electric Vehicles |
1.2. | Materials Considered in this Report |
1.3. | Electric Vehicle Forecast |
1.4. | Cathode Chemistry Changes: Nickel up Cobalt down |
1.5. | Cell vs Pack Energy Density |
1.6. | Battery Pack Components |
1.7. | Total Material Requirements for EV Batteries |
1.8. | Battery Materials Market Value |
1.9. | Total Material Requirements for EV Batteries |
2. | INTRODUCTION |
2.1. | Electric Vehicle Terms |
2.2. | Electric Vehicles: Basic Principle |
2.3. | Drivetrain Specifications |
2.4. | Battery Materials for Electric Vehicles |
2.5. | Materials Considered in this Report |
3. | ELECTRIC VEHICLE BATTERIES |
3.1. | Li-ion Battery Chemistry |
3.1.1. | What is a Li-ion Battery? |
3.1.2. | Why Lithium? |
3.1.3. | Li-ion Cathode Overview |
3.1.4. | Li-ion Anode Overview |
3.1.5. | Cathode Chemistry Changes: Nickel up Cobalt down |
3.1.6. | Changing Too Fast? |
3.2. | Cell Costs and Energy Density |
3.2.1. | Drivers for High-Nickel Cathodes |
3.2.2. | EV Models with NMC 811 |
3.2.3. | 811 Commercialisation Examples |
3.2.4. | Cell Energy Density Timeline |
3.2.5. | Energy Density of Li-ion Cathodes |
3.3. | Materials for Li-ion Batteries |
3.3.1. | Potential for Raw Material Shortage |
3.3.2. | Sustainability of Li-ion Materials |
3.3.3. | Questionable Mining Practice |
3.3.4. | Drivers and Restraints |
3.3.5. | Li-ion Raw Materials in Perspective |
3.3.6. | How Does Material Intensity Change? |
3.3.7. | Inactive Material Intensities (exc. casings) |
3.4. | Raw Materials |
3.4.1. | The Elements Used in Li-ion Batteries |
3.4.2. | The Li-ion Supply Chain |
3.4.3. | Demand for Li-ion is Shifting |
3.4.4. | Raw Materials Critical to Li-ion |
3.4.5. | Li-ion Raw Material Geographical Distribution |
3.5. | Lithium |
3.5.1. | Lithium Introduction |
3.5.2. | Where is Lithium Located? |
3.5.3. | Lithium Extraction from Brines |
3.5.4. | Lithium Extraction from Hard Rock |
3.5.5. | Lithium Producers |
3.5.6. | Lithium End Uses |
3.5.7. | Forecasted Lithium Demand |
3.6. | Cobalt |
3.6.1. | Introduction to Cobalt |
3.6.2. | Cobalt in the DRC |
3.6.3. | Questionable Mining Practice |
3.6.4. | Cobalt Supply |
3.6.5. | Cobalt Price Trend |
3.6.6. | Public Scrutiny of Cobalt Supply |
3.6.7. | Changing Intensity of Cobalt in Li-ion |
3.6.8. | Forecasted Cobalt Demand |
3.7. | Nickel |
3.7.1. | An Overview of Nickel |
3.7.2. | Geographic Breakdown of Nickel Mining |
3.7.3. | Nickel: Supply Shortage? |
3.7.4. | Forecast Nickel Demand |
4. | CELL COMPONENTS |
4.1. | Cathodes |
4.1.1. | Cathode Material Intensities |
4.1.2. | Geographical Breakdown of Cathode Production |
4.1.3. | Chemistry Production Spread |
4.1.4. | NMC Development: from 111 to 811 |
4.1.5. | Outlook - Which Cathodes Will Be Used? |
4.1.6. | Cathode Demand Forecast |
4.1.7. | Cathode Demand Forecast |
4.1.8. | Price Assumptions |
4.1.9. | Cathode Material Market Value |
4.2. | Anodes |
4.2.1. | Introduction to Graphite |
4.2.2. | Natural or Synthetic in LIB? |
4.2.3. | Natural Graphite for LIBs |
4.2.4. | Natural Graphite Mining |
4.2.5. | Where Will New Capacity Come From? |
4.2.6. | Graphite Anode Suppliers |
4.2.7. | Forecast Graphite Demand |
4.2.8. | Introduction to Silicon Anodes |
4.2.9. | Benefits from Incorporating Silicon |
4.2.10. | Electrode Material Trends |
4.2.11. | How Much Does Silicon Improve Energy Density? |
4.2.12. | Anode Demand Forecast |
4.2.13. | Anode Material Prices |
4.2.14. | Anode Market Value Forecast |
