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| EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS | |
| 1. | INTRODUCTION |
| 1.1. | Construction of a battery cell |
| 1.1. | Five ways in which a capacitor acts as the electrical equivalent of the spring |
| 1.1. | Small electrical and electronic devices |
| 1.2. | What is a battery? |
| 1.2. | Advantages and disadvantages of some options for supplying electricity to small devices |
| 1.2. | MEMS compared with a dust mite less than one millimetre long |
| 1.2.1. | Battery definition |
| 1.2.2. | Battery history |
| 1.2.3. | Analogy to a container of liquid |
| 1.2.4. | Construction of a battery |
| 1.2.5. | Many shapes of battery |
| 1.2.6. | Single use vs rechargeable batteries |
| 1.2.7. | Challenges with batteries in small devices |
| 1.3. | Power in use vs duty cycle for portable and mobile devices showing zones of use of single use vs rechargeable batteries |
| 1.3. | Some limitations of batteries in small electronic devices and some solutions |
| 1.3. | What is a capacitor? |
| 1.3.1. | Capacitor definition |
| 1.3.2. | Capacitor history |
| 1.3.3. | Analogy to a spring |
| 1.3.4. | Capacitor construction |
| 1.4. | Principle of the creation and maintenance of an aluminium electrolytic capacitor |
| 1.4. | Limitations of energy storage devices |
| 1.4.1. | The electronic device and its immediate support |
| 1.4.2. | Safety |
| 1.4.3. | Improvement in performance taking place |
| 1.5. | Construction of wound electrolytic capacitor |
| 1.5. | Standards |
| 1.6. | Comparison of construction diagrams of three basic types of capacitor |
| 1.7. | Types of ancillary electrical equipment being improved to serve small devices |
| 1.8. | Rapid progress in the capabilities of small electronic devices and their photovoltaic energy harvesting contrasted with more modest progress in improving the batteries they employ |
| 2. | RECHARGEABLE BATTERIES |
| 2.1. | Technology successes and failures |
| 2.1. | Volumetric energy density vs gravimetric energy density for rechargeable batteries |
| 2.2. | Laminar lithium ion battery |
| 2.2. | Lithium polymer vs lithium ion |
| 2.3. | New shapes - laminar and flexible batteries |
| 2.3. | Typical active RFID tag showing the problematic coin cells |
| 2.3.1. | Laminar lithium batteries |
| 2.3.2. | Ultrathin battery from Front Edge Technology |
| 2.4. | Transparent battery - NEC and Waseda University |
| 2.4. | Construction of a lithium rechargeable laminar battery |
| 2.5. | Reel to reel construction of rechargeable laminar lithium batteries |
| 2.5. | New methods of charging |
| 2.6. | Technology Challenges |
| 2.6. | Ultra thin lithium rechargeable battery |
| 2.7. | Construction of a thin-film battery |
| 2.7. | Threat to lithium prices? |
| 2.8. | New applications for new laminar rechargeable batteries |
| 2.8. | NanoEnergy® powering a blue LED |
| 2.9. | Examples of transparent flexible technology |
| 2.10. | Flexible battery that charges in one minute |
| 2.11. | Battery assisted passive RFID label with rechargeable thin film lithium battery recording time-temperature profile of food, blood etc in transit |
| 2.12. | Bolivian salt flats |
| 2.13. | Electric Smart car |
| 3. | SINGLE USE BATTERIES |
| 3.1. | Tadiran Batteries twenty year batteries |
| 3.1. | Tadiran in EZ pass |
| 3.1. | Tadiran cylindrical battery ratings |
| 3.2. | Printed and thin film battery product and specification comparison |
| 3.2. | Tadiran's new high voltage/high rate AA-sized lithium battery |
| 3.2. | Laminar printed manganese dioxide batteries |
| 3.2.1. | Printed battery construction |
| 3.2.2. | Printed battery production facilities |
| 3.2.3. | Applications of printed batteries |
| 3.2.4. | Printed battery specifications |
| 3.3. | Printed battery materials comparison |
| 3.3. | Other emerging needs for laminar batteries - apparel and medical |
| 3.3. | Internal structure of Power Paper Battery |
| 3.3.1. | Electronic apparel |
| 3.3.2. | Wireless body area network |
| 3.4. | The half cell and overall chemical reactions that occur in a Zn/MnO2 battery |
| 3.4. | Power Paper printed manganese dioxide zinc battery that gathers moisture from the air |
| 3.4. | Nanotube flexible battery |
| 3.5. | Biobatteries do their own harvesting |
