Smart Packaging

Introductory report on smart packaging

Strategic ten-year forecasts and technology & company profiles

By Dr Paul Butler

Show All Description Contents, Tables & Figures List Order Information

Description

Summary

This report is the first to cover the whole range of needs , applications and technologies for smart packaging whether consumer, postal, military, healthcare or other. Ten year market forecasts are given and lessons of successes and failure. Innovations in packaging technologies and design are transforming brands, enabling new consumer benefits and enriching lives. Smart packaging is enabling massive gains in highly competitive markets. This independent study provides vital information and market intelligence enabling you to learn how these technologies can dramatically enhance your business.

Key topics at a glance

Innovations in user convenience
Diagnostic, active and speaking packages
Transforming the supply chain
Deterring counterfeiting
Self-heating and colling containers
Improved drug delivery and recording of use
Printed transistor circuits
Problems that will be solved
Impediments to commercialisation
Dramatic new smart packaging technologies
The package as part of the product

IDTechEx Market Intelligence Report

Timely and exclusive business information
International case studies and company profiles
Interviews, surveys, company visits, reviews from the packaging industry, conference reviews and in-depth research
Written and reviewed by experts within the packaging industry
Free email consultancy helpline (up to three hours consultancy time) with every report purchased
For more information on Smart Packaging, visit Paul Butler's website: www.smartpackaging.co.uk

