1. | EXECUTIVE SUMMARY |
1.1. | What is Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage (CCUS)? |
1.2. | Why CCUS and why now? |
1.3. | Development of the CCUS business model |
1.4. | Carbon pricing and carbon markets |
1.5. | Compliance carbon pricing mechanisms across the globe |
1.6. | Alternative to carbon pricing: 45Q tax credits |
1.7. | Capture from certain industries is already profitable |
1.8. | CCUS business models: full chain, part chain, hubs and clusters |
1.9. | The CCUS value chain |
1.10. | From which sectors has CO₂ been captured historically? |
1.11. | CCUS could help decarbonize hard-to-abate sectors |
1.12. | High-concentration CO₂ sources are the low-hanging fruits |
1.13. | Which sectors will dominate CCUS? |
1.14. | Point-source carbon capture capacity forecast by CO₂ source sector, Mtpa of CO₂ |
1.15. | Point-source carbon capture forecast by CO₂ source - Gas and power |
1.16. | Main CO₂ capture systems |
1.17. | Technology Readiness Level (TRL): Carbon capture technologies |
1.18. | Comparison of CO₂ capture technologies |
1.19. | Solvent-based CO₂ capture |
1.20. | Solid sorbent-based CO₂ separation |
1.21. | Selecting a carbon capture technology |
1.22. | What is direct air capture (DAC)? |
1.23. | DAC: key takeaways |
1.24. | Introduction to CO₂ transportation |
1.25. | Key takeaways - CO₂ transportation |
1.26. | CO₂ Utilization |
1.27. | Comparison of emerging CO₂ utilization applications |
1.28. | Analyst viewpoint - CO₂ utilization |
1.29. | CO₂ storage |
1.30. | CCUS capacity forecast by CO₂ endpoint, Mtpa of CO₂ |
1.31. | CCUS forecast by CO₂ endpoint - Discussion |
1.32. | Key takeaways - CO₂ storage |
1.33. | Mixed performance from CCUS projects |
1.34. | The momentum behind CCUS is building up |
1.35. | CCUS market forecast - Overall discussion |
1.36. | Access More With an IDTechEx Subscription |
2. | INTRODUCTION |
2.1. | What is Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage (CCUS)? |
2.2. | Why CCUS and why now? |
2.3. | CCUS could help decarbonize hard-to-abate sectors |
2.4. | The CCUS value chain |
2.5. | Carbon capture |
2.6. | The challenges in carbon capture |
2.7. | Why CO₂ utilization? |
2.8. | Carbon utilization |
2.9. | Main emerging applications of CO₂ utilization |
2.10. | Carbon storage |
2.11. | Carbon transport |
2.12. | The costs of CCUS |
2.13. | When can CCUS be considered net-zero? |
2.14. | The challenges in CCUS |
3. | BUSINESS MODELS FOR CCUS |
3.1. | Introduction |
3.1.1. | Development of the CCUS business model |
3.1.2. | Government funding support mechanisms for CCUS |
3.1.3. | Government ownership of CCUS projects varies across countries |
3.1.4. | CCUS business model: full value chain |
3.1.5. | CCUS business model: networks and hub model |
3.1.6. | CCUS industrial clusters in the UK: East Coast Cluster |
3.1.7. | CCUS industrial clusters in the UK: HyNet |
3.1.8. | CCUS industrial clusters in the UK: conclusions |
3.1.9. | Part chain CCUS business models |
3.1.10. | Why CO₂ utilization should not be overlooked |
3.2. | Carbon pricing and carbon markets |
3.2.1. | Carbon pricing and carbon markets |
3.2.2. | Compliance carbon pricing mechanisms across the globe |
3.2.3. | What is the price of CO₂ in global carbon pricing mechanisms? |
3.2.4. | The European Union Emission Trading Scheme (EU ETS) |
3.2.5. | Has the EU ETS had an impact? |
3.2.6. | Carbon pricing in the US |
3.2.7. | Alternative to carbon pricing: 45Q tax credits |
3.2.8. | Carbon pricing in China |
3.2.9. | The role of voluntary carbon markets in supporting CCUS |
3.2.10. | Carbon accounting: double counting is not allowed |
