1. | EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS |
1.1. | Objectives and methodology of this report |
1.2. | What are smart cities? |
1.2.1. | Overview |
1.2.2. | City hierarchy and new objectives |
1.3. | Mounting problems in existing cities and some solutions |
1.4. | The new approach: simplification and smart hardware |
1.4.1. | Features abandoned to benefit cities 1920-2050 |
1.4.2. | Infrastructure elimination enables dramatic new achievements |
1.4.3. | Enter smart materials, vehicles and infrastructure: multi-purpose |
1.4.4. | Infogram: some technologies in future zero-emission smart cities |
1.4.5. | Infogram: some companies transforming future zero-emission cities |
1.5. | Locations compared for six key smart city technologies |
1.5.1. | Babcock Ranch smart city in Florida |
1.5.2. | Fujisawa SST contrasts Montreal Underground City |
1.5.3. | Sustainable City Dubai |
1.5.4. | Woven City Japan |
1.5.5. | Neom Saudi Arabia |
1.5.6. | Smart Cities in India, China Belt and Road BRT initiative |
1.6. | Heroic new concepts emerge: sea cities, space |
1.6.1. | Reasons why |
1.6.2. | Self-sufficient ocean cities |
1.6.3. | Forest City Malaysia |
1.6.4. | United Plastic Nation |
1.6.5. | Sustainable desert living: Belmont Arizona |
1.6.6. | Colonising moon and Mars, flying cities |
1.7. | Who delivers smart city? |
1.8. | Primary conclusions: city issues |
1.9. | Comparison: 30 locations strongly applying 8 smart city technologies |
1.10. | Primary conclusions: Technology |
1.11. | Huge variety of smart materials opportunities in smart cities |
1.12. | Market forecasts |
1.12.1. | Primary energy 1980-2050 |
1.12.2. | Off grid harvesting systems $ billion 2031 and 2041 |
1.12.3. | Solar ground surface cladding $ billion 2021-2041 |
1.12.4. | Smart glass $ million 2021-2041 |
1.12.5. | Global photovoltaic technology share $bn % 2041 |
1.12.6. | Global sensor market by industry $ billion 2021-2041 |
1.12.7. | Sensors: intersecting market segments 2031 |
1.12.8. | Sensors: growing importance of wearable, flexible, printed 2020-2030 |
1.12.9. | Printed sensors global market 2020-2030 |
1.12.10. | Market for water sensors $ million 2019-2030 |
1.12.11. | Vertically farmed produce global market $million 2019-2030 |
1.12.12. | Wearable technology global $ billion 2019-2030 |
1.12.13. | Global market for cultured meat grown without animals $ million 2019-2030 |
1.12.14. | Bus and robot shuttle global market number by type 2020-2040 |
1.12.15. | Bus and robot shuttle global market number% by type 2020-2040 |
1.12.16. | Market share Level 4 and Level 5 autonomy in buses projection by size 2020-2040 |
1.12.17. | Global bus market by level of autonomy and projection by bus/ robot shuttle size 2018-2040 |
1.12.18. | Autonomous bus and robot shuttle total market number by level of autonomy 2018-2040 |
1.12.19. | Cost projection of pure electric bus and shuttle (minus autonomy) 2020-2040 |
1.12.20. | Cost of autonomy $ 2019-2040 |
1.12.21. | Forecast $ billion for all bus/shuttle sizes and levels of autonomy 2019-2040 |
1.12.22. | Purpose-built robot shuttles and small-sized buses market $ billion 2019-2040 |
1.12.23. | Total forecast $ billion (medium and large-sized buses) 2019-2040 |
1.12.24. | Accumulated fleet size for autonomous buses + robot shuttles projected number 2018-2040 |
1.12.25. | Service revenue forecast $ billion for autonomous buses and robot shuttles 2018-2040 |
1.12.26. | Total revenue forecast autonomous bus and robot shuttle $ billion 2019-2040 |
1.12.27. | Electric light commercial vehicle market $ billion 2019-2030 |
1.12.28. | Autonomous passenger car forecast units global 2020-2040 |
1.12.29. | LIDAR and RADAR value market for road vehicles |
1.12.30. | Radar market forecasts (2020-2040) in all levels of autonomy/ADAS in vehicles and trucks (market value) |
1.12.31. | Self-treating autonomous toilets $ billion 2021-2041 |
1.12.32. | Hyperloop Forecast |
2. | INTRODUCTION TO THE CHALLENGES |
2.1. | Localism and the move to cities |
2.2. | Factors accelerating city growth and independence |
2.2.1. | Aging population |
2.2.2. | Wasting energy |
2.3. | Air pollution in cities |
2.4. | Killing the sea near cities |
2.5. | Cities drowning |
2.6. | Desertification |
2.7. | Carnegie Mellon supports new emphasis |
2.8. | Smart New York |
3. | INTRODUCTION TO SMART CITY SOLUTIONS |
3.1. | United Nations Sustainable Development Goals |
3.2. | Many dreams but some not yet feasible |
3.3. | Ten location examples of six radical advances already coming in |
3.4. | New cities on the sea |
3.5. | Moveable cities |
3.6. | Goodbye centralised sewerage infrastructure |
3.7. | Energy independent cities overview |
3.8. | Water independent cities overview |
3.9. | Food independent cities overview |
3.10. | Robotics and reinvented transport overview |
3.11. | Cognitive responsive infrastructure |
3.12. | Digital Transformation and Exponential Organizations |
3.13. | Sensors are important for smart cities |
3.14. | Smart cities are more about radical advances nowadays |
3.15. | Excellent European Union initiatives |
