| 1. | EXECUTIVE SUMMARY |
| 1.1. | Introduction to gas separation membranes for decarbonization |
| 1.2. | Gas separation membrane markets: Maturities and opportunities |
| 1.3. | Leading polymer materials for gas separation membranes |
| 1.4. | Material developments for gas separation membranes |
| 1.5. | Commercial maturity of materials for gas separation membranes applications in this report |
| 1.6. | Key players in gas separation membranes by material |
| 1.7. | Developing new membrane materials: Key trends |
| 1.8. | Overview of gas separation membranes for decarbonization applications |
| 1.9. | Gas separation membranes for biogas upgrading |
| 1.10. | Gas separation membranes for natural gas processing |
| 1.11. | Gas separation membranes for post-combustion carbon capture |
| 1.12. | Gas separation membranes for hydrogen |
| 1.13. | Gas separation membranes for helium |
| 1.14. | Overview of gas separation membranes in decarbonization |
| 1.15. | Main gas separation polymer membrane manufacturers |
| 1.16. | Recent industry progress in gas separation membranes for decarbonization |
| 1.17. | IDTechEx forecast: Revenue from gas separation membranes |
| 1.18. | Access More With an IDTechEx Subscription |
| 2. | INTRODUCTION |
| 2.1. | Introduction to gas separation membranes for decarbonization |
| 2.2. | Gas separation membrane markets: Maturities and opportunities |
| 2.3. | Why use membranes for gas separation? |
| 2.4. | Membranes: Operating principles |
| 2.5. | Leading polymer materials for gas separation membranes |
| 2.6. | Polymeric membrane module design: Hollow fibre vs spiral wound |
| 2.7. | Material developments for gas separation membranes |
| 2.8. | Comparing gas separation membrane materials |
| 2.9. | Polymeric-based membranes for gas separation: Overview |
| 2.10. | Ceramic-based membranes for gas separation: Overview |
| 2.11. | Metallic-based membranes for gas separation: Overview |
| 2.12. | Composite membranes for gas separation: Overview |
| 2.13. | Asymmetric membranes vs TFC membranes |
| 2.14. | Overcoming the Robeson limit: Achieving maximum selectivity and permeability |
| 2.15. | Developing new membrane materials: Key trends |
| 2.16. | Polymer membranes usually require multi-stage processes |
| 2.17. | Overview of gas separation membranes in decarbonization |
| 3. | GAS SEPARATION MEMBRANE MANUFACTURING |
| 3.1. | Leading gas separation membrane manufacturers |
| 3.1.1. | History of gas separation membranes |
| 3.1.2. | Air Liquide |
| 3.1.3. | Air Products |
| 3.1.4. | Honeywell UOP |
| 3.1.5. | UBE |
| 3.1.6. | Evonik |
| 3.1.7. | SLB |
| 3.1.8. | MTR (Membrane Technology and Research) |
| 3.1.9. | Airrane |
| 3.1.10. | Main gas separation polymer membrane manufacturers |
| 3.1.11. | 2024/2025 Industry News: Gas Separation Membranes |
| 3.2. | Membrane fabrication techniques |
| 3.2.1. | Conventional membrane manufacturing: Phase inversion |
| 3.2.2. | Single asymmetric membrane vs dual layer membrane |
| 3.2.3. | Hybrid NIPS and TIPS gas separation membrane fabrication |
| 3.2.4. | Manufacturing thin film composites |
| 3.2.5. | Manufacturing organic hybrid membranes: SK Innovation |
| 3.2.6. | Manufacturing carbon membranes: Toray |
| 4. | BIOGAS UPGRADING |
| 4.1. | Introduction to biogas upgrading |
| 4.2. | Biomethane markets (renewable natural gas markets) |
| 4.3. | Barrier: Biomethane production more expensive than natural gas |
| 4.4. | Biomethane/RNG market commentary |
| 4.5. | Membranes have become the favoured technology for biogas upgrading |
| 4.6. | Main players in biogas upgrading gas separation membranes |