| 3.5. | Screen printing of Blue Spark Technology flexible, sealed, manganese dioxide zinc batteries |
| 3.6. | Power Paper production line for printed batteries |
| 3.6. | Battery that incorporates energy harvesting - FlexEl |
| 3.7. | Microbatteries built with viruses |
| 3.7. | Power Paper skin patch that delivers cosmetic through the skin by means of a printed battery and electrodes |
| 3.8. | Skin patches electronically communicating to skin patches powered by laminar batteries, coin cells being unacceptable |
| 3.8. | Biomimetic energy storage system |
| 3.9. | Magnetic spin battery |
| 3.9. | Audio Paper TM |
| 3.10. | Electronic apparel - sports bra with diagnostic electronics and animated t-shirt displaying music |
| 3.11. | Wireless body area network |
| 3.12. | Disposable digital plaster |
| 3.13. | Sensium system |
| 3.14. | Flexible battery made of nanotube ink |
| 3.15. | Microbattery built with viruses |
| 3.16. | Biomimetic energy storage |
| 4. | CAPACITORS AND SUPERCAPACITORS |
| 4.1. | E-labels with capacitor and no battery. |
| 4.1. | Comparison of the three types of capacitor when storing one kilojoule of energy. |
| 4.2. | Examples of energy density figures for batteries, supercapacitors and other energy sources |
| 4.2. | Example of capacitor storage application - e-labels |
| 4.2. | Examples of small aluminum electrolytic capacitors |
| 4.3. | Simplest common modeling circuit for an electrolytic capacitor |
| 4.3. | Many shapes of capacitor |
| 4.4. | Capacitors for small devices |
| 4.5. | Technology of capacitors |
| 4.5.1. | Technology of non-polar capacitors |
| 4.5.2. | Technology of the electrolytic capacitor |
| 4.5.3. | Development path |
| 4.6. | Aluminum electrolytic capacitors |
| 4.6.2. | High capacitance but at a price |
| 4.6.3. | Non-polar electrolytic |
| 4.6.4. | Safety issues |
| 4.6.5. | Polarity |
| 4.6.6. | The dielectric is fragile |
| 4.6.7. | Electrolyte |
| 4.7. | Tantalum electrolytic capacitors |
| 5. | SUPERCAPACITORS = ULTRACAPACITORS |
| 5.1. | Where supercapacitors fit in |
| 5.1. | Where supercapacitors fit in |
| 5.2. | Energy density vs power density for storage devices |
| 5.2. | Advantages and disadvantages |
| 5.3. | How it all began |
| 5.3. | Small carbon aerogel supercapacitors |
| 5.4. | Bikudo supercapacitor |
| 5.4. | Applications |
| 5.5. | Uses in small devices. |
| 5.5. | Laminar supercapacitor one millimetre thick |
| 5.6. | Mobile phone modified to give much brighter flash thanks to supercapacitor outlined in red |
| 5.6. | Relevance to energy harvesting |
| 5.6.1. | Perpetuum harvester |
| 5.6.2. | Human power to recharge portable electronics |
| 5.6.3. | Use in nanoelectronics |
| 5.7. | Can supercapacitors replace capacitors? |
| 5.7. | Perpetuum energy harvester with its supercapacitors |
| 5.8. | Citizen Eco-DriveTM solar powered wristwatch with rechargeable battery |
| 5.8. | Can supercapacitors replace batteries? |
| 5.9. | Electric vehicle demonstrations and adoption |
| 5.9. | Symmetric supercapacitor construction |
| 5.10. | Symmetric compared to asymmetric supercapacitor construction |
| 5.10. | How an ELDC supercapacitor works |
| 5.10.1. | Basic geometry |
| 5.10.2. | Properties of EDL |
| 5.10.3. | Charging |
| 5.10.4. | Discharging and cycling |
| 5.10.5. | Energy density |
| 5.10.6. | Achieving higher voltages |
| 5.11. | Improvements coming along |
| 5.11. | Single sheets of graphene |
| 5.11.1. | Better electrodes |
| 5.11.2. | Better electrolytes |
| 5.11.3. | Better carbon technologies |
| 5.11.4. | Carbon nanotubes |
| 5.11.5. | Carbon aerogel |
| 5.11.6. | Solid activated carbon |
| 5.11.7. | Carbon derived carbon |
| 5.11.8. | Graphene |
| 5.11.9. | Polyacenes or polypyrrole |
| 5.12. | Supercapacitor performance without EDL - EEstor |
| 5.12. | Graphene supercapacitor cross section |
| 5.13. | Supercabatteries or bacitors |
| 6. | FUEL CELLS AND OTHER ALTERNATIVES |
| 6.1. | Fuel cells |
| 6.1. | MIT Biomimetic fuel cell |
| 6.1. | Challenges faced in developing satisfactory fuel cells for vehicles |
| 6.2. | Types of fuel cell and characteristics |
| 6.2. | Freeplay wind up radio in Africa |
| 6.2. | New forms of miniature fuel cells |
| 6.2.1. | Microbial fuel cells |
| 6.2.2. | Lightweight hydrogen generating fuel cell |