Table of Contents

	EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
	GLOSSARY
1.	INTRODUCTION
1.1.	The vision
1.1.1.	A day with smart packaging
1.1.2.	The world of Spielberg's "Minority Report"
1.2.	Themes of the report
1.2.1.	The opportunity for smart packaging is huge
1.2.2.	Societal changes will drive developments
1.2.3.	Smart packaging need not use new technologies or be complex to offer real customer benefits in today's crowded marketplace
1.2.4.	New technologies will hugely boost the repertoire of smart packaging
1.2.5.	The opportunity gap will be closed by low-cost disposable laminar electronics
1.2.6.	Brands need smart packaging more than most
1.2.7.	For smart packaging targeted at the supply chain the cost of infrastructure is as important as the cost of the smart package itself
1.2.8.	Barriers to commercialisation are considerable but not insurmountable
1.2.9.	Legislation could slow down the introduction of smart packaging concepts for food if an over-rigorous approach to migration is adopted by regulatory authorities
1.2.10.	For smart packaging targeted at the consumer, the consumer benefits need to be king for successful new consumer product introduction
1.3.	Definitions and the toolkit
1.4.	The need for smart packaging
1.4.1.	Increased consumer demands
1.4.2.	More elderly people
1.4.3.	Changing lifestyles
1.4.4.	Needs of brands and attack of private labels
1.4.5.	Needs of institutions
1.4.6.	Legislation and de facto legislation
1.4.7.	Massive challenges in the third world
1.4.8.	Packaging innovation and the smart packaging proposition
1.5.	Food chain
1.5.1.	Dynamics
1.5.2.	Key issues for brand owners, retailers and consumers
1.6.	Statement of independence
2.	BRAND ENHANCEMENT AND MERCHANDISING
2.1.	Enhancing product attributes
2.1.1.	Beer widget
2.1.2.	Aroma positive packaging
2.1.3.	Timers in packaging
2.1.4.	Smart skin patches
2.1.5.	Sunburn detectors
2.1.6.	Smart product dispensing
2.1.7.	Merchandising with battery testers
2.2.	Making products perform extra functions
2.3.	The package as a related product
2.4.	Valuable tear-offs
2.4.1.	Wristwatches, radios etc
2.4.2.	Personal security
3.	DRAMATICALLY INFORMING AND WARNING
3.1.	Sound
3.2.	Smell
3.3.	Vibration
3.4.	Moving colour images
3.4.1.	Reflected light electrochromic displays
3.4.2.	Organic Light Emitting Diodes (OLEDs)
4.	USER CONVENIENCE
4.1.	Self-heating containers
4.2.	Self-steaming containers
4.3.	Self-cooling containers
4.4.	Thermochromic labels
4.4.1.	Food-ready indicators
4.4.2.	Drink-cooled indicators
4.5.	Smart closures
4.6.	Smart straws
4.7.	Tactile finishes
4.8.	Openability
4.9.	Smart kettle and products for children
4.10.	Smart flashlight
5.	RETAINING AND MONITORING PRODUCT QUALITY
5.1.	Bioterrorism
5.2.	Product condition monitors
5.2.1.	Real time vs event recording
5.2.2.	Shock
5.2.3.	Vibration, motion, stress
5.2.4.	Tilt
5.2.5.	Sterilisation and decontamination
5.2.6.	Time
5.2.7.	Temperature
5.2.8.	Time/Temperature Indicators - supplier activated
5.2.9.	Time/Temperature Indicators - consumer activated
5.2.10.	Self-adjusting use-by-date
5.2.11.	Humidity
5.2.12.	Light
5.2.13.	Ultraviolet
5.2.14.	Oxygen ingress
5.2.15.	Pathogens
5.2.16.	Bacteria
5.2.17.	Freshness indicators
5.2.18.	Poisons
5.2.19.	DNA and GM markers
5.3.	Selectively controlling and monitoring gases in and out
5.3.1.	Gas scavenging and sensing
5.3.2.	Oxygen scavenging systems
5.3.3.	Control of microclimate around perishable foodstuffs
5.4.	Emitting preservatives inwards onto food
5.5.	Reverse supply chain
6.	COST REDUCTION AND REMOVAL OF TEDIOUS PROCEDURES
6.1.	Tracking and tracing
6.1.1.	RFID and the supply chain
6.1.2.	Military - packs that radio what is happening
6.1.3.	Civilian logistic systems
6.1.4.	Fast-Moving Consumer Goods and retailing
6.1.5.	Smart shelves
6.1.6.	Smart refrigerators and freezers
7.	CRIME PREVENTION
7.1.	Theft
7.2.	Tampering
7.3.	Counterfeiting
7.4.	Terrorism
8.	ERROR PREVENTION AND PROOF OF INNOCENCE
8.1.	Patient compliance monitoring
8.2.	Auto-rejection of wrong parts/procedures
8.2.1.	Medical error prevention
8.2.2.	Vending
8.2.3.	Drink dispensers in bars
8.2.4.	Print cartridges
8.3.	Trash
8.3.1.	Disposal
8.3.2.	Recycling
8.3.3.	Compliance with new laws
8.4.	Over-stacking and over-design
8.5.	Need for proof of innocence
9.	THE FUTURE
9.1.	Learning from Nature - biomimetics
9.2.	The supermarket of the future
9.3.	Reusable self-evacuating shrinkwrap on cheese etc
9.4.	Closed loop control
9.4.1.	Sense - administer medicine as needed
9.5.	Future merchandising by package
9.5.1.	Responding to a person detected nearby
9.6.	Advanced control of crime