| 4.7. | Market share of biogas upgrading membranes |
| 4.8. | Biomethane: Main plant players |
| 4.9. | Desirable properties for biogas upgrading membranes |
| 4.10. | Evonik: 3-stage membrane process for biogas upgrading |
| 4.11. | Additional stages in membrane biogas upgrading |
| 4.12. | Hybrid process: Membranes and cryogenic for upgrading landfill gas |
| 4.13. | Emerging materials for biogas upgrading membranes |
| 4.14. | Alternatives to membranes: Developments in biogas upgrading technologies |
| 5. | CCUS |
| 5.1. | Introduction |
| 5.1.1. | What is Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage (CCUS)? |
| 5.1.2. | Why CCUS and why now? |
| 5.1.3. | The CCUS value chain |
| 5.1.4. | Main CO2 capture systems |
| 5.1.5. | Development of the CCUS business model |
| 5.1.6. | CCUS business model: full value chain |
| 5.1.7. | CCUS business model: Networks and hub model |
| 5.1.8. | CCUS business model: Partial-chain |
| 5.1.9. | Main CO2 capture technologies |
| 5.1.10. | Comparison of CO2 capture technologies |
| 5.1.11. | Amine solvents dominate carbon capture but there are opportunities for membranes |
| 5.1.12. | No single carbon capture technology will be the best across all applications |
| 5.1.13. | Carbon capture technology providers for existing large-scale projects |
| 5.1.14. | Technology readiness levels of carbon capture technologies |
| 5.2. | Gas separation membranes for natural gas sweetening |
| 5.2.1. | Introduction to natural gas processing with carbon capture |
| 5.2.2. | Development of membranes for natural gas processing |
| 5.2.3. | Market share of natural gas separation membranes |
| 5.2.4. | Gas separation membranes for natural gas sweetening |
| 5.2.5. | Natural gas processing: spiral wound and hollow fiber membranes |
| 5.2.6. | H2S considerations in CH4/CO2 separation for natural gas sweetening |
| 5.2.7. | Overview of largest natural gas processing CCUS projects |
| 5.2.8. | Fluoropolymer gas separation membranes for natural gas processing |
| 5.3. | Gas separation membranes for post-combustion carbon capture |
| 5.3.1. | Post-combustion CO₂ capture |
| 5.3.2. | Membranes for post-combustion CO2 capture |
| 5.3.3. | When should alternatives to solvent-based carbon capture be used? |
| 5.3.4. | Overcoming the Robeson limit for post-combustion carbon capture |
| 5.3.5. | Leading players in membrane-based post-combustion capture |
| 5.3.6. | Polymer membranes for post-combustion carbon capture: PEG membranes |
| 5.3.7. | Economics of polymer membranes for post-combustion capture |
| 5.3.8. | Increasing CO2 recovery rates for polymer membranes: MTR example |
| 5.3.9. | Polymer membranes for post-combustion carbon capture: emerging materials |
| 5.3.10. | Facilitated transport membranes (FTM) for post-combustion carbon capture |
| 5.3.11. | Energy demand of post-combustion carbon capture technologies |
| 5.3.12. | Economics of FTMs for post-combustion carbon capture |
| 5.3.13. | Facilitated transport membrane materials for post-combustion carbon capture |
| 5.3.14. | Challenges and innovations for membranes in post-combustion capture |
| 5.3.15. | 2024/2025 Industry News: Membranes for post-combustion capture |
| 5.3.16. | Benchmarking membranes for post-combustion capture |
| 5.3.17. | Graphene membranes for post-combustion carbon capture: Emerging material |
| 5.3.18. | MOF membranes for post-combustion carbon capture: Emerging material |
| 5.4. | Gas separation membranes for other CCUS applications (oxyfuel, EOR, DAC) |
| 5.4.1. | Oxy-fuel combustion CO₂ capture |
| 5.4.2. | Oxygen separation technologies for oxy-fuel combustion |