3.2.11. | Challenges with carbon pricing |
3.2.12. | How high does carbon pricing need to be to support CCS? |
4. | STATUS OF THE CCUS INDUSTRY |
4.1. | The momentum behind CCUS is building up |
4.2. | Momentum: Government support for CCUS |
4.3. | Supportive legal and regulatory framework for CCUS |
4.4. | Global pipeline of carbon capture facilities built and announced |
4.5. | Analysis of CCUS development |
4.6. | CO₂ source: From which sectors has CO₂ been captured historically? |
4.7. | Which sectors will see the biggest growth in CCUS? |
4.8. | CO₂ fate: Where does/will the captured CO₂ go? |
4.9. | Regional analysis of CCUS Projects |
4.10. | Major CCUS players |
4.11. | Mixed performance from CCUS projects |
4.12. | Major CCUS projects performance comparison (1/3) |
4.13. | Major CCUS projects performance comparison (2/3) |
4.14. | Major CCUS projects performance comparison (3/3) |
4.15. | Boundary Dam - battling capture technical issues |
4.16. | Petra Nova's long shutdown: lessons for the industry? |
4.17. | How much does CCUS cost? |
4.18. | Enabling large-scale CCUS |
5. | CARBON DIOXIDE CAPTURE |
5.1. | Introduction |
5.1.1. | Main CO₂ capture systems |
5.1.2. | The CCUS value chain |
5.1.3. | Status of point source carbon capture |
5.1.4. | Comparison of point-source CO₂ capture systems |
5.1.5. | Natural gas sweetening |
5.1.6. | Post-combustion CO₂ capture |
5.1.7. | Post-combustion: Equipment space requirements |
5.1.8. | Pre-combustion CO₂ capture |
5.1.9. | Oxy-fuel combustion CO₂ capture |
5.1.10. | Main CO₂ capture technologies |
5.1.11. | Technology Readiness Level (TRL): Carbon capture technologies |
5.1.12. | Carbon capture technology providers for existing large-scale projects |
5.1.13. | Comparison of CO₂ capture technologies |
5.1.14. | When should different carbon capture technologies be used? |
5.1.15. | Typical conditions and performance for different capture technologies |
5.1.16. | Carbon capture |
5.1.17. | Going beyond CO₂ capture rates of 90% |
5.1.18. | 99% capture rate: Suitability of different PSCC technologies |
5.1.19. | The challenges in carbon capture |
5.1.20. | CO₂ capture: Technological gaps |
5.1.21. | Metrics for CO₂ capture agents |
5.1.22. | CO₂ concentration and partial pressure varies with emission source |
5.1.23. | How does CO₂ partial pressure influence cost? |
5.1.24. | High-concentration CO₂ sources are the low-hanging fruits |
5.1.25. | PSCC technologies: Cost, energy demand, and CO₂ recovery |
5.1.26. | Techno-economic comparison of CO₂ capture technologies (1/2) |
5.1.27. | Techno-economic comparison of CO₂ capture technologies (2/2) |
5.2. | Solvents for CO₂ capture |
5.2.1. | Solvent-based CO₂ capture |
5.2.2. | Chemical absorption solvents |
5.2.3. | Amine-based post-combustion CO₂ absorption |
5.2.4. | Hot Potassium Carbonate (HPC) process |
5.2.5. | Comparison of key chemical solvent-based systems (1/2) |
5.2.6. | Comparison of key chemical solvent-based systems (2/2) |
5.2.7. | Chemical absorption solvents used in current operational CCUS point-source projects (1/2) |
5.2.8. | Chemical absorption solvents used in current operational CCUS point-source projects (2/2) |
5.2.9. | Physical absorption solvents |
5.2.10. | Comparison of key physical absorption solvents |
5.2.11. | Physical solvents used in current operational CCUS point-source projects |
5.2.12. | Innovation addressing solvent-based CO₂ capture drawbacks |
5.2.13. | When should solvent-based carbon capture be used? |
5.3. | Emerging solvents for carbon capture |
5.3.1. | Innovation in carbon capture solvents |
5.3.2. | Chilled ammonia process (CAP) |
5.3.3. | Comparison of key chemical solvent-based systems - emerging |
