1. | EXECUTIVE SUMMARY |
1.1. | Executive summary and conclusions |
1.2. | The end game |
1.3. | Assessment of best initial markets given current fuel cell limitations |
1.4. | The most active countries and companies |
1.5. | The most suitable countries for fuel cell road vehicles |
1.6. | Hype curve and attitude by company |
1.7. | Window of opportunity for road vehicles |
1.8. | The Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Joint Undertaking |
1.9. | Commercial and off-road technology roadmap |
1.10. | Fuel cell market potential 2019-2029 for 9 EV categories |
1.11. | Fuel cell market potential 2019-2029 ($M) for 8 EV categories |
1.12. | Fuel cell market potential 2019-2029 ($M) for trucks |
1.13. | Fuel cell market potential 2019-2029 ($M) for 9 EV categories |
2. | INTRODUCTION |
2.1. | Urban pollution |
2.2. | Emissions cause much more injury than previously realised |
2.3. | CO2 emission limits enacted worldwide to 2025 |
2.4. | GHG emissions from transport, EU-28, 2015 |
2.5. | Final energy consumption in the EU-28 (mtoe), 2015 |
2.6. | Tackling local and global pollution |
2.7. | Driving factors for vehicle electrification |
2.8. | The need for electric powertrains |
2.9. | Some reasons for adopting electric powertrains |
2.10. | Electric car powertrain evolution |
2.11. | The saga of the future of on-road automobile industry: new race to pure electric |
2.12. | Enter Fuel Cells! |
2.13. | Fuel cells are dead. Long live fuel cells! |
2.14. | Searching for a USP |
2.15. | Forecasts by platinum producers |
2.16. | Battery-powered vs. Fuel Cell Vehicles in 2017 |
2.17. | Fuel cell system costs ($/kW) |
3. | INDUSTRY OPINIONS ON FUEL CELLS |
3.1. | Some positives in 2017 |
3.2. | Some FC vehicle alliances |
3.3. | Toyota and BMW |
3.4. | Toyota |
3.5. | Toyota opens patents |
3.6. | BMW |
3.7. | Mitsubishi Motors |
3.8. | Mercedes-Benz |
3.9. | Suzuki |
3.10. | Nissan |
3.11. | Honda / General Motors |
3.12. | Hyundai speeds up its FCV program |
3.13. | Nikola Motor |
3.14. | Hydrogenics |
3.15. | Ballard Power Systems |
3.16. | Fuel cell vehicles enter serious production |
4. | POLICY INITIATIVES FOR FUEL CELLS |
4.1. | Financial incentives |
4.2. | National and regional FC vehicle initiatives |
4.3. | Examples of Policies Supporting FCEVs and Hydrogen Infrastructure Development |
4.4. | USA |
4.5. | China |
4.6. | Chinese FCEVs are several years behind BEVs |
4.7. | Long term FCEV ambitions in China |
4.8. | South Africa |
4.9. | South Korea |
4.10. | Brazil |
4.11. | Europe |
4.12. | UK |
4.13. | Germany |
4.14. | Nordic countries |
4.15. | Other countries in Europe |
4.16. | India |
4.17. | Iran, Turkey, Thailand and Malaysia |
4.18. | Japan |
5. | WHAT ARE FUEL CELLS? |
5.1. | Definition of fuel cell |
5.2. | The fuel cell option |
5.3. | PEM fuel cell schematic |
5.4. | What is an electric vehicle fuel cell? |
5.5. | Cost and performance improvements of fuel cells |
5.6. | Fuel Cells and economies of scale |
5.7. | Bipolar plates |
5.8. | Bipolar plate production |
5.9. | Issues - gas contamination |
5.10. | Fuel cells vs. Li-ion batteries vs. supercapacitors |
5.11. | Need to go via hydrogen? Latest debate |
5.12. | Situation today |
5.13. | Comparison with other range extenders |
5.14. | Fuel cells, batteries and multiple energy harvesting are allies |
5.15. | 'Hydrogen as a vector toward the sustainable society' |
5.16. | Classification of energy storage systems by energy form |
5.17. | Power comparison of different energy storage technologies |