| 5.4.3. | What is CO2-EOR? |
| 5.4.4. | What happens to the injected CO2? |
| 5.4.5. | Membrane technology for EOR |
| 5.4.6. | CO2 capture/separation mechanisms in DAC |
| 5.4.7. | Membranes for direct air capture |
| 5.4.8. | IDTechEx CCUS Portfolio |
| 6. | HYDROGEN |
| 6.1. | Overview of the hydrogen value chain |
| 6.1.1. | State of the hydrogen market today |
| 6.1.2. | Major drivers for low-carbon hydrogen production & adoption |
| 6.1.3. | Key legislation & funding mechanisms driving hydrogen development |
| 6.1.4. | The colors of hydrogen |
| 6.1.5. | Hydrogen value chain overview |
| 6.1.6. | Blue hydrogen: Main syngas production technologies |
| 6.1.7. | Blue hydrogen production - SMR with CCUS example |
| 6.1.8. | Cost comparison of different types of hydrogen |
| 6.1.9. | Overview of hydrogen storage |
| 6.1.10. | Overview of hydrogen distribution |
| 6.1.11. | Hydrogen carriers - overview |
| 6.1.12. | Hydrogen carriers - liquid hydrogen (LH2) vs ammonia & LOHCs |
| 6.1.13. | Overview of hydrogen applications |
| 6.1.14. | Hydrogen purity requirements |
| 6.2. | Gas separation membranes for established hydrogen applications |
| 6.2.1. | Gas separation membranes used for hydrogen separation - overview |
| 6.2.2. | Common gas separations where hydrogen is used & competing technologies |
| 6.2.3. | Example application - hydrogen recovery from ammonia reactor purge gas |
| 6.2.4. | Example application - hydrogen recovery in refinery applications |
| 6.2.5. | Key gas separation membrane players in established hydrogen separations |
| 6.2.6. | Market share of hydrogen separation membranes in mature applications |
| 6.3. | Gas separation membranes in emerging hydrogen applications (blue hydrogen/pre-combustion carbon capture, hydrogen deblending, ammonia cracking) |
| 6.3.1. | Emerging opportunities for gas separation membranes in hydrogen |
| 6.3.2. | Key membrane players targeting emerging hydrogen applications |
| 6.3.3. | Gas separation membranes in blue hydrogen production (pre-combustion capture) |
| 6.3.4. | Honeywell UOP - membranes in CO2 fractionation for blue hydrogen |
| 6.3.5. | Air Liquide hybrid technology for CCUS: Blue hydrogen |
| 6.3.6. | Hydrogen blending & deblending with natural gas |
| 6.3.7. | Hydrogen deblending - applicability of membrane separations |
| 6.3.8. | Hydrogen deblending - Linde & Evonik system case study (1) |
| 6.3.9. | Hydrogen deblending - Linde & Evonik system case study (2) |
| 6.3.10. | Hydrogen deblending - National Gas case study (UK) |
| 6.3.11. | Electrochemical hydrogen separation - competitor to gas separation membranes |
| 6.3.12. | Electrochemical hydrogen separation - key players |
| 6.3.13. | Membranes in ammonia cracking |
| 6.4. | Innovations in polymer membrane materials for hydrogen separation |
| 6.4.1. | Key R&D areas for gas separation membranes |
| 6.4.2. | Polymer membrane developments for hydrogen separation - DiviGas |
| 6.4.3. | Polymer membrane developments for hydrogen separation - DiviGas |
| 6.4.4. | Polymer membrane developments for hydrogen separation - Membravo |
| 6.4.5. | Other commercial developments for polymer membranes in hydrogen separation |
| 6.4.6. | Polymers of intrinsic microporosity for hydrogen separation - Osmoses |
| 6.4.7. | Key academic research areas for H2 separation - mixed matrix membranes |
| 6.4.8. | Case study - novel mixed matrix membrane (MMM) for hydrogen |
| 6.4.9. | Key academic research areas for H2 separation - carbon molecular sieves |
| 6.4.10. | Case study - novel hybrid boronitride-CMS membrane for hydrogen |