5.3.4. | Applicability of chemical absorption solvents capture solvents for post-combustion applications |
5.3.5. | Next generation solvent technologies for point-source carbon capture |
5.4. | Sorbents for CO₂ capture |
5.4.1. | Solid sorbent-based CO₂ separation |
5.4.2. | Overview of solid sorbents explored for carbon capture |
5.4.3. | Metal organic framework (MOF) adsorbents |
5.4.4. | Zeolite-based adsorbents |
5.4.5. | Solid amine-based adsorbents |
5.4.6. | Carbon-based adsorbents |
5.4.7. | Polymer-based adsorbents |
5.4.8. | Solid sorbents in pre-combustion applications |
5.4.9. | Sorption Enhanced Water Gas Shift (SEWGS) |
5.4.10. | Solid sorbents in post-combustion applications |
5.4.11. | Comparison of emerging solid sorbent systems |
5.5. | Membrane-based CO₂ capture |
5.5.1. | Membrane-based CO₂ separation |
5.5.2. | Membranes: Operating principles |
5.5.3. | How is membrane performance characterised? |
5.5.4. | Technical advantages and challenges for membrane-based CO₂ separation |
5.5.5. | Comparison of membrane materials for CCUS (1/2) |
5.5.6. | Comparison of membrane materials for CCUS (2/2) |
5.5.7. | Commercial status of membranes in carbon capture (1/2) |
5.5.8. | Commercial status of membranes in carbon capture (2/2) |
5.5.9. | Membranes for post-combustion CO₂ capture |
5.5.10. | Facilitated transport membranes could unlock low-cost operating conditions |
5.5.11. | When should be membrane carbon capture be used? |
5.5.12. | Membranes for pre-combustion capture (1/2) |
5.5.13. | Membranes for pre-combustion capture (2/2) |
5.5.14. | Key development areas for membranes in carbon capture |
5.6. | Cryogenic CO₂ capture |
5.6.1. | Cryogenic CO₂ capture: an emerging alternative |
5.6.2. | When should cryogenic carbon capture be used? |
5.6.3. | Status of cryogenic CO₂ capture technologies |
5.6.4. | Cryogenic CO₂ capture in blue hydrogen: Cryocap™ |
5.7. | Oxyfuel combustion capture |
5.7.1. | Oxy-fuel combustion CO₂ capture |
5.7.2. | Oxygen separation technologies for oxy-fuel combustion |
5.7.3. | Oxyfuel CCUS projects in the cement industry |
5.7.4. | Large-scale oxyfuel CCUS cement projects in the pipeline |
5.7.5. | Oxyfuel CCUS in the power generation industry |
5.7.6. | Novel oxyfuel: Chemical looping combustion (CLC) |
5.8. | Novel CO₂ capture technologies |
5.8.1. | LEILAC process: Direct CO₂ capture in cement plants |
5.8.2. | LEILAC process: Configuration options |
5.8.3. | Calcium Looping (CaL) |
5.8.4. | Calcium Looping (CaL) configuration options |
5.8.5. | CO₂ capture with Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs) |
5.8.6. | CO₂ capture with Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells (MCFCs) |
5.8.7. | The Allam-Fetvedt Cycle |
5.8.8. | Summary: PSCC technology readiness and providers (1/2) |
5.8.9. | Summary: PSCC technology readiness and providers (2/2) |
5.9. | Point-source Carbon Capture in Key Industrial Sectors |
5.9.1. | Which sectors will see the biggest growth in CCUS? |
5.9.2. | Capture costs vary by sector |
5.9.3. | Power plants with CCUS generate less energy |
5.9.4. | The impact of PSCC on power plant efficiency |
5.9.5. | The cost of increasing the rate of CO₂ capture in the power sector |
5.9.6. | Blue Hydrogen Production and Markets 2023-2033: Technologies, Forecasts, Players |
5.9.7. | Blue hydrogen: main syngas production technologies |
5.9.8. | Blue hydrogen production - SMR with CCUS |
5.9.9. | Pre- vs post-combustion CO₂ capture for blue hydrogen |
5.9.10. | CO₂ capture retrofit options for blue H2 production (1/2) |
5.9.11. | CO₂ capture retrofit options for blue H2 production (2/2) |