9.7.	Helping the third world
9.8.	Medical packaging - advanced concepts
9.8.1.	Blister packs that do not shatter the tablet or shoot it across the room
9.8.2.	Child-proof containers that shaky or weak patients can easily open
9.9.	Mass customisation
9.10.	The television advertisement moves to the package?
9.11.	Emerging Technologies
9.11.1.	Electronic
9.11.2.	Electrical
9.11.3.	Multiplier effect of combining technologies
10.	IMPEDIMENTS TO SMART PACKAGING
10.1.	Lack of imagination
10.1.2.	The perils of just tinkering with package design
10.2.	Material approvals/environmental
10.2.1.	The European dilemma
10.2.2.	ACTIPAC
10.2.3.	Anti-microbial packaging
10.2.4.	Aroma positive packaging
10.2.5.	Environmental concerns
10.2.6.	Recycling and "over-packaging"
10.3.	Privacy issues - lessons from elsewhere
10.3.1.	Microprocessors
10.3.2.	Cellphones
10.4.	Acceptability/reproducibility of new technology
10.4.1.	Reproducibility
10.5.	Silicon chips in trouble
10.5.1.	Silicon limitations
10.5.2.	Smart packaging needs
10.5.3.	Will silicon chips be improved sufficiently?
10.5.4.	Ultra-small chips will help
10.5.5.	Massive effort for little benefit
10.5.6.	Imperilled by uncertainty
10.5.7.	Insecure supply at the bottom end
10.5.8.	Environmental cost
10.5.9.	Very wasteful
11.	MARKET FORECASTS
11.1.	Packaging industry
11.1.2.	Importance of food and beverage sectors
11.1.3.	Importance of healthcare sector
11.1.4.	Advertising
11.2.	Smart packaging projections
11.2.1.	Electronic
11.2.2.	Electrical
11.2.3.	Mechanical
11.2.4.	Chemical
11.3.	Overall market conclusions
11.3.1.	Assumptions
11.3.2.	Forecasts by volume and value
	TABLES
1.1.	Some increased consumer demands for future packaging and their drivers
1.2.	Many parts of the supply chain are out of control
1.3.	The dashboard is fast becoming America's new dinner table
1.4.	Ten most dangerous foods to eat while driving
1.5.	Consumer attitudes are generally positive towards private labels compared with brands
1.6.	The private label leaders
1.7.	Private labels dominate top dollar selling health & beauty products in USA in 2002
1.8.	Examples of needs satisfied by smart packaging
4.1.	Chemical technologies used in self-heating products and their pros and cons
4.2.	Technologies used in self-cooling products and their pros and cons
5.1.	Product condition monitoring options
5.2.	Pros and cons of ink vs electronic sterilisation and decontamination indicators
5.3.	Degradation reactions for selected foods
5.4.	Various vaccines and their activation energies
5.5.	3M's MonitorMark™ applications and mechanism of operation
5.6.	3M's MonitorMark™ advantages and disadvantages
5.7.	LifeLines' Fresh-Check® and HEATMarker™ applications and mechanism of operation
5.8.	LifeLines' Fresh-Check® and HEATMarker™ advantages and disadvantages
5.9.	Mould growth on bread at 25ºC as a function of oxygen concentration
5.10.	Pathogen control in foods to reduce food-borne illness
5.11.	Types of anti-microbial film
5.12.	Selected commercial anti-microbial food packaging technologies
5.13.	Current and future possibilities for gas control and monitoring
6.1.	Involvement of packaging in US Military TAV program
6.2.	The size of the global FMCG industry and quantification of some of its massive inefficiencies
6.3.	Primary tools of FMCG asset visibility today and their limitations
6.4.	Some of the most significant programs to tackle FMCG and retail inefficiency by providing sharply improved asset visibility
6.5.	Functions of actual and planned smart shelving schemes
9.1.	Examples of chipless electronic materials and circuits in packaging
9.2.	Examples of smart packaging features incorporating silicon chips
9.3.	Companies involved in the development of circuit technology and the technology concerned and their progress so far
9.4.	Comparison of technologies for low-cost thin film transistor circuits compared with ultra-small silicon chips
9.5.	Comparison of technologies for low-cost thin film transistor circuits made with organic semiconductors
9.6.	Comparison of technologies for disposable moving colour displays on packaging
11.1.	Growth of world packaging market 2004 to 2014, in billions of dollars
11.2.	Application market for packaging split by flexible or non-flexible material, in percentages
11.3.	US beverage container growth, billion of units, and material breakdown
11.4.	Average cost of some food packaging materials
11.5.	Growth of pharmaceutical packaging industry globally, 2003 to 2014, in billion of US dollars
11.6.	Types of pharmaceutical packaging in the USA
11.7.	Cost comparison for packages containing 30 tablets, by format