4. | ENERGY INDEPENDENCE |
4.1. | Overview |
4.2. | Buildings have a major impact on city energy consumption |
4.2.1. | The energy positive house |
4.3. | Modular, zero-emission diesel genset and grid replacement |
4.4. | Photovoltaics for smart cities |
4.4.1. | Where the PV leaders are headed |
4.4.2. | Energy positive large buildings |
4.4.3. | New high power photovoltaic formats |
4.4.4. | Price-volume sensitivity by application |
4.4.5. | Primary conclusions: cost progression 1976-2040 |
4.4.6. | Conclusions: thin film PV market |
4.4.7. | Best practice: EV ARC solar-tracking car charger |
4.4.8. | Highway barriers: Eindhoven University of Technology |
4.4.9. | Ground surface solar becoming successful |
4.4.10. | Gantry vs road surface |
4.4.11. | Dharan Saudi Arabia solar car park |
4.5. | Wind power for smart cities |
4.5.1. | Overview |
4.5.2. | Ground turbine wind power does not downsize well: physics, poorer wind |
4.5.3. | Wind turbine choices |
4.6. | Wind with solar |
4.7. | Buildings as zero-emission microgrids 2020-2040 |
4.8. | Wireless, self-powered building controls: EnOcean and 8Power |
4.9. | Primary conclusions: Buildings and environs as microgrids |
4.10. | Active smart glass in buildings |
4.11. | Water power from city river, sea and supply pipes |
4.11.1. | Open tide "tide stream" power mimics wind power |
4.11.2. | Wello 600 kW units for Bali wave farm |
4.11.3. | Seabased wave power in operation 80kW each = 100MW order Ghana |
4.11.4. | Electricity from city water pipes |
5. | FOOD INDEPENDENCE |
5.1. | Food independence |
5.1.1. | Many options and more on the way |
5.1.2. | Solving the meat problem |
5.1.3. | Solving the milk problem |
5.1.4. | Reducing food wastage |
5.2. | Growing population and growing demand for food |
5.3. | Major crop yields are plateauing using conventional approaches |
5.4. | Agriculture is one the last major industries to digitize |
5.5. | Farms get more efficient |
5.6. | Ultra precision agriculture coming via the variable rate technology route |
5.7. | Ultra precision farming will cause upheaval |
5.8. | Agricultural robotics and ultra precision agriculture disrupting value chain |
5.9. | Vertical farms |
5.9.1. | Healthier, fresher and more productive |
5.9.2. | Limitations of today's vertical farms: variety, cost |
5.10. | City greenhouse technology advancing rapidly |
5.10.1. | World's biggest rooftop greenhouse opens in Montreal |
5.10.2. | Multifunctional photovoltaic glass for optimal plant growing |
5.11. | China: agricultural districts Shanghai |
5.12. | RaaS or equipment sales |
5.13. | Market and technology readiness by agricultural activity |
5.14. | Market and technology readiness by agricultural activity |
5.15. | Autonomous robotics for greenhouses and nurseries |
6. | WATER INDEPENDENCE |
6.1. | Overview |
6.2. | Global map of regions of water stress and zero-emission energy sources |
6.3. | Desalination technology and materials |
6.4. | Large desalinators: big is beautiful but vulnerable |
6.4.1. | Global situation |
6.4.2. | Onerous requirements for large city desalination plants force rethink? |
6.5. | Roadmap for ZE off grid desalination 2018-2041 |
7. | SMART TRANSPORT FOR CITIES |
7.1. | Overview |
7.2. | Robot shuttles: off-road , indoors and carrying delivery dogs |
7.3. | SAE levels of automation in land vehicles |
7.4. | The dream and the basics for getting there |
7.4.1. | Specification of a robot shuttle |
7.5. | Robotaxis compared to robot shuttles |
7.6. | Smart shuttles will address megatrends in cities |
7.6.1. | Robot shuttle business cases from bans and subsidies |
7.6.2. | Robot shuttle business cases: exceptional penetration of locations |
7.6.3. | Intensive use business cases are compelling |
7.6.4. | The robot shuttle opportunity cannot be addressed by adapting existing vehicles |
7.7. | The leaders so far |
7.8. | Upfront cost and other impediments |
7.9. | Dramatic autonomy improvements are coming |
7.9.1. | Cost, power, dynamic charging |
7.10. | Two generations of robot shuttle |
7.10.1. | Envisaged applications compared with robotaxis |
7.10.2. | Gen 2 robot shuttle technologies and earning streams 2025-2041 |
7.10.3. | Building on the multi-purposing of the past |
7.11. | Robot shuttles: the bad things |
7.12. | Analysis of 36 robot shuttles and their dreams |
7.13. | Robot shuttle technology and launch roadmap 2020-2030 |
7.14. | Trials including Detroit, Michigan, Austin, Stockholm, Helsinki |
7.15. | Predicting when the robot shuttle has lower up-front price than a legal diesel midibus 2020-2040 |
7.16. | City drones and VTOL air taxis |
7.17. | Hyperloop and zero emission airliners |
8. | CITY COGNITIVE INFRASTRUCTURE, SENSOR SYSTEMS |
8.1. | Cognitive infrastructure arrives: new ubiquitous sensors and actuators |
8.2. | Sensors and sensor fusion |
8.3. | Embedded sensors |
9. | MULTIFUNCTIONAL COMPOSITES |
9.1. | Introduction to multifunctional polymer composites |
9.2. | Routes to "self-healing" composite parts |
9.3. | Editable (user-dedicated) electronics and electrics as smart material |