5.9.12. | CO₂ capture retrofit options - Honeywell UOP example |
5.9.13. | Example project value chain |
5.9.14. | Notable blue hydrogen projects |
5.9.15. | Cost comparison: Commercial CO₂ capture systems for blue H2 |
5.9.16. | The cost of CO₂ capture in blue hydrogen production |
5.9.17. | CO₂ capture for blue hydrogen production |
5.9.18. | Summary of point-source carbon capture for blue H2 |
5.9.19. | Early CCUS opportunity: BECCS |
5.9.20. | The role of CCUS in decarbonizing cement |
5.9.21. | Status of carbon capture in the cement industry |
5.9.22. | Major future CCUS projects in the cement sector |
5.9.23. | Carbon capture technologies demonstrated in the cement sector |
5.9.24. | SkyMine® chemical absorption: The largest CCU demonstration in the cement sector |
5.9.25. | Carbon Capture and Utilization (CCU) in the cement sector: Fortera's ReCarb™ |
5.9.26. | Algae CO₂ capture from cement plants |
5.9.27. | Cost and technological status of carbon capture in the cement sector |
5.9.28. | Maritime carbon capture: Onboard Carbon Capture and Storage |
5.10. | Direct Air Capture |
5.10.1. | DAC vs point-source carbon capture |
5.10.2. | What is direct air capture (DAC)? |
5.10.3. | Why DACCS as a CDR solution? |
5.10.4. | Current status of DACCS |
5.10.5. | Momentum: private investments in DAC |
5.10.6. | Momentum: public investment and policy support for DAC |
5.10.7. | Momentum: DAC-specific regulation |
5.10.8. | DAC land requirement is an advantage |
5.10.9. | CO₂ capture/separation mechanisms in DAC |
5.10.10. | Direct air capture technologies |
5.10.11. | DAC solid sorbent swing adsorption processes (1/2) |
5.10.12. | DAC solid sorbent swing adsorption processes (2/2) |
5.10.13. | Electro-swing adsorption of CO₂ for DAC |
5.10.14. | Solid sorbents in DAC |
5.10.15. | Emerging solid sorbent materials for DAC |
5.10.16. | Liquid solvent-based DAC |
5.10.17. | Process flow diagram of S-DAC |
5.10.18. | Process flow diagram of L-DAC |
5.10.19. | Process flow diagram of CaO looping |
5.10.20. | Solid sorbent- vs liquid solvent-based DAC |
5.10.21. | Electricity and heat sources |
5.10.22. | Requirements to capture 1 Mt of CO₂ per year |
5.10.23. | DAC companies by country |
5.10.24. | Direct air capture company landscape |
5.10.25. | A comparison of the three DAC pioneers |
5.10.26. | TRLs of direct air capture players |
5.10.27. | Climeworks |
5.10.28. | Carbon Engineering |
5.10.29. | Global Thermostat |
5.10.30. | Heirloom |
5.10.31. | DACCS carbon credit sales by company |
5.10.32. | Challenges associated with DAC technology (1/2) |
5.10.33. | Challenges associated with DAC technology (2/2) |
5.10.34. | Oil and gas sector involvement in DAC |
5.10.35. | DACCS co-location with geothermal energy |
5.10.36. | Will DAC be deployed in time to make a difference? |
5.10.37. | What can DAC learn from the wind and solar industries' scale-up? |
5.10.38. | What is needed for DAC to achieve the gigatonne capacity by 2050? |
5.10.39. | The economics of DAC |
5.10.40. | The CAPEX of DAC |
5.10.41. | The CAPEX of DAC: sub-system contribution |
5.10.42. | The OPEX of DAC |
5.10.43. | Overall capture cost of DAC (1/2) |
5.10.44. | Overall capture cost of DAC (2/2) |
5.10.45. | Component specific capture cost contributions for DACCS |
5.10.46. | Financing DAC |
5.10.47. | DACCS SWOT analysis |
5.10.48. | DACCS: summary |
5.10.49. | DAC: key takeaways |
6. | CARBON DIOXIDE REMOVAL (CDR) |
6.1. | Introduction |
6.1.1. | Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR) 2024-2044: Technologies, Players, Carbon Credit Markets, and Forecasts |
6.1.2. | Why carbon dioxide removal (CDR)? |
