1. | EXECUTIVE SUMMARY |
1.1. | Introduction to wearable sensors |
1.2. | Sensors enable key product value propositions |
1.3. | 9 major wearable sensor categories (by function) |
1.4. | 21 types of wearable sensor used today |
1.5. | Wearable sensors in three waves |
1.5.1. | The first wave: "The originals" |
1.5.2. | The second wave: "Made-wearable" sensors |
1.5.3. | The third wave: "Made-for-wearable" sensors |
1.6. | Market forecast 2018 - 2028: Wearable sensors (Volume) |
1.7. | Companies mentioned in this report |
2. | INTRODUCTION |
2.1. | Wearables 2014-2016: potential, growth and hype |
2.2. | Illustrating the fading hype for wearables today |
2.3. | Metrics for hype: Google trends |
2.3.1. | Metrics for hype: Funding and M&A |
2.3.2. | Metrics for hype: Patent trends |
2.4. | Wearables 2016-2018: Commoditisation, shakeout, maturity |
2.5. | Wearables as a sum of it's parts |
2.6. | Wearables 2018-onwards: core value shines through |
2.7. | Sensors enable key product value propositions |
2.8. | Definitions |
2.9. | Common wearable sensors deployed today |
2.10. | Sensors on the body: what do we want to measure? |
2.11. | Appropriate data for the desired outcome |
2.11.1. | Appropriate data: Example |
2.11.2. | Example: effort and reward in heart monitoring |
2.11.3. | Example: Useful data at different levels of inference |
2.12. | Sensor fusion is essential and expected |
2.12.1. | Sensor fusion is essential and expected |
2.13. | Different product types from the same sensors |
2.14. | Wider industry context for each sensor type |
2.15. | Wearable sensors in three waves |
3. | SENSOR TYPES FOR WEARABLE PRODUCTS |
3.1. | Contents |
4. | INERTIAL MEASUREMENT UNITS (IMUS) |
4.1. | IMUs - Introduction |
4.2. | MEMS - Background |
4.3. | MEMS - Manufacturing techniques |
4.4. | MEMS - Becoming a commodity |
4.5. | MEMS Accelerometers |
4.6. | MEMS Gyroscopes |
4.7. | Overcoming power consumption challenges with gyroscopes |
4.8. | Digital compasses |
4.9. | Magnetometer types |
4.10. | Magnetometer suppliers and industry dynamic |
4.10.1. | Magnetometer suppliers by type |
4.11. | MEMS Barometers |
4.12. | Pressure sensors in wearable devices |
4.12.1. | Example: Interview with Bosch Sensortec |
4.13. | Limitations and common errors with MEMS sensors |
4.14. | MEMS manufacturers: characteristics and examples |
4.15. | Case study: ST Microelectronics |
4.15.1. | Case study: Invensense |
4.15.2. | Apple: iPhone sensor choice case study |
4.16. | Conclusion: IMUs are here to stay, with some limitations |
5. | OPTICAL SENSORS |
5.1. | Optical sensors - introduction |
6. | OPTICAL SENSORS - HRM |
6.1. | Photoplethysmography (PPG) |
6.2. | Transmission-mode PPG |
6.3. | Reflectance-mode PPG |
6.4. | Reflectance-mode PPG for fitness wearables |
6.5. | Key players for OHRM in fitness wearables |
6.6. | The ear as an optimal sensing location: "Hearables" |
6.7. | Example: Valencell |
6.7.1. | Example: "Circumission" PPG from Cosinuss |
6.7.2. | Examples: APM Korea |
6.7.3. | Example: ActiveHearts™ by WBD101 in the Actywell One |
7. | OPTICAL SENSORS - VISION & DEPTH |
7.1. | 3D imaging and motion capture |
7.2. | Application example: Motion capture in animation |
7.3. | Stereoscopic vision |
7.4. | Time of flight |
7.5. | Structured light |
7.6. | Comparison of 3D imaging technologies |
7.7. | Example: Leap Motion |
7.7.1. | Example: Microsoft; from Kinect to Hololens |
7.7.2. | Example: Intel's RealSense™ |
7.7.3. | Example: Occipital |
7.8. | Commercial 3D camera examples |
8. | WEARABLE CAMERAS |
8.1. | Cameras in wearable devices |
8.2. | Established players exploiting profitable |
8.3. | Applications in safety and security |
8.4. | Other applications: Enhancing sports media |
8.5. | Cameras in smartwatches? |
8.6. | Social applications: drivers and challenges |
8.7. | Example: Spectacles by Snap Inc. |
8.8. | Other applications: Automatic digital diary |
9. | OPTICAL SENSORS - OTHER EXAMPLES |
9.1. | Optical chemical sensors |
9.2. | Implantable optical glucose sensors |
9.3. | Optical method for non-invasive glucose sensing |
9.4. | Start-up example: eLutions |
9.5. | Related platform: UV exposure indicators |
9.6. | Speech recognition using lasers - VocalZoom |
10. | ELECTRODES |
10.1. | Electrodes: Introduction |
11. | ELECTRODES - BIOPOTENTIAL |
11.1. | Measuring biopotential |