| 6.5. | Metallic membranes for hydrogen purification in ammonia cracking & other applications |
| 6.5.1. | Metallic membranes for hydrogen purification - overview |
| 6.5.2. | Metallic membranes for hydrogen purification - materials |
| 6.5.3. | Key application markets for metallic membranes |
| 6.5.4. | Key metallic membrane players - Hydrogen Mem-Tech (1) |
| 6.5.5. | Key metallic membrane players - Hydrogen Mem-Tech (2) |
| 6.5.6. | Key metallic membrane players - H2SITE (1) |
| 6.5.7. | Key metallic membrane players - H2SITE (2) |
| 6.5.8. | Key metallic membrane players - H2SITE (3) |
| 6.5.9. | Other players developing metallic composite membrane systems |
| 6.5.10. | Other players developing metallic composite membrane systems |
| 6.5.11. | Other players developing metallic composite membrane systems |
| 6.5.12. | Other players developing metallic composite membrane systems |
| 6.5.13. | IDTechEx Hydrogen & Fuel Cell Research Portfolio |
| 7. | HELIUM |
| 7.1. | Helium markets |
| 7.2. | Typical helium supply chain and separation processes |
| 7.3. | Three industrial helium separation technologies: Cryogenic, PSA and membranes |
| 7.4. | Hollow fiber membranes are a popular choice for helium separation |
| 7.5. | Different types of hollow fiber membranes are available for helium separation |
| 7.6. | Generon's membranes + PSA technology can recover helium to >99.5% purity |
| 7.7. | Grasys develops and provides membrane technology for helium separation |
| 7.8. | Air Liquide's advanced separation technology uses membranes and PSA |
| 7.9. | Linde offers cryogenic, membrane, and PSA-based separation technologies |
| 7.10. | UGS offers fully skidded membrane-based helium separation systems |
| 7.11. | Membrane and PSA methods are more economical than cryogenic separation |
| 7.12. | Helium Market 2025-2035: Applications, Alternatives, and Reclamation |
| 8. | MARKET FORECASTS |
| 8.1. | Gas separation membrane market forecasts |
| 8.1.1. | Scope for IDTechEx gas separation membrane forecasts |
| 8.1.2. | Revenue from gas separation membranes: 2026-2036 (million US$) |
| 8.1.3. | Area of membrane material: 2026-2036 (million m2) |
| 8.1.4. | Gas separation membrane market forecasts discussion |
| 8.2. | Biomethane market forecasts |
| 8.2.1. | Global biomethane production forecast segmented by region: 2013-2036 (billion cubic meters) |
| 8.2.2. | Global biomethane production forecast discussion |
| 8.2.3. | % of biogas upgrading plants using membrane separation technologies: 2013-2036 |
| 8.2.4. | Membrane biogas upgrading forecast: 2025-2036 (billion cubic meters of biomethane produced) |
| 8.3. | Natural gas market forecasts |
| 8.3.1. | Global natural gas production forecast: 1990-2036 (billion cubic meters) |
| 8.3.2. | % of natural gas processing plants using membrane separation technologies: 2000-2036 |
| 8.3.3. | Membrane natural gas processing forecast: 2025-2036 (billion cubic meters of natural gas) |
| 8.4. | Membranes for post-combustion carbon capture market forecasts |
| 8.4.1. | Membrane post-combustion capture forecast: 2025-2036 (million tonnes per annum of CO2 captured) |
| 8.4.2. | Membrane post-combustion capture forecast discussion |
| 8.5. | Membranes for hydrogen production market forecasts (ammonia production, refining & petrochemical, methanol production, and blue hydrogen production) |
| 8.5.1. | Membrane hydrogen production forecast: 2024-2036 (million tonnes per annum of H2) |
| 8.5.2. | Membrane hydrogen production forecast discussion |
| 9. | COMPANY PROFILES |
| 9.1. | Links to company profiles on the IDTechEx portal |