6.1.3. | What is CDR and how is it different from CCUS? |
6.1.4. | Description of the main CDR methods |
6.1.5. | Technology Readiness Level (TRL): Carbon dioxide removal methods |
6.1.6. | The state of CDR in compliance markets |
6.1.7. | The state of CDR in the voluntary carbon market |
6.1.8. | Shifting buyer preferences for durable CDR in carbon credit markets |
6.2. | BECCS |
6.2.1. | Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) |
6.2.2. | Opportunities in BECCS: heat generation |
6.2.3. | The economics of BECCS |
6.2.4. | Opportunities in BECCS: waste-to-energy |
6.2.5. | BECCS Value Chain |
6.2.6. | BECCS current status |
6.2.7. | Trends in BECCUS projects (1/2) |
6.2.8. | Trends in BECCUS projects (2/2) |
6.2.9. | The challenges of BECCS |
6.2.10. | What is the business model for BECCS? |
6.2.11. | BECCS carbon credits |
6.2.12. | The energy and carbon efficiency of BECCS |
6.2.13. | Is BECCS sustainable? |
6.2.14. | BECCS Outlook: Government support and large-scale demonstrations needed |
6.2.15. | Ocean-based NETs |
6.2.16. | Direct ocean capture |
6.2.17. | State of technology in direct ocean capture |
6.2.18. | Future direct ocean capture technologies |
6.2.19. | Ocean-based CDR: key takeaways |
6.3. | Ocean-based CDR and direct ocean capture |
6.3.1. | Biochar: key takeaways |
6.3.2. | Afforestation and reforestation: key takeaways |
6.3.3. | Mineralization: key takeaways |
6.3.4. | CDR technologies: key takeaways |
7. | CARBON DIOXIDE UTILIZATION |
7.1. | Introduction |
7.1.1. | Carbon Dioxide Utilization 2024-2044: Technologies, Market Forecasts, and Players |
7.1.2. | Why CO₂ utilization? |
7.1.3. | How is CO₂ used and sourced today? |
7.1.4. | CO₂ utilization pathways |
7.1.5. | Emerging applications of CO₂ utilization |
7.1.6. | Comparison of emerging CO₂ utilization applications |
7.1.7. | Factors driving CO₂ U future market potential |
7.1.8. | Carbon utilization potential and climate benefits |
7.1.9. | Cost effectiveness of CO₂ utilization applications |
7.1.10. | Traction in CO₂ U: funding worldwide |
7.1.11. | Technology readiness and climate benefits of CO₂ U pathways |
7.1.12. | When can CO₂ utilization be considered "net-zero"? |
7.1.13. | How is CO₂ utilization treated in existing regulations? |
7.1.14. | CO₂ utilization: Analyst viewpoint (i) |
7.1.15. | CO₂ utilization: Analyst viewpoint (ii) |
7.1.16. | Carbon utilization business models |
7.2. | CO₂ -derived concrete |
7.2.1. | The Basic Chemistry: CO₂ Mineralization |
7.2.2. | CO₂ use in the cement and concrete supply chain |
7.2.3. | CO₂ utilization in concrete curing or mixing |
7.2.4. | CO₂ utilization in carbonates (aggregates and additives) |
7.2.5. | CO₂ -derived carbonates from waste |
7.2.6. | CO₂ -derived carbonates from waste (ii) |
7.2.7. | The market potential of CO₂ use in the construction industry |
7.2.8. | Supplying CO₂ to a decentralized concrete industry |
7.2.9. | Future of CO₂ supply for concrete |
7.2.10. | Prefabricated versus ready-mixed concrete markets |
7.2.11. | Market dynamics of cement and concrete |
7.2.12. | CO₂ U business models in building materials |
7.2.13. | CO₂ utilization players in mineralization |
7.2.14. | Concrete carbon footprint of key CO₂ U companies |
7.2.15. | Key takeaways in CO₂ -derived building materials |
7.2.16. | Key takeaways in CO₂ -derived building materials (ii) |
7.2.17. | Key takeaways in CO₂ -derived building materials (iii) |
7.3. | CO₂ -derived chemicals and polymers |
7.3.1. | CO₂ can be converted into a giant range of chemicals |
7.3.2. | Using CO₂ as a feedstock is energy-intensive |
7.3.3. | The basics: types of CO₂ utilization reactions |