11.2. | ECG |
11.3. | EEG |
11.4. | EMG |
11.5. | Circuit construction for measuring biopotential |
11.6. | Circuit construction for measuring biopotential (cont.) |
11.7. | Properties of wearable electrodes |
11.8. | Dry electrodes: Challenges and solutions |
11.9. | Established wearable product types: Chest strap HRM |
11.10. | HRM in apparel and skin patches |
11.11. | Consumer EMG products and prototypes |
11.12. | Consumer EEG products and prototypes |
11.13. | Approaches for improving wearable electrode performance |
11.14. | Performance through design: Thalmic Labs |
11.15. | Performance through design: Samsung |
11.16. | Electrode ink innovation: Gunma University, Japan |
11.17. | Electronic tattoos: Seoul National University |
11.18. | Electronic tattoos: Seoul National University |
11.19. | Examples: IMEC and the Holst Centre |
11.19.1. | Examples: Conscious Labs |
11.19.2. | Example: Freer Logic LLC |
12. | ELECTRODES - BIOIMPEDANCE |
12.1. | Measuring bioimpedance |
12.2. | Galvanic skin response |
12.3. | Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) |
12.4. | Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) |
12.5. | Example: Inbody |
12.6. | Case study: marketing the potential of bioimpedance |
12.7. | Case study: marketing the potential of bioimpedance |
13. | ELECTRODES - OTHER EXAMPLES |
13.1. | Gastric electrolyte |
13.2. | Example: Proteus Digital Health |
13.2.1. | Example: Proteus Digital Health |
14. | FORCE / PRESSURE / STRETCH SENSORS |
14.1. | Different modes for sensing motion |
14.2. | Resistive force sensors |
14.3. | Players and industry dynamic |
14.4. | Quantum tunnelling composite: QTC® |
14.5. | QTC® vs. FSR™ vs. piezoresistor? |
14.6. | Capacitive pressure sensors |
14.7. | How they work |
14.8. | Dielectric elastomer electroactive polymers (DE EAPs) |
14.9. | Commercialisation of DE EAPs |
14.10. | Key players in DE EAP commercialisation today |
14.10.1. | Players with EAPs: Parker Hannifin |
14.10.2. | Players with EAPs: Stretchsense |
14.10.3. | Players with EAPs: Bando Chemical |
14.11. | Textile-based pressure sensing |
14.12. | Knitting as a route to textile sensors |
14.12.1. | Example: Knitted conductors by Gunze, Japan |
14.13. | Early examples of wearable textile FSRs: socks |
14.13.1. | Examples: BeBop Sensors |
14.13.2. | Examples: Sensoria |
14.13.3. | Examples: Sensing Tex |
14.13.4. | Examples: Vista Medical |
14.13.5. | Examples: Yamaha and Kureha |
14.14. | Other examples: Polymatech |
14.14.1. | Other examples: InnovationLab |
14.14.2. | Other examples: Tacterion |
14.15. | Research with emerging advanced materials |
14.16. | Academic examples: Stanford University |
14.16.1. | Academic examples: UNIST, Korea |
14.16.2. | Academic examples: Bio-integrated electronics for cardiac therapy |
14.16.3. | Academic examples: Instrumented surgical catheters using electronics on balloons |
14.17. | Other novel types of pressure sensor |
15. | TEMPERATURE SENSORS |
15.1. | Two main roles for temperature sensors in wearables |
15.2. | Types of temperature sensor |
15.3. | Approaches and standards for medical sensors |
15.3.1. | Examples: Blue Spark |
15.4. | Core body temperature |
15.5. | Ear-based core body temperature measurements |
15.6. | Measuring core body temperature: new approaches |
15.7. | Measuring core body temperature: new approaches |
15.8. | Temperature sensor deployment and suppliers |
16. | MICROPHONES |
16.1. | Using sound to investigate the body |
16.2. | Types of microphones |
16.2.1. | Example: MEMS microphones |
16.3. | The need for waterproof, breathable encapsulation |
16.3.1. | Example: Electret microphones |
16.4. | Bioacoustics |
16.5. | Bioacoustics using IMUs |
16.6. | Microphones and AI for respiratory diagnostics |
16.7. | Microphones in social and clinical trials |
17. | CHEMICAL SENSORS |
17.1. | Introduction |
17.2. | Selectivity and signal transduction in chemical sensors |
17.3. | Selectivity and signal transduction in chemical sensors |
17.4. | Analyte selection and availability |
17.5. | Analyte selection: Reliability vs practicality vs relevance |
17.6. | Time dependence |
17.6.1. | Example: Analytes in the sweat |
17.7. | Use of nanomaterials to enhance chemical sensors |
17.7.1. | Example: Graphene and carbon nanotubes |
17.7.2. | Example: Nanostructured copper |