5.18. | Special requirements: example fuel cells |
5.19. | Fuel cell system in a 120kW bus |
5.20. | Fuel cell electric vehicle issues lying ahead |
5.21. | Cold performance |
6. | TYPES OF FUEL CELLS |
6.1. | Cactus-inspired skin gives electric cars a spike |
6.2. | Fuel cell types covered |
6.3. | PEM Fuel cells |
6.4. | Microbial fuel cells |
6.5. | Why do fuel cells cost so much? |
6.6. | Main fuel cell suppliers and their gross revenue |
6.7. | Fuel cell market size (2017) |
6.8. | Plug Power acquires American Fuel Cell |
7. | FUEL CELLS VS. BATTERIES |
7.1. | Primary problems between battery and fuel cell on-road vehicles |
7.2. | Honda and fuel cells + supercapacitors |
7.3. | Suitability of different electric powertrains in replacing internal combustion traditional powertrains |
7.4. | Fuel cell system architecture for vehicles |
7.5. | Fuel cell system for 160 kW bus (e-net) |
7.6. | Layout of bus fuel cell system |
7.7. | Basic car fuel cell system |
7.8. | PAC-carII fuel economy car fuel cell system and electricity system |
7.9. | Battery pure electric vehicle system within vehicle energy management functions shown for comparison |
7.10. | Battery or supercapacitor across the fuel cell? |
7.11. | Use of battery or supercapacitor across fuel cell in vehicle |
7.12. | How and why many add supercapacitors |
7.13. | Configuration of fuel cell with supercapacitor |
7.14. | The powertrain of a battery pure electric car top (Tesla S - battery as floor) of about 350 miles range compared with a fuel cell car (Toyota Mirai, extra radiator not shown) of similar range |
7.15. | Electrification with lithium-ion battery or fuel cell system |
8. | HYDROGEN GENERATION AND REFUELLING |
8.1. | Developing Hydrogen Refuelling Infrastructure |
8.2. | Federal Highway Administration's Hydrogen Refueling Map |
8.3. | Alternative fuels generation - 2030 vs. 2050 |
8.4. | How bio-waste generates hydrogen |
8.5. | Standards collaboration |
8.6. | Fuel price and diversity of supply issues |
8.7. | Analysis of energy issue as presented by Honda in 2015 |
8.8. | Participants and achievements |
8.9. | Sustainable society with strong hydrogen involvement |
8.10. | Floating solar fuels rig for seawater electrolysis |
8.11. | Objectives for energy sources and fuels, appropriate powertrains |
8.12. | Objectives for energy sources and fuels, appropriate powertrains |
8.13. | Hydrogen plans |
8.14. | Floating solar fuels rig for seawater electrolysis |
8.15. | Regenerative fuel cell system for vehicles and HRS |
8.16. | Storage of hydrogen in vehicles |
8.17. | Sources of hydrogen, progress towards green hydrogen |
8.18. | Toyota view of potential sources of hydrogen |
8.19. | H2 refuelling global network |
8.20. | Solar hydrogen stations |
8.21. | FC Vehicle to house emergency power |
8.22. | 'Hydrogen as a vector toward the sustainable society' |
8.23. | Green hydrogen |
8.24. | Honda promotion of the hydrogen cycle for vehicles |
8.25. | Energy and work synchronization |
8.26. | Situation today |
8.27. | Hydrogen refuelling station schematics |
8.28. | Hydrogen refuelling station example |
8.29. | CapEx required to set up an HRS |
8.30. | Cost of Hydrogen at the nozzle |
8.31. | Compressed vs. Liquid Hydrogen |
8.32. | Hydrogen: HRS deployment, viable green sources, price trends |
8.33. | Hydrogen: HRS deployment, viable green sources, price trends |
8.34. | Comparison of efficiencies |
8.35. | Comparison between pure electric battery power trains and fuel cell + battery ones (1/2) |