7.3.4. | CO₂ may need to be first converted into CO or syngas |
7.3.5. | Fischer-Tropsch synthesis: syngas to hydrocarbons |
7.3.6. | Direct Fischer-Tropsch synthesis: CO₂ to hydrocarbons |
7.3.7. | Electrochemical CO₂ reduction |
7.3.8. | Electrochemical CO₂ reduction technologies |
7.3.9. | Low-temperature electrochemical CO₂ reduction |
7.3.10. | High-temperature solid oxide electrolyzers |
7.3.11. | Cost parity has been a challenge for CO₂ -derived methanol |
7.3.12. | Thermochemical methods: CO₂ -derived methanol |
7.3.13. | Major CO₂ -derived methanol projects |
7.3.14. | Aromatic hydrocarbons from CO₂ |
7.3.15. | "Artificial photosynthesis" - photocatalytic reduction methods |
7.3.16. | Plasma technology for CO₂ conversion |
7.3.17. | Major pathways to convert CO₂ into polymers |
7.3.18. | CO₂ -derived linear-chain polycarbonates |
7.3.19. | Commercial production of polycarbonate from CO₂ |
7.3.20. | Commercial production of CO₂ -derived polymers |
7.3.21. | Carbon nanostructures made from CO₂ |
7.3.22. | Players in CO₂ -derived chemicals by end-product |
7.3.23. | CO₂-derived chemicals: Market potential |
7.3.24. | Are CO₂ -derived chemicals climate beneficial? |
7.3.25. | Centralized or distributed chemical manufacturing? |
7.3.26. | Could the chemical industry run on CO₂ ? |
7.3.27. | Which CO₂ U technologies are more suitable to which products? |
7.3.28. | Technical feasibility of main CO₂ -derived chemicals |
7.3.29. | Key takeaways in CO₂ -derived chemicals |
7.4. | CO₂ -derived fuels |
7.4.1. | What are CO₂ -derived fuels (power-to-X)? |
7.4.2. | CO₂ can be converted into a variety of fuels |
7.4.3. | Summary of main routes to CO₂ -fuels |
7.4.4. | The challenge of energy efficiency |
7.4.5. | CO₂ -fuels are pertinent to a specific context |
7.4.6. | CO₂ -fuels in road vehicles |
7.4.7. | CO₂ -fuels in shipping |
7.4.8. | CO₂ -fuels in aviation |
7.4.9. | Power-to-methane |
7.4.10. | Synthetic natural gas - thermocatalytic pathway |
7.4.11. | Biological fermentation of CO₂ into methane |
7.4.12. | Drivers and barriers for Power-to-Methane technology adoption |
7.4.13. | Power-to-Methane projects worldwide - current and announced |
7.4.14. | Can CO₂ -fuels achieve cost parity with fossil-fuels? |
7.4.15. | CO₂ -fuels rollout is linked to electrolyzer capacity |
7.4.16. | Low-carbon hydrogen is crucial to CO₂ -fuels |
7.4.17. | CO₂ -derived fuels projects announced - regional |
7.4.18. | CO₂ -derived fuels projects worldwide over time - current and announced |
7.4.19. | CO₂ -fuels from solar power |
7.4.20. | Companies in CO₂ -fuels by end-product |
7.4.21. | Are CO₂ -fuels climate beneficial? |
7.4.22. | CO₂ -derived fuels SWOT analysis |
7.4.23. | CO₂ -derived fuels: market potential |
7.4.24. | Key takeaways in CO₂ -derived fuels |
7.5. | CO₂ utilization in biological yield boosting |
7.5.1. | CO₂ utilization in biological processes |
7.5.2. | Main companies using CO₂ in biological processes |
7.5.3. | CO₂ enrichment in greenhouses |
7.5.4. | CO₂ enrichment in greenhouses: market potential |
7.5.5. | CO₂ enrichment in greenhouses: pros and cons |
7.5.6. | Advancements in greenhouse CO₂ enrichment |
7.5.7. | CO₂ -enhanced algae or cyanobacteria cultivation |
7.5.8. | CO₂ -enhanced algae cultivation: open systems |
7.5.9. | CO₂ -enhanced algae cultivation: closed systems |
7.5.10. | Algae has multiple market applications |
7.5.11. | The algae-based fuel market has been rocky |
7.5.12. | CO₂ -enhanced algae cultivation: pros and cons |
7.5.13. | CO₂ utilization in biomanufacturing |
7.5.14. | CO₂ -consuming microorganisms |
7.5.15. | Food and feed from CO₂ |
7.5.16. | CO₂ -derived food and feed: market |