11.8.	Market opportunities for smart drug delivery systems employing inhalation technology
11.9.	Size of global advertising industry
11.10.	Market opportunities for low-cost displays, by technology
11.11.	Global EAS market, by numbers in billions of tags and average tag price, 2004 and 2014
11.12.	Global market for RFID smart labels and systems, 2004 to 2015
11.13.	International markets, in millions of units, for oxygen scavengers (in foods, clothing, shoes, cargo, etc), 1998 to 2015
11.14.	World market for TTI indicators for food and drink packaging
11.15.	Market projections for self-heating containers
11.16.	Market projections for self-cooling containers for beer and carbonated soft drinks (USA only)
11.17.	Market segments prioritised by active packaging suppliers
11.18.	Price assumptions (US cents) 2004 to 2014 for various smart packaging devices
11.19.	Forecast for numbers, in billions, of electronic smart packaging devices sold globally, 2004 to 2014
11.20.	Forecast by unit price, in cents, of electronic smart packaging devices sold globally, 2004 to 2014
11.21.	Forecast by value, in $ billions, of all forms of smart packaging devices sold globally, 2004 to 2014
	FIGURES
1.1.	Peter Jones 'Whispering Windows' in their Sloane Square, London, store
1.2.	As news breaks, so headlines change, even in papers already sold
1.3.	Cross-section of electronic ink microcapsules
1.4.	E-ink, the product
1.5.	Box of cereal with moving colour displays as envisaged in "Minority Report"
1.6.	Two routes to the truly intelligent package
1.7.	Today's consumer packaging has to stand out to attract attention
1.8.	Dependant elderly as a percentage of population
1.9.	"Forever young"
1.10.	Life phase shifts from 1950 to 2000
1.11.	Conventional family life is fast disappearing
1.12.	Campbell's Soup-at-hand targets the 'on-the-go' generation
1.13.	Growth in single-person households in Western Europe, 1951 to 1991
1.14.	In the USA from 1990 to 2000, more single-person households were added than other types
1.15.	The automobile - fast becoming an integral part of places to eat and drink
1.16.	Typical Tesco own brand packaging
1.17.	US military creates indestructible sandwich
1.18.	The modern version of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs is inverted
1.19.	Examples of the six utility levels of consumer purchase (after Kim & Mauborgne)
1.20.	Four possible scenarios representing public concerns over food safety
1.21.	How the scenarios of the figure above can be addressed by smart packaging
2.1.	A pint of Guinness complete with creamy head straight from a can
2.2.	Diagram in original Guinness patent and schematic of operation
2.3.	The Whitbread widget uses a one-way valve
2.4.	How the Whitbread widget works
2.5.	A similar metal widget (left) and a plastic version (right)
2.6.	The hollow sphere Guinness widget
2.7.	The hollow sphere Guinness widget in a can of beer
2.8.	The widget opens up new products for the beverage can market
2.9.	Fruit flavoured closures for water
2.10.	Children are at particular risk to UV radiation
2.11.	Response curve of absorption of UV light by the skin
2.12.	SunCheck™ colour changes with increasing UV light and can be chosen according to skin type
2.13.	SunCheck™ UV absorption disc just for children
2.14.	Various SunCheck™ indicators especially for children
2.15.	Variosun, a sun lotion with adjustable sun protection factor from 2 to 30, made by DIALPACK Smart Packaging
2.16.	How DIALPACK works
2.17.	Shake and squeeze candy and gum products
2.18.	Eric Rotheim's original aerosol-can patent includes the same basic elements found in cans today
2.19.	Precise droplet control from electronic atomiser technology
2.20.	Mortein® insecticide gets improved effectiveness with smart aerosol technology
2.21.	Close-up of SmartSeeker® aerosol can
2.22.	Knockdown efficiency of SmartSeeker®
2.23.	Products from hand-operated electrostatic trigger sprays can wrap-around objects, producing less waste
2.24.	Duracell battery chipless label - front view
2.25.	Duracell battery chipless label - reverse view
2.26.	Harpic PowerJet drain cleaner
2.27.	Harpic PowerJet - old technology assembled in a new innovative way
2.28.	The current Miracle-Gro product
2.29.	New concept packaging for Miracle-Gro (below)
2.30.	The new concept Miracle-Gro pack being used as a miniature cloche once the pack is empty
2.31.	Plastic tub of chocolates when empty can be used as a wine cooler
2.32.	Date rape beer mats for personal protection while out partying
4.1.	The army dines out in style
4.2.	The battlefield equivalent, complete with towelette