4.3. | Electrolyte, Separators, Binders and Casings |
4.3.1. | What is in a Cell? |
4.3.2. | Li-ion Electrolytes |
4.3.3. | Separators |
4.3.4. | Polyolefin Separator |
4.3.5. | Binders |
4.3.6. | Binders - Aqueous vs Non-aqueous |
4.3.7. | Carbon Nanotubes in Li-ion Batteries |
4.3.8. | Why Use Nanocarbons? |
4.4. | Total Battery Cell Materials Forecast |
4.4.1. | Battery Cell Materials Forecast |
4.4.2. | Battery Cell Materials Market Value Forecast |
5. | LI-ION DEMAND AND COST ANALYSIS |
5.1. | Panasonic and Tesla |
5.2. | Can Li-ion Supply Meet Demand? |
5.3. | How Long to Build a Gigafactory? |
5.4. | Gigafactory Investment in Europe |
5.5. | Chinese EV Battery Value Chain |
5.6. | The Price of Li-ion Cells |
5.7. | Bottom-up Cell Cost Analysis |
5.8. | Considering the Cost of NMC 811 |
5.9. | Commodity Price Volatility |
5.10. | Cars - Li-ion Cell and Pack Price Assumptions 2020-2031 |
5.11. | BEV Cell Price Forecast |
5.12. | OEM Views on Battery Prices |
5.13. | Li-ion Batteries |
5.14. | Battery Cell and Pack Design |
5.15. | More Than One Type of Cell Design |
5.16. | Cell Format Considerations |
5.17. | Which Cell Format to Choose? |
5.18. | Comparison of Commercial Cell Formats |
5.19. | Differences Between Cell, Module and Pack |
5.20. | Stacking Methods |
5.21. | Automotive Format Choices |
5.22. | Passenger Car Market |
5.23. | Other Vehicle Categories |
5.24. | Henkel's Battery Pack Materials |
5.25. | DuPont's Battery Pack Materials |
6. | PACK COMPONENTS |
6.1. | Thermal Interface Materials for Lithium-ion Battery Packs |
6.1.1. | Introduction to Thermal Interface Materials (TIM) |
6.1.2. | Overview of TIM by Type |
6.1.3. | Thermal Management - Pack and Module Overview |
6.1.4. | Thermal Interface Material (TIM) - Pack and Module Overview |
6.1.5. | Gap Pads in EV Batteries |
6.1.6. | Switching to Gap Fillers Rather than Pads |
6.1.7. | EV Use-Case Examples |
6.1.8. | Battery Pack TIM - Options and Market Comparison |
6.1.9. | The Silicone Dilemma for the Automotive Industry |
6.1.10. | The Big 5 in Silicone |
6.1.11. | TIM: Silicone Alternatives |
6.1.12. | TIM: the Conductive Players |
6.1.13. | Notable Acquisitions for TIM Players |
6.1.14. | TIM for Electric Vehicle Battery Packs - Trends |
6.1.15. | TIM for EV Battery Packs - Forecast by Category |
6.1.16. | TIM for EV Battery Packs - Forecast by TIM Type |
6.1.17. | Thermal Management for Electric Vehicles |
6.1.18. | Thermal Interface Materials |
6.2. | Battery Enclosures |
6.2.1. | Lightweighting Battery Enclosures |
6.2.2. | From Steel to Aluminium |
6.2.3. | Latest Composite Battery Enclosures |
6.2.4. | Alternatives to Phenolic Resins |
6.2.5. | Are Polymers Suitable Housings? |
6.2.6. | Towards Composite Enclosures? |
6.2.7. | Continental Structural Plastics - Honeycomb Technology |
6.2.8. | Battery Enclosure Materials Summary |
6.2.9. | Cost Effectiveness of a CFRP Enclosure |
6.2.10. | Extra Reinforcement Needed? |
6.2.11. | EMI Shielding for Composite Enclosures |
6.3. | Pack Fire Safety |
6.3.1. | What Level of Prevention? |
6.3.2. | Module and Pack Thermal Insulation Materials |
6.3.3. | Pack Level Prevention Materials |
6.3.4. | Emerging Fire Safety Solutions |
6.3.5. | Aspen Aerogels US OEM Contract |
6.3.6. | Fire Resistant Coatings from 2020 |
6.4. | Inter-Cell Components |
6.4.1. | Inter-Cell Components |
6.4.2. | Insulation Materials Comparison |
6.4.3. | Inter-Cell Materials: Cylindrical Cells |