7.5.17. | Carbon fermentation: pros and cons |
7.5.18. | Key takeaways in CO₂ biological yield boosting |
8. | CARBON DIOXIDE STORAGE |
8.1. | Introduction |
8.1.1. | The case for carbon dioxide storage or sequestration |
8.1.2. | Storing supercritical CO₂ underground |
8.1.3. | Mechanisms of subsurface CO₂ trapping |
8.1.4. | CO₂ leakage is a small risk |
8.1.5. | Earthquakes and CO₂ leakage |
8.1.6. | Storage type for geologic CO₂ storage: saline aquifers |
8.1.7. | Storage type for geologic CO₂ storage: depleted oil and gas fields |
8.1.8. | Unconventional storage resources: coal seams and shale |
8.1.9. | Unconventional storage resources: basalts and ultra-mafic rocks |
8.1.10. | Estimates of global CO₂ storage space |
8.1.11. | CO₂ storage potential by country |
8.1.12. | Permitting and authorization of CO₂ storage |
8.1.13. | Monitoring, reporting, and verification (MRV) in CO₂ storage |
8.1.14. | MRV Technologies and Costs in CO₂ Storage |
8.1.15. | Carbon storage: Technical challenges |
8.2. | Status of CO₂ Storage Projects |
8.2.1. | Technology status of CO₂ storage |
8.2.2. | World map of operational and under construction large-scale dedicated CO₂ storage sites |
8.2.3. | Available CO₂ storage will soon outstrip CO₂ captured |
8.2.4. | Dedicated geological storage will soon outpace CO₂ -EOR |
8.2.5. | Can CO₂ storage be monetized? |
8.2.6. | Part-chain storage project in the North Sea: The Longship Project |
8.2.7. | Part-chain storage project in the North Sea: The Porthos Project |
8.2.8. | The cost of carbon sequestration (1/2) |
8.2.9. | The cost of carbon sequestration (2/2) |
8.2.10. | Storage-type TRL and operator landscape |
8.2.11. | Key takeaways |
8.3. | CO₂ -EOR |
8.3.1. | What is CO₂ -EOR? |
8.3.2. | What happens to the injected CO₂ ? |
8.3.3. | Types of CO₂ -EOR designs |
8.3.4. | Global status of CO₂ -EOR: U.S. dominates but other regions arise |
8.3.5. | World's large-scale CO₂ capture with CO₂ -EOR facilities |
8.3.6. | CO₂ -EOR potential |
8.3.7. | Most CO₂ in the U.S. is still naturally sourced |
8.3.8. | CO₂ -EOR main players in the U.S. |
8.3.9. | CO₂ -EOR main players in North America |
8.3.10. | CO₂ -EOR in China |
8.3.11. | The economics of promoting CO₂ storage through CO₂ -EOR |
8.3.12. | The impact of oil prices on CO₂ -EOR feasibility |
8.3.13. | Climate considerations in CO₂ -EOR |
8.3.14. | The climate impact of CO₂ -EOR varies over time |
8.3.15. | CO₂ -EOR: an on-ramp for CCS and DACCS? |
8.3.16. | CO₂ -EOR: Progressive or "Greenwashing" |
8.3.17. | Future advancements in CO₂ -EOR |
8.3.18. | CO₂ -EOR SWOT analysis |
8.3.19. | Key takeaways: market |
8.3.20. | Key takeaways: environmental |
9. | CARBON DIOXIDE TRANSPORTATION |
9.1. | Introduction to CO₂ transportation |
9.2. | Phases of CO₂ for transportation |
9.3. | Overview of CO₂ transportation methods and conditions |
9.4. | Status of CO₂ transportation methods in CCS projects |
9.5. | CO₂ transportation by pipeline |
9.6. | CO₂ pipeline infrastructure development in the US |
9.7. | CO₂ pipelines: Technical challenges |
9.8. | CO₂ transportation by ship |
9.9. | CO₂ transportation by ship: innovations in ship design |
9.10. | CO₂ transportation by rail and truck |
9.11. | Purity requirements of CO₂ transportation |
9.12. | General cost comparison of CO₂ transportation methods |
9.13. | CAPEX and OPEX contributions |
9.14. | Cost considerations in CO₂ transport |
9.15. | Transboundary networks for CO₂ transport: Europe |
9.16. | Available CO₂ transportation will soon outstrip CO₂ captured |
9.17. | Potential for cost reduction in transport and storage |
9.18. | CO₂ transport operators |