4.3.	How a typical flameless heater meal works
4.4.	HeaterMeals entrée pack
4.5.	A complete full-course mobile hot meal
4.6.	Cross-section of the Hotcan® instant meal heater as supplied to the emergency services
4.7.	Daiwa Seikan's self-heating can for sake
4.8.	Ontro's self-heating container for coffee
4.9.	Nescafé "Hot When You Want" self-heating coffee can
4.10.	Components of construction
4.11.	Starting the process simply involves pressing the base of the can
4.12.	Typical temperature performance at various parts of the container
4.13.	Putting the product together
4.14.	Self-heating concept containers of the future
4.15.	How the Varsan self-heating fumigant container works
4.16.	The Varsan container showing slits in lid for product to escape
4.17.	Cross-section of "Caldo Caldo" self-heating coffee cup
4.18.	Hot coffee available anywhere, anytime
4.19.	Self-venting relies on a weak polymer bond area that can be opened by steam pressure
4.20.	The arrows show the vent holes in the packaging
4.21.	A self-venting pack in action showing the steam build-up during the cooking process
4.22.	Ready microwaveable popcorn pack from ASAP Food Products
4.23.	An example of the claims made for self-chilling cans
4.24.	Temperature performance of a TechnoChem self-cooling can
4.25.	How the Chill-Can® Mark 2 works
4.26.	The Chill-Can® and Chill-Bottle®
4.27.	The Instacool™ self-cooling can complete with penguin opener
4.28.	How the Instacool™ can works
4.29.	Self-cooling beverage can from Korea - Icetec
4.30.	Cross-section of inside of container showing submerged coil through which CO2 passes
4.31.	How the heat pump cools a beverage
4.32.	The CoolCan
4.33.	The CoolCan modular insert
4.34.	How the CoolCan works
4.35.	Typical cooling performance for various cooling methods
4.36.	The I.C Can™
4.37.	Schematic of can showing the twin construction with cold beverage above heat sink
4.38.	Cross-section of the Glacé® can
4.39.	The Glacé® can, complete with thermochromic patch
4.40.	Glacé Ice Shake® for ice cream
4.41.	Tucher Bräu 20 litre mini-keg showing the internal construction
4.42.	How it works
4.43.	Pull up the key and the beer starts to cool
4.44.	High heat demands cool beer, a beer tasting using the system in the Sahara Desert
4.45.	Labels that tell you when the product is at the right temperature
4.46.	Rude Boy Chardonnay is cool when the thong shows
4.47.	The correct serving temperature for Rude Girl Shiraz
4.48.	Examples of thermochromic labels on cans and bottles of beer
4.49.	Cool the bottle to see which Quidditch team you support
4.50.	Sequence for applying a smart closure for fresher beer
4.51.	Ikon Energize energy drink
4.52.	Members of the Alto Plastics team behind the Ikon packaging technology
4.53.	LifeTop™ bottle and the closure close-up, showing aluminium foil blister
4.54.	Robinson Plastic's Headstart™ closure
4.55.	Pop N'Shake top
4.56.	ZelValveTM action as it flips forward to dispense
4.57.	An end to the mess on top of sauce bottles
4.58.	Just squeeze and pour with no mess, whether a screw or hinged lid bottle
4.59.	Controlled consumption of friendly bacteria by means of smart straw
4.60.	Yoghurt drinks with straws
4.61.	A smart straw can make drinks fun for kids
4.62.	The smart straws change colour when the drink is too hot or cold
4.63.	Smooth feel to Johnson's Bedtime LotionTM bottle
4.64.	"Venom" drink with "snakeskin" feel label
4.65.	Lemon-flavoured alcoholic drink from Daiwa in embossed can to give a tactile feel
4.66.	Difoam labels in steamy bathrooms give you a good grip
4.67.	Braille wine label
4.68.	Reported packaging related accidents in 1997 according to the Department of Trade and Industry (DTI), UK
4.69.	The Gerresheimer cap designed to be senior citizen-friendly in openability
4.70.	The Squeezeopen closure
4.71.	Easy open jar and closure
4.72.	The smart kettle changes from blue to pink as the water boils
4.73.	Smart spoons indicate when food is too hot
4.74.	The smart flashlight glows in the dark so you can find it
5.1.	The unseen microbial enemy of good food
5.2.	Needle puncture of the food film causes the red indicator to fade with time
5.3.	Present state: non-standardised, discontinuous controls
5.4.	Drop-n-Tell card
5.5.	Close-up of a 100G indicator panel from Drop-n-Tell card
5.6.	Shockwatch® label ready for use
5.7.	Close-up of a Shockwatch® label before and after rough handling showing the red indicator
5.8.	Tiltwatch® label
5.9.	Tiltwatch® labels before and after tilting showing the red dot warning
5.10.	A fresh lettuce degrades rapidly even when stored at 5oC