8.36. | Comparison between pure electric battery power trains and fuel cell + battery ones (2/2) |
8.37. | Energy density (Wh/kg) - fuel cell vs. battery |
8.38. | Energy density (Wh/L) - fuel cell vs. battery |
8.39. | Cost per kWh - fuel cell vs. battery |
8.40. | Refuel/recharge time - fuel cell vs. battery |
8.41. | Conference comment |
8.42. | New water-splitting method could open path to hydrogen economy |
8.43. | Scientists harness solar power to produce clean hydrogen from biomass |
8.44. | Hydrogen infrastructure headed for adequate levels but FC vehicle output badly behind plan - news in 2017 |
9. | FUEL CELL CARS |
9.1. | Hyundai Motor, Audi join hands for fuel cell technology |
9.2. | Fuel cell cars in Germany |
9.3. | Honda Clarity fuel cell car exhibited at EVS29 Montreal Canada June 2016 |
9.4. | 2015 Toyota Mirai schematic |
9.5. | 2018 Toyota Mirai schematic |
9.6. | Cost reduction of the Toyota Mirai 2008-2015 |
9.7. | Current status and potential |
9.8. | Progress towards success |
9.9. | Lessons from mass market over-optimism in the past |
9.10. | Lessons from mass market over-optimism in the past |
9.11. | Value proposition |
9.12. | FC car manufacturers and integrators |
9.13. | Belenos Clean Power Holding |
9.14. | BMW |
9.15. | Daimler |
9.16. | Extracts of Daimler presentation on fuel cell cars 2014-5 |
9.17. | Daimler next gen Fuel Cell Cars |
9.18. | Daimler FC performance improvement |
9.19. | Daimler reduction of Platinum content |
9.20. | Ford |
9.21. | GM |
9.22. | GreenGT |
9.23. | Honda |
9.24. | Hyundai |
9.25. | Hyundai next-generation hydrogen fuel cell system |
9.26. | ITM Power |
9.27. | Nissan |
9.28. | Michelin |
9.29. | Riversimple |
9.30. | Riversimple fuel cell car |
9.31. | Toyota |
9.32. | Toyota view of positioning of fuel cell vehicles |
9.33. | Toyota Mirai |
9.34. | Toyota Mirai |
9.35. | Mirai possible price reduction based on cost reduction. |
9.36. | Toyota FCV history |
9.37. | Toyota fuel cell system and Mirai architecture |
9.38. | Pocket Mirai |
9.39. | VW Group including Audi |
9.40. | Volkswagen presentation in Taiwan |
9.41. | Other approaches |
9.42. | Plans for launch of fuel cell cars. |
9.43. | Honda fuel cell vehicles |
10. | FUEL CELL BUSES |
10.1. | Several purposes |
10.2. | Gaps in market: future prospects |
10.3. | Battery bus is rival or complementary? |
10.4. | Window of opportunity: necessary actions |
10.5. | Commercial fuel cell buses |
10.6. | FC buses around the world |
10.7. | Structure of Toyota FC bus |
10.8. | Fuel Cell Electric Buses in Operation in Europe |
10.9. | The JIVE Project |
10.10. | Fuel Cell Electric Buses in Operation in the United States |
10.11. | SunLine Transit - new long-range fuel-cell range-extended electric bus |
10.12. | Fuel cell electric bus schematic |
10.13. | Ambitious timelines, disappointing results |
10.14. | Daimler's old technology roadmap for new bus technologies |
10.15. | US Targets |
10.16. | US evaluations |
10.17. | Daimler view of work ahead |
10.18. | Daimler view of work ahead |
10.19. | Tremendous advances: Daimler examples |
10.20. | Technical advances past and future of Daimler fuel cell vehicles |
10.21. | Modular fuel cell strategy of Daimler |
10.22. | Hydrogen fuelling stations according to Daimler |
10.23. | Hydrogen infrastructure in Germany |
10.24. | Daimler program 2015-2025 |
10.25. | Daimler fuel cell buses into production by 2018 |
10.26. | Smaller fuel cells in buses: fewer trials needed |
10.27. | Fuel cell bus trials 1991-2014 showing power kW by project. Record year shown green; largest power shown orange. |