| 6.2.3. | Biomimetic approach with MIT fuel cell |
| 6.3. | Mechanical storage |
| 7. | ORGANISATION PROFILES |
| 7.1. | Blue Spark laminar battery |
| 7.1. | Blue Spark Technologies USA |
| 7.2. | Cap-XX Australia |
| 7.2. | Celxpert notebook battery pack |
| 7.3. | Interchangeable notebook battery pack |
| 7.3. | Celxpert Energy Corp. Taiwan Head Quarter |
| 7.4. | Cymbet USA |
| 7.4. | The Cymbet EnerChip™ |
| 7.5. | Duracell NiOx batteries |
| 7.5. | Duracell USA |
| 7.6. | Enfucell Finland |
| 7.6. | Enfucell SoftBattery™ |
| 7.7. | Thin-film solid-state batteries by Excellatron |
| 7.7. | Excellatron USA |
| 7.8. | Freeplay Foundation UK |
| 7.8. | Solar-powered Lifeline radio |
| 7.9. | The world's thinnest self standing rechargeable battery claims FET |
| 7.9. | Front Edge Technology USA |
| 7.10. | Frontier Carbon Corporation Japan |
| 7.10. | Light in Africa |
| 7.11. | LiTESTAR™ |
| 7.11. | Harvard University USA |
| 7.12. | Hitachi Maxell |
| 7.12. | Comparison of an electrostatic capacitor, an electrolytic capacitor and an EDLC |
| 7.13. | Comparison of an EDLC with an asymmetric supercapacitor sometimes painfully called a bacitor or supercabattery |
| 7.13. | Holst Centre Netherlands |
| 7.14. | Infinite Power Solutions USA |
| 7.14. | Researchers from Planar Energy -Devices, Inc., insert a sample into the vacuum chamber of the company's thin-film deposition system |
| 7.15. | Planar Energy Devices has advanced the solid-state lithium battery from NREL's crude prototype (below) to a miniaturized, integrated device (bottom) |
| 7.15. | Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology Singapore |
| 7.16. | Lebônê Solutions South Africa |
| 7.16. | Flexible battery that charges in one minute |
| 7.17. | Nippon Chemi-Con ELDCs - supercapacitors |
| 7.17. | Massachusetts Institute of Technology USA |
| 7.18. | Matsushita Battery Industrial Company Ltd. |
| 7.18. | New Planar Energy Devices high capacity laminar battery |
| 7.19. | Power Paper's battery technology |
| 7.19. | Maxwell Technologies Inc., USA |
| 7.20. | Nanotecture, UK |
| 7.20. | Prelonic printed batteries |
| 7.21. | Prelonic Display Modules |
| 7.21. | National Renewable Energy Laboratory USA |
| 7.22. | NEC Japan |
| 7.22. | Renata Batteries |
| 7.23. | Flexion ™ |
| 7.23. | Nippon Chemi-Con Japan |
| 7.24. | Oak Ridge National Laboratory USA |
| 7.24. | Surveillance bat |
| 7.25. | Sensor head on COM-BAT |
| 7.25. | Planar Energy Devices USA |
| 7.26. | Power Paper Israel |
| 7.26. | Waseda founder |
| 7.27. | Prelonic Technologies |
| 7.28. | Renata Batteries |
| 7.29. | ReVolt Technologies Ltd |
| 7.30. | Sandia National Laboratory USA |
| 7.31. | Solicore USA |
| 7.32. | Tadiran Batteries |
| 7.33. | Technical University of Berlin Germany |
| 7.34. | Sony Japan |
| 7.35. | University of California Los Angeles USA |
| 7.36. | University of Michigan USA |
| 7.37. | University of Sheffield UK |
| 7.38. | University of Wollongong Australia |
| 7.39. | Waseda University |
| 8. | MARKETS AND FORECASTS |
| 8.1. | Pie charts of single use batteries, rechargeable batteries and supercapacitors value sales in 2009 |
| 8.1. | Market for batteries, supercapacitors, other |
| 8.1. | Global market for all batteries for use in portable devices $ billion |
| 8.2. | Global market for supercapacitors for use in portable devices $ billion |
| 8.2. | Total global battery market |
| 8.2. | Pie charts of single use batteries, rechargeable batteries and supercapacitors value sales in 2019 |
| 8.3. | Split of small device battery market in 2019 by total value |
| 8.3. | Global battery market by use |
| 8.3. | Total and small device battery market 2009 and 2019 $billions |
| 8.3.1. | Batteries for RFID |
| 8.3.2. | Batteries for gift cards |
| 8.3.3. | Batteries for car keys |
| 8.3.4. | Printed and thin film batteries 2009-2019 |
| 8.4. | Split of small device battery market in 2009 by shape, giving number, unit value, total value |
| 8.8. | Market forecast for printed and potentially printed batteries in US $ billions 2009-2019 |
| 9. | GLOSSARY |
| APPENDIX 1: IDTECHEX PUBLICATIONS AND CONSULTANCY | |
| APPENDIX 2 INTRODUCTION TO PRINTED ELECTRONICS | |
| TABLES | |
| FIGURES |
| Pages | 217 |
|---|---|
| Tables | 24 |
| Figures | 100 |
| Companies | 39 |
| Forecasts to | 2019 |