5.11.	Selection of Thermostrip® labels
5.12.	Close-up of the HeatWatch™ label
5.13.	LifeLines Technology's TTIs on vaccine vials
5.14.	Close-up of LifeLines' markers
5.15.	Vaccine cold chain is continuously monitored only by VVMs
5.16.	Lifelines' Fresh-Check® indicator TTI on food packaging
5.17.	Fresh-Check® indicators change colour when freshness is no longer guaranteed
5.18.	Monoprix store with "Freshness Dot"coded products promoted as such
5.19.	Vitsab® CheckPoint® label
5.20.	Three different response characteristics of the Freshold™ indicator
5.21.	Examples of humidity indicator cards
5.22.	The Activ-Vial™ one-piece vial and closure system
5.23.	The effects of oxygen on food
5.24.	The Ageless-Eye® oxygen sensor pack
5.25.	Magnified view of the Ageless-Eye® indicator showing the colour change as oxygen is taken up
5.26.	Is this the future? The 'talking' hamburger packet which reads "Don't eat this burger if the packaging beeps!"
5.27.	The Food Sentinel System™
5.28.	Toxin Guard™ system
5.29.	Anti-microbial film
5.30.	Migration characteristics of anti-microbial materials
5.31.	Fresh Tag® in action
5.32.	Close-up of the Fresh Tag® system
5.33.	"Smell-seeing" array in action
5.34.	Food packaging gas sensor (concept)
5.35.	Oxygen concentration vs storage time
5.36.	Coating technologies offer a barrier to oxygen but are best with a scavenger added
5.37.	Examples of smart packaging which use oxygen scavenging
5.38.	Three-layer OxbarTM structure
5.39.	PET beer packaging from around the world
5.40.	How Intellipac™ works: CO2 output and O2 input take place at a controlled rate to keep produce fresh
5.41.	Permeability changes with temperature for Intellipac™ system and conventional polymers
5.42.	Intellipac™ is being used to keep bananas and broccoli fresher for longer
5.43.	Controlled release technology of Microsphère®
5.44.	Schematic of smart packaging to control mould growth on grapes
6.1.	Evolution of tracking technologies
6.2.	Examples of passive chip smart labels vs frequency
6.3.	Progression of usage of RFID tags and systems in packaging, by year of major expenditure
6.4.	Hitachi tagged test tube
6.5.	Hitachi multi-head antenna array, a form of "smart shelf"
6.6.	New Hitachi "Embedded Antenna"
8.1.	The Information Mediary smart blisterpack that records when each tablet is removed
8.2.	Diprivan TCI tag construction
8.3.	Tagged syringe and Diprifusor™
8.4.	IR spectrophotometer in action sorting packaging trash
8.5.	Schematic of IR spectrophotometer sorting trash
9.1.	Giant lilypads ribbed leaf structures which inspired Joseph Paxton
9.2.	The result was Joseph Paxton's design for the revolutionary design and construction of the Crystal Palace in London in 1850
9.3.	Iridescence of a rainbow opal
9.4.	Butterfly wings also show Nature's intense colouration ability
9.5.	The new Dior "Addict" perfume packaging
9.6.	The effect at the perfume counter of Dior's "Addict" new packaging truly dazzles when displayed in numbers
9.7.	Smart valves in the neck of the giraffe close to protect the brain from excessive pressure and blood flow as the animal bends down to drink. Studies of this mechanism are helping scientists in the development of responsive gels that could have applicati
9.8.	Each chevron-shaped ridge of the gecko lizard's footpads is composed of millions of fibres tipped with microscopic suction cups - Nature's equivalent to Post-It™ notes
9.9.	Spoon with non-wetting (superhydrophobic) surface allows honey to pour easily without coating the spoon
9.10.	The leaves of the lotus plant are self-cleaning
9.11.	Lotus leaves owe their superhydrophobic properties to a highly nanotextured surface topped with epicuticular waxes
9.12.	Coplanar electrode thin film transistor (Field Effect Transistor [FET])
9.13.	An experimental TFTC RFID tag by Siemens
9.14.	Value chain for TFTCs and examples of migration of activity for players
9.15.	Philips RFID smart label using organic TFTC technology
9.16.	Evolution of low-cost combined smart packaging technologies, 2004 to 2014
10.1.	Superb graphic redesign of an old favourite - but hardly the cutting edge of packaging innovation
10.2.	New consumer products vs "innovative" new products over period 1992 to 2002
10.3.	Brand clues for consumers are usually visual - % loss of recognition when an element of brand design is changed
10.4.	The effect of packaging in environmental terms
10.5.	Food retailers' view of TTIs
11.1.	The TTI market is growing in excess of 50 million units per year
11.2.	Field of opportunities or graveyard of dreams? The lure of self-cooling beverage containers remains as strong as ever