10.28. | Scepticism to overcome |
10.29. | Percentage interest in different powertrains by bus operators |
10.30. | Fuel cell powered Hyundai bus on trial in Australia |
10.31. | Trials 2011-2015 |
10.32. | Commitment in Europe |
10.33. | Daimler Citaro bus |
10.34. | Mercedes-Benz Citaro Fuel Cell Hybrid Bus |
10.35. | Commitment in the USA |
10.36. | Flint MTA testing Proterra hydrogen fuel cell bus prototype for one year |
10.37. | Commitment in China |
11. | FUEL CELL TRUCKS |
11.1. | Differences between e-car and e-truck |
11.2. | Fuel cell trucks |
11.3. | The need for long range beyond range extenders |
11.4. | Nikola fuel cell hybrid or Tesla battery truck? |
11.5. | FedEx |
11.6. | Loop Energy |
11.7. | Delivery trucks |
11.8. | Renault H2 Maxity Electric truck powered by batteries and Symbio fuel cell |
11.9. | What fuel cell vans used to look like |
11.10. | What fuel cell vans look like today |
11.11. | Fuel cell trucks in China |
11.12. | Fuel cells and trucks today |
11.13. | Batteries vs. Fuel Cells - driving range |
11.14. | Are batteries viable for long-haul? |
11.15. | Batteries vs. Fuel Cells - cost |
11.16. | Batteries vs. Fuel Cells - efficiency |
11.17. | Guide to Hydrogen Truck Refuelling |
11.18. | Hydrogen refuelling station |
11.19. | Fuel cell-battery hybrid systems |
11.20. | Anheuser-Busch Makes Record Order of 800 Nikola Trucks |
11.21. | Ballard and Kenworth |
11.22. | Ballard Fuel Cell Module to Power Hybrid UPS Delivery Van Trial Program in California |
11.23. | Ballard and Hyster-Yale |
11.24. | Transpower |
11.25. | ULEM Co |
11.26. | Nikola and Bosch partnership - hydrogen fuel cell |
11.27. | DHL/Streetscooter also trials fuel cell delivery vans |
11.28. | Keyou |
11.29. | Fuel Cell vehicle demonstration projects |
11.30. | How many km do trucks travel in a year and in a day |
11.31. | Economic viability of several zero-emission technologies |
11.32. | Advantages and disadvantages of electric vs. fuel cell trucks |
11.33. | Hydrogen-powered trucks at Battery Japan 2018 |
12. | FUEL CELLS FOR AVIATION |
12.1. | News from the aviation industry |
12.2. | The HY4 fuel cell aircraft |
12.3. | Aircraft |
12.4. | Lange aviation fuel cell aircraft trialled in Germany |
12.5. | Cost comparison by NASA |
12.6. | NASA cost comparison of a gasoline and fuel cell plane. |
12.7. | Fuel cell surveillance airship |
12.8. | Fuel cell jet aircraft |
12.9. | Airport GSE |
12.10. | University of Sydney |
12.11. | Fuel cell aircraft trial: Boeing and partners |
12.12. | Airliner becomes an electric vehicle when on the ground |
12.13. | New Airbus autonomous aircraft |
12.14. | DLR project for HY4 four-passenger fuel cell aircraft |
12.15. | Hybrids should have been first |
12.16. | Hybrids: running before you can walk |
12.17. | Ballard - drones and hydrogen fuel cells |
12.18. | Ballard - drones and high power energy harvesting |
12.19. | Intelligent Energy - drones and fuel cells |
12.20. | Intelligent Energy 1.6 kW UAV fuel cell module |
12.21. | Intelligent Energy 650W UAV fuel cell module |
12.22. | Fuel cells vs. batteries for aviation |
12.23. | Fuel cell military drones |
12.24. | How to optimise fuel cells for aviation purposes |
12.25. | Fuel cell with on-board reformer |
12.26. | Lange Research - Antares E2 |
12.27. | Intelligent Energy - planes and fuel cells |
12.28. | Energy storage cost comparison for drones |
12.29. | Energy storage cost comparison for drones |
12.30. | Flight time with fuel cells |
