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| 1. | EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS |
| 1.1. | Purpose of this report |
| 1.2. | Definition and primary features of AWE |
| 1.3. | Justification |
| 1.4. | Researchers and developers |
| 1.4.1. | Global spread |
| 1.4.2. | Most admired/ likely to succeed and cited impediments |
| 1.4.3. | Patents 2017-8 |
| 1.5. | Next generation zero emission electricity : goodbye intermittency, batteries, infrastructure |
| 1.6. | Technical options |
| 1.6.1. | How to fly and where to generate |
| 1.6.2. | AWE leverages proven technologies which provide lessons and roadmap |
| 1.6.3. | AWE uniquely compact and mobile |
| 1.6.4. | Main AWE options |
| 1.7. | Choosing between kite, drone and other options |
| 1.8. | Some benefits and challenges of AWE |
| 1.9. | The altitude conundrum |
| 1.9.1. | Choice of altitude |
| 1.9.2. | Choice of wind speed |
| 1.9.3. | Choice of region to get the desired wind power |
| 1.9.4. | Where AWE can be better than a conventional wind turbine |
| 1.9.5. | Altitude of AWE vs power over cycle: approximate for clarity of images |
| 1.9.6. | AWE autonomy essential for over 90% of the market |
| 1.10. | Choice of marketing |
| 1.10.1. | Engineering led approach |
| 1.10.2. | Marketing led approach making new things possible: |
| 1.10.3. | Two very different needs for AWE |
| 1.10.4. | At high grid power, a solution looking for a problem |
| 1.11. | Assessment of 25 non-academic AWE developers on 13 criteria |
| 1.12. | Forecasting methodology and lessons from benchmarking |
| 1.12.1. | Overview |
| 1.12.2. | Benchmarking: zero emission electricity production using tethers Wave vs AWE |
| 1.12.3. | Wave power experience today will be followed by AWE |
| 1.12.4. | Solar wins for most on and off grid |
| 1.13. | Forecast: AWE systems 10kW and above 2019-2039 |
| 1.13.1. | Changing attitudes |
| 1.13.2. | Forecast: AWE systems 10kW and above |
| 1.13.3. | Technology and applications timeline: AWE systems 10kW and above 2019-2039 |
| 2. | INTRODUCTION |
| 2.1. | Definition and market drivers of energy harvesting |
| 2.2. | Energy harvesting systems |
| 2.3. | Features of energy harvesting |
| 2.3.1. | Characteristics |
| 2.3.2. | Low power vs high power EH features |
| 2.3.3. | EH transducer principles and materials |
| 2.3.4. | EH technologies by actual and potential usefulness |
| 2.3.5. | Challenges of EH technologies |
| 2.3.6. | EH technology choice by intermittent power generated |
| 2.3.7. | EH conclusions: low and high power |
| 2.3.8. | Harvesting conclusions: low and high power |
| 2.3.9. | Conclusions: high power |
| 2.4. | Challenge for AWE: Photovoltaics becomes cheaper than large onshore wind in 2020 |
| 2.5. | Challenge: Ground turbine and AWE wind power downsizes badly: physics and poorer wind |
| 2.5.1. | Efficiency vs power |
| 2.5.2. | Below 100kW AWE and wind turbines get niche |
| 2.6. | Wind turbine choices |
| 2.7. | AWE choices |
| 2.7.1. | Overview |
| 2.7.2. | Detailed AWE choices |
| 2.8. | Examples of opportunities for AWE |
| 2.9. | New water power (tide, wave) mimics new and old wind power |
| 2.10. | Ozymandias syndrome |
| 2.11. | AWE patents and interest 1980-2018 |
| 3. | COMPANY PROFILES AND DETAILED INTERVIEWS |
| 3.1. | Universities often laggards |
| 3.2. | Altaeros Energies USA |
| 3.2.1. | Overview |