17.8. | Optical chemical sensors |
17.9. | Diagnostics with chemical sensors |
17.10. | Monitoring blood cholesterol using biosensors |
17.11. | Towards wearable cholesterol monitoring |
17.12. | Increasingly portable diagnosis of bovine and human TB |
17.13. | Wearable diagnostic tests for cystic fibrosis |
17.14. | Other applications for wearable chemical sensors |
17.14.1. | Example: sweat alcohol detection |
17.15. | Case study: Wearable diabetes monitoring |
17.15.1. | Anatomy of a CGM sensor |
17.15.2. | Continuous vs Flash glucose monitoring |
17.15.3. | Abbott Libre |
17.15.4. | Abbott Libre glucose detection mechanism |
17.15.5. | Dexcom |
17.15.6. | Dexcom glucose monitoring mechanism |
17.15.7. | Medtronic |
17.15.8. | A new generation of glucose monitoring watches |
17.15.9. | Comparison of wearable/implanted glucose sensors |
17.15.10. | The potential for non-invasive testing |
17.15.11. | Google contact lens- an eye on glucose monitoring |
17.15.12. | Problems with a glucose contact lens |
17.15.13. | Non-invasive glucose monitoring- A first device to market |
17.15.14. | Single use vs ambulatory monitoring: future directions |
17.15.15. | The future for glucose test strips |
17.15.16. | Advanced glucose monitoring leads to an artificial pancreas |
17.16. | Measuring lactic acid |
17.16.1. | Lactic acid monitoring for athletes |
17.16.2. | Traditional lactic acid monitors |
17.16.3. | Microneedles to analyse lactic acid in interstitial fluid |
17.17. | Examples of players developing wearable chemical sensors |
17.17.1. | Example: Kenzen |
18. | 18. GAS SENSORS |
18.1. | Introduction: Wearable gas sensors |
18.2. | Concentrations of detectable atmospheric pollutants |
18.3. | Five common detection principles for gas sensors |
18.4. | Technology requirements for wearable gas sensors |
18.5. | Introduction to Metal Oxide (MOS) gas sensors |
18.6. | Introduction to electrochemical gas sensors |
18.7. | Transition to new manufacturing methods |
18.8. | Current research in gas sensors: Carbon Nanotubes |
18.9. | Current research in gas sensors: Zeolites |
18.10. | Current research in gas sensors: Graphene |
18.11. | Future opportunities with wearable gas sensors |
19. | GPS |
19.1. | Prominent wearable GPS devices |
19.2. | Challenges with GPS power consumption |
20. | APPLICATION AND COMPANY CASE STUDIES |
20.1. | Environmental gas sensors integration in wristwear |
20.2. | HiCling |
20.3. | Gameen Intel |
20.4. | Wearable Sensors As Part Of Modular Wrist Straps |
20.5. | TZOA |
20.6. | Plume labs |
20.7. | Drayson Technology |
20.8. | Environmental sensor integration in fashion accessories |
21. | MARKET FORECASTS |
21.1. | Forecasting: Introduction and definitions |
21.2. | 2015-2017: Historical data |
21.3. | Market forecast 2018 - 2028: Wearable sensors (Volume) |
21.4. | Table of data (all sensors, volume) |
21.5. | Market forecast 2018 - 2028: Wearable sensors (Revenue) |
21.6. | Table of data (all sensors, revenue) |
21.7. | Sensors in wearable sports and fitness tracking devices |
21.8. | Trends in the broader device ecosystem for personal tracking |
21.9. | Sensors in wearable sports & fitness devices: Volume |
21.10. | Table of data (sports & fitness, volume) |
21.11. | Sensors in wearable sports & fitness devices: Revenue |
21.12. | Table of data (sports & fitness, revenue) |
21.13. | Sensors in wearable medical devices |
21.14. | Sensors in wearable medical devices: Volumes |
21.15. | Table of data (medical devices, volume) |
21.16. | Sensors in wearable medical devices: Revenue |
21.17. | Table of data (medical devices, revenue) |
21.18. | Sensors in AR / VR / MR / XR devices |
21.19. | Sensors in AR / VR / MR / XR devices: Volumes |
21.20. | Table of data (AR, VR, MR, XR, volume) |
21.21. | Sensors in AR / VR / MR / XR devices: Revenue |
21.22. | Table of data (AR, VR, MR, XR, revenue) |
21.23. | Sensors in wearable industrial & military products |
21.24. | Sensors in military & industrial wearables: Volumes |
21.25. | Table of data (industrial & military, volume) |
21.26. | Sensors in military & industrial wearables: Revenue |
21.27. | Table of data (industrial & military, revenue) |
21.28. | Wearable gas sensors: Volume |
21.29. | Wearable gas sensors: Revenue |
21.30. | Table of data (gas sensors, volume & revenue) |
21.31. | Table of data (sensor types and pricing) |