6.4.4. | Inter-Cell Materials: Tesla Model 3/Y |
6.4.5. | Cylindrical Cell Mass Assembly |
6.4.6. | Superbike Battery Holder |
6.4.7. | Emerging Routes - Phase Change Materials (PCMs) |
6.4.8. | Inter-Cell Materials: Prismatic Cells |
6.4.9. | Inter-Cell Materials: Pouch Cells |
6.4.10. | Insulating Cell-to-Cell Foams |
6.4.11. | Polyurethane Compression Pads |
6.4.12. | Graphite Heat Spreaders |
6.5. | Structural Batteries and Eliminating the Module |
6.5.1. | Tesla Eliminating the Battery Module |
6.5.2. | GM Ultium Battery |
6.5.3. | Ultium BMS |
6.5.4. | LG Chem Doing Away with Modules |
6.5.5. | BYD Blade |
6.5.6. | CATL Cell to Pack |
6.5.7. | Will the Module Be Eliminated? |
6.6. | Automotive Use Cases |
6.7. | Battery Pack Design |
6.7.1. | Lack of Standardisation in Terms of Battery Packs |
6.7.2. | Audi e-tron |
6.7.3. | BMW i3 |
6.7.4. | Chevrolet Bolt |
6.7.5. | Hyundai Kona |
6.7.6. | Jaguar I-PACE |
6.7.7. | Tesla Model S P85D |
6.7.8. | Tesla Model 3/Y |
6.7.9. | OEM Pack Design Summary |
6.7.10. | Passenger Cars: Pack Energy Density |
6.7.11. | Passenger Cars: Pack Energy Density Trends |
6.7.12. | Cell vs Pack Energy Density |
6.7.13. | Energy Density Forecast |
6.8. | Electrical Interconnects |
6.8.1. | Copper and Aluminium Content in Battery Interconnections |
6.8.2. | Tesla Model S P85D: Cylindrical Cell Connection |
6.8.3. | Tesla Model S P85D: Inter-module Connection |
6.8.4. | Tesla Model S P85D: Copper Content in HV 2/0 Cable |
6.8.5. | Tesla Model S P85D: BMS Wiring |
6.8.6. | Tesla Model S P85D Summary: Battery Interconnects |
6.8.7. | Nissan Leaf 24 kWh: Pouch Cell Connection |
6.8.8. | Nissan Leaf 24 kWh: Module Layout |
6.8.9. | Nissan Leaf 24 kWh: Module Interconnection Busbars |
6.8.10. | Nissan Leaf 24 kWh: High Voltage Cables and BMS Wiring |
6.8.11. | Nissan Leaf 24 kWh Summary: Battery Interconnects |
6.8.12. | BMW i3 94Ah: Prismatic Cell Connection |
6.8.13. | BMW i3 94Ah: Inter-module Cables and BMS Wirings |
6.8.14. | BMW i3 94Ah Summary: Battery Interconnects |
6.8.15. | Summary of Materials in Battery Interconnects |
6.9. | Battery Pack Materials |
6.9.1. | Battery Pack Components |
6.9.2. | Battery Pack Materials excl. Cells |
6.9.3. | Battery Pack Materials Forecast |
6.9.4. | Battery Pack Materials Prices |
6.9.5. | Battery Pack Materials Forecast |
7. | TOTAL BATTERY MATERIAL FORECASTS |
7.1. | Total Material Requirements for EV Batteries |
7.2. | Battery Materials Market Value |
7.3. | Total Material Requirements for EV Batteries |
8. | SUMMARY OF FORECASTS AND ASSUMPTIONS |
8.1. | Cathode Demand Forecast |
8.2. | Price Assumptions |
8.3. | Cathode Material Market Value |
8.4. | Anode Demand Forecast |
8.5. | Anode Material Prices |
8.6. | Anode Market Value Forecast |
8.7. | Battery Cell Materials Forecast |
8.8. | Battery Cell Materials Market Value Forecast |
8.9. | TIM for EV Battery Packs - Forecast by Category |
8.10. | TIM for EV Battery Packs - Forecast by TIM Type |
8.11. | Battery Pack Materials Forecast |
8.12. | Battery Pack Materials Prices |
8.13. | Battery Pack Materials Forecast |
8.14. | Total Material Requirements for EV Batteries |
8.15. | Battery Materials Market Value |
8.16. | Total Material Requirements for EV Batteries |
8.17. | Electric Vehicle Battery Capacity Assumptions |
8.18. | Electric Vehicle Forecast Assumptions |
8.19. | Electric Vehicle Forecast |
8.20. | EV Materials Forecast: Methodology & Assumptions |
8.21. | Impact of COVID-19 on Forecasts |