12.31. | Flight time with batteries vs. fuel cells |
13. | FUEL CELLS FOR MARINE VEHICLES |
13.1. | Early work on fuel cells for waterborne vehicles |
13.2. | Recent news from the marine EV sector |
13.3. | Underwater |
13.4. | GGZEM Set to Build First Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vessel in US |
13.5. | Echandia Marine: The Fastest Fuel Cell Ferry |
13.6. | ABB: Fuel Cell Systems For Shipping |
13.7. | On water |
13.8. | Energy Observer (France) |
13.9. | Fiskerstrand (Norway) |
13.10. | Brodrene (Norway) |
13.11. | Viking Cruises (Norway) |
14. | FUEL CELLS IN OTHER VEHICLES |
14.1. | Material Handling Equipment |
14.2. | ICE vs. battery vs. fuel cell in forklifts |
14.3. | Fuel cells vs. lead acid batteries |
14.4. | Fuel cell forklifts: the first volume success |
14.5. | Forklift classifications |
14.6. | Forklift companies' market share |
14.7. | Market analysis |
14.8. | A look at many FC forklifts across the world |
14.9. | Jungheinrich |
14.10. | Still - fuel cells and supercapacitors |
14.11. | Still and Hamburg Airport |
14.12. | Linde |
14.13. | Toyota |
14.14. | Toyota |
14.15. | Hyster Yale |
14.16. | Plug Power transforms the industry |
14.17. | Asia Pacific Fuel Cell Technologies APFCT |
14.18. | Fuel cells to replace diesel trains in Germany |
14.19. | Alstom - Hydrogen train first successful run |
14.20. | Alstom electrifies trains for rural regions using fuel cells |
14.21. | Coradia iLint |
14.22. | Hydrogen train in Norway |
14.23. | Motor scooters |
14.24. | Fuel cell scooters in Taiwan |
14.25. | Charging scooter with hydrogen |
14.26. | Ballard presentation |
14.27. | Hydrogenics |
14.28. | Intelligent Energy |
14.29. | Intelligent Energy 100 kW fuel cell for vehicles such as buses |
14.30. | Intelligent Energy - Suzuki |
14.31. | Intelligent Energy - London Taxi |
14.32. | Nuvera - NACCO Materials Handling USA |
14.33. | Transition to cars |
14.34. | Nuvera - NACCO Materials Handling |
14.35. | Proton Motor Fuel Cell |
14.36. | Fuel Cell Vehicles for the Military Segment |
15. | MARKET FORECASTS 2019-2029 |
15.1. | Platinum Group Metal (PGM) catalyst forecasts 2019-2029 |
15.2. | Platinum Group Metal (PGM) catalyst forecasts 2019-2029 |
15.3. | Fuel cells in forklifts 2019-2029 |
15.4. | Fuel cells in forklifts 2019-2029 (000's units) |
15.5. | Fuel cells in forklifts 2019-2029 (MW) |
15.6. | Fuel cells in forklifts 2019-2029 ($M) |
15.7. | Fuel cells in cars 2019-2029 |
15.8. | Fuel cells in cars 2019-2029 (000's units) |
15.9. | Fuel cells in cars 2019-2029 (MW) |
15.10. | Fuel cells in cars 2019-2029 ($M) |
15.11. | Fuel cells in buses 2019-2029 |
15.12. | Fuel cells in buses 2019-2029 (000's units) |
15.13. | Fuel cells in buses 2019-2029 (MW) |
15.14. | Fuel cells in buses 2019-2029 ($M) |
15.15. | Fuel cells in trucks 2019-2029 |
15.16. | Fuel cells in trucks 2019-2029 (000's units) |
15.17. | Fuel cells in trucks 2019-2029 (MW) |
15.18. | Fuel cells in trucks 2019-2029 ($M) |
15.19. | Fuel cells in drones and airplanes 2019-2029 (000's units) |
15.20. | Fuel cells in drones and airplanes 2019-2029 (MW) |
15.21. | Fuel cells in drones and airplanes 2019-2029 ($M) |
15.22. | Fuel cells in boats and ships 2019-2029 (000's units) |
15.23. | Fuel cells in boats and ships 2019-2029 (MW) |
15.24. | Fuel cells in boats and ships 2019-2029 ($M) |
15.25. | Fuel cells in trains 2019-2029 |
15.26. | Fuel cells in trains 2019-2029 (000's units) |
15.27. | Fuel cells in trains 2019-2029 (MW) |
15.28. | Fuel cells in trains 2019-2029 ($M) |