9.19. | CO₂ transport and/or storage as a service business model |
9.20. | Key takeaways |
10. | MARKET FORECASTS |
10.1.1. | CCUS forecast methodology |
10.1.2. | CCUS forecast breakdown |
10.1.3. | CCUS market forecast - Overall discussion |
10.1.4. | CCUS capture capacity forecast by CO₂ endpoint, Mtpa of CO₂ |
10.1.5. | CCUS forecast by CO₂ endpoint - Discussion |
10.1.6. | CCUS forecast by CO₂ endpoint - CO₂ storage |
10.1.7. | CCUS forecast by CO₂ endpoint - CO₂ enhanced oil recovery (EOR) |
10.1.8. | Emerging CO₂ utilization capacity forecast by CO₂ end-use, Mtpa of CO₂ |
10.1.9. | CCUS forecast by CO₂ endpoint - Emerging CO₂ utilization |
10.1.10. | CCUS revenue potential for captured CO₂ offtaker, billion US $ |
10.1.11. | CCUS revenue for captured CO₂ offtaker |
10.1.12. | CCUS capacity forecast by capture type, Mtpa of CO₂ |
10.1.13. | CCUS forecast by capture type - Direct Air Capture (DAC) capacity forecast |
10.1.14. | Point-source CCUS capture capacity forecast by CO₂ source sector, Mtpa of CO₂ |
10.1.15. | Point-source carbon capture forecast by CO₂ source - Industry |
10.1.16. | Point-source carbon capture forecast by CO₂ source - blue hydrogen and blue ammonia |
10.1.17. | Point-source carbon capture forecast by CO₂ source - Gas and power |
10.1.18. | Point-source carbon capture forecast by CO₂ source - BECCUS |
11. | COMPANY PROFILES |
11.1. | 3R-BioPhosphate |
11.2. | Adaptavate |
11.3. | Aether Diamonds |
11.4. | Airco Process Technology |
11.5. | Airex Energy |
11.6. | Airhive |
11.7. | Aker Carbon Capture |
11.8. | Arborea |
11.9. | Ardent |
11.10. | AspiraDAC: MOF-Based DAC Technology Using Solar Power |
11.11. | Atoco (MOF-Based AWH and Carbon Capture) |
11.12. | Avantium: Volta Technology |
11.13. | BC Biocarbon |
11.14. | Bright Renewables: Carbon Capture |
11.15. | C-Capture |
11.16. | CapChar |
11.17. | CarbiCrete |
11.18. | Carbo Culture |
11.19. | Carboclave |
11.20. | Carbofex |
11.21. | Carbogenics |
11.22. | Carboclave |
11.23. | Carbon Engineering |
11.24. | Carbon Neutral Fuels |
11.25. | Carbon Recycling International |
11.26. | Carbonaide |
11.27. | CarbonBlue |
11.28. | CarbonBuilt |
11.29. | CarbonCapture Inc. |
11.30. | CarbonCure |
11.31. | CarbonFree |
11.32. | Carbyon |
11.33. | CERT Systems |
11.34. | Chiyoda: CCUS |
11.35. | Climeworks |
11.36. | CO2 GRO Inc. |
11.37. | CO₂ Capsol |
11.38. | CSIRO: MOF-Based DAC Technology (Airthena) |
11.39. | Deep Branch |
11.40. | Dimensional Energy |
11.41. | Econic Technologies |
11.42. | Equatic |
11.43. | Fluor: Carbon Capture |
11.44. | Fortera Corporation |
11.45. | FuelCell Energy |
11.46. | Future Biogas |
11.47. | Giammarco Vetrocoke |
11.48. | Global Thermostat |
11.49. | Graphyte |
11.50. | GreenCap Solutions |
11.51. | Greenore |
11.52. | Heirloom |
11.53. | LanzaTech |
11.54. | Liquid Wind |
11.55. | Mission Zero Technologies |
11.56. | Mosaic Materials: MOF-Based DAC Technology |
11.57. | Myno Carbon |
11.58. | NeoCarbon |
11.59. | neustark |
11.60. | NovoMOF |
11.61. | Noya |
11.62. | Nuada: MOF-Based Carbon Capture |
11.63. | O.C.O Technology |
11.64. | Orchestra Scientific: MOF-Based Carbon Separation |
11.65. | OXCCU |
11.66. | Paebbl |
11.67. | Pentair: Carbon Capture |
11.68. | Prometheus Fuels |
11.69. | PyroCCS |
11.70. | Seaweed Generation |
11.71. | Seratech |
11.72. | Skytree |
11.73. | Solar Foods |
11.74. | Soletair Power |
11.75. | Solidia Technologies |
11.76. | Svante: MOF-Based Carbon Capture |
11.77. | Synhelion |
11.78. | Takachar |
11.79. | UNDO |
11.80. | UniSieve: MOF-Based Membrane Technology |
11.81. | UP Catalyst |
11.82. | Verdox |
11.83. | Vycarb |
11.84. | WasteX |