| 3.2.2. | Advantages and challenges |
| 3.3. | Ampyx Power Netherlands |
| 3.3.1. | Overview |
| 3.3.2. | Business plan late 2015 left, late 2017 right |
| 3.3.3. | Mocean Offshore BV August 2017 |
| 3.3.4. | Ampyx at IDTechEx "Off Grid Energy Independence" conference April 2018 |
| 3.3.5. | Ampyx technical report 2018 |
| 3.3.6. | In-depth interviews |
| 3.3.7. | Advantages and challenges |
| 3.4. | Bladetips Energy France |
| 3.4.1. | Overview |
| 3.4.2. | Interview |
| 3.4.3. | Presentation at IDTechEx "Off Grid Energy Independence" conference April 2018 |
| 3.4.4. | Advantages and challenges |
| 3.5. | E-kite Netherlands |
| 3.5.1. | Overview |
| 3.5.2. | Advantages and challenges |
| 3.6. | Enerkite Germany |
| 3.6.1. | Overview |
| 3.6.2. | Profile |
| 3.6.3. | Advantages and challenges |
| 3.7. | e-Wind Solutions USA |
| 3.7.1. | Overview |
| 3.7.2. | Interview |
| 3.7.3. | Presentations and website |
| 3.7.4. | Advantages and challenges |
| 3.8. | Kite Power Systems UK |
| 3.8.1. | Overview |
| 3.8.2. | Interviews |
| 3.8.3. | Advantages and challenges |
| 3.9. | Kitemill Norway |
| 3.9.1. | Overview |
| 3.9.2. | Kitemill presentation at IDTechEx Energy Independent Electric Vehicle event |
| 3.9.3. | Interviews |
| 3.9.4. | Advantages and challenges |
| 3.10. | Kitenergy Italy |
| 3.10.1. | Kitenergy presentation extracts at IDTechEx Energy Independent Electric Vehicle event |
| 3.10.2. | Interview Sept 28 2017 |
| 3.10.3. | Advantages and challenges |
| 3.11. | Kitepower Netherlands |
| 3.11.1. | Latest situation |
| 3.11.2. | One target is farmers |
| 3.11.3. | Kitepower presentation extracts at IDTechEx Energy Independent Electric Vehicle event |
| 3.11.4. | Interviews |
| 3.11.5. | Advantages and challenges |
| 3.12. | Kiteswarms UK, Germany |
| 3.13. | KiteX Denmark |
| 3.13.1. | Overview |
| 3.13.2. | Progress |
| 3.13.3. | Technical description |
| 3.13.4. | Advantages and challenges |
| 3.14. | Makani-x |
| 3.14.1. | Overview and interviews |
| 3.14.2. | Felker presentation at AWE Freiburg |
| 3.14.3. | Other characteristics |
| 3.14.4. | Google ship power patents |
| 3.14.5. | Patents and future plans |
| 3.14.6. | Advantages and challenges |
| 3.15. | Rotokite Italy |
| 3.15.1. | Overview |
| 3.15.2. | Validation and interviews |
| 3.15.3. | Advantages and challenges |
| 3.16. | Skypull Switzerland |
| 3.16.1. | Overview |
| 3.16.2. | Advantages and challenges |
| 3.17. | SkySails Power Germany |
| 3.17.1. | Overview |
| 3.17.2. | EnBW and Leibnitz University Hanover collaboration |
| 3.17.3. | Advantages and challenges |
| 3.18. | Superturbine ™ USA and Pierre Benhaïem France |
| 3.18.1. | Interviews |
| 3.18.2. | Advantages and challenges |
| 3.19. | TwingTec Switzerland |
| 3.19.1. | Overview |
| 3.19.2. | Next system specification |
| 3.19.3. | Market positioning and 2018 presentation |
| 3.19.4. | Interviews |
| 3.19.5. | Advantages and challenges |
| 3.20. | Windlift USA |
| 3.20.1. | Overview |
| 3.20.2. | Interview Aug 2018 |
| 3.20.3. | Advantages and challenges |
| 3.21. | Devices up to 1kW: Windswept and Interesting UK, Kitewinder France |
| 3.21.1. | Windswept and Interesting overview |
| 3.21.2. | Interview Aug 2018 |
| 3.21.3. | Advantages and challenges for Windswept and Interesting |
| 3.21.4. | Kitewinder France |
| 3.22. | Robert Freda - V2Wind |
| Slides | 237 |
|---|---|
| Forecasts to | 2039 |