1. | EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS |
1.1. | The circular economy |
1.2. | What is chemical recycling? |
1.3. | The increasing pace of global plastics production |
1.4. | The four types of recycling: Process definitions |
1.5. | Summary of chemical recycling approaches |
1.6. | Chemical recycling plant economics and pricing: Overview |
1.7. | Environmental viability of chemical recycling |
1.8. | Environmental viability of chemical recycling (2) |
1.9. | Environmental viability of chemical recycling (3) |
1.10. | Chemical recycling partnerships: Mixed plastics |
1.11. | Chemical recycling partnerships: Mixed plastics |
1.12. | Chemical recycling partnerships: Polyethylene terephthalate |
1.13. | Chemical recycling partnerships: Polystyrene |
1.14. | Chemical recycling applications: Packaging |
1.15. | Chemical recycling plant capacity by technology provider |
1.16. | Chemical recycling plant capacity: Continuing expansion since 2021 |
1.17. | Market drivers of chemical recycling |
1.18. | Chemical recycling market forecast by recycling process 2024-2034 |
1.19. | Chemical recycling market forecast by process and polymer 2024-2034 |
1.20. | Chemical recycling market forecast by process and polymer 2024-2034 |
1.21. | Scope for gasification processes in a circular economy |
2. | MARKET ANALYSIS AND FORECASTS |
2.1. | Chemical recycling market forecasts |
2.1.1. | Market forecast methodology |
2.1.2. | Dissolution market forecast by polymer type 2024-2034 |
2.1.3. | Depolymerization market forecast by polymer type 2024-2034 |
2.1.4. | Pyrolysis market forecast 2024-2034 |
2.1.5. | Recycling municipal solid waste: Gasification market forecast 2024-2034 |
2.1.6. | Gasification market forecast 2024-2034 |
2.2. | Key developments |
2.2.1. | Recent developments in chemical recycling and dissolution |
2.2.2. | Recent chemical recycling plant announcements |
2.2.3. | Recent chemical recycling plant announcements: Continued |
2.2.4. | Feedstock agreements |
2.2.5. | Technology developments: Enzymatic recycling of textiles |
2.2.6. | AI and research into enzymes for plastic recycling |
2.2.7. | Technology developments: PHA chemical recycling |
2.2.8. | Technology developments: PHA chemical recycling |
2.2.9. | Technology developments: Enzymatic recycling of PLA by Carbios |
2.2.10. | Pricing of rPET and the impact on chemical recycling players |
2.3. | Industry activity: Partnerships and products |
2.3.1. | Partnerships: Mixed plastics |
2.3.2. | Partnerships: Mixed plastics |
2.3.3. | Partnerships: PET |
2.3.4. | Partnerships: PS |
2.4. | Market drivers |
2.4.1. | Market drivers: Governments |
2.4.2. | Market drivers: Governments |
2.4.3. | Market drivers: Governments |
2.4.4. | Market drivers: Governments |
2.4.5. | Market drivers: Governments |
2.4.6. | Market drivers: Product producers, brands & retailers in fast-moving consumer goods |
2.4.7. | Market drivers: Product producers, brands & retailers in textiles |
2.4.8. | Market drivers: Automotive OEMs |
2.4.9. | Market drivers: NGOs |
2.4.10. | Market drivers: Public |
2.5. | Environmental and economic viability |
2.5.1. | Impact of oil price |
2.5.2. | Overview of public companies |
2.5.3. | Lessons from chemical recycling project failures |
2.5.4. | Lessons from chemical recycling project failures |
2.5.5. | Plant economics and pricing: Overview |
2.5.6. | Criticisms of chemical recycling |
2.5.7. | Criticisms of chemical recycling (2) |
2.5.8. | The environmental argument: LCAs |
2.5.9. | Life Cycle Assessments (LCA): Polystyrene |
2.5.10. | Life Cycle Assessments (LCA): Pyrolysis |
2.5.11. | Utilising renewable energy in chemical recycling |
2.5.12. | Chemical recycling for packaging |
2.5.13. | Chemical recycling for packaging: Examples |
2.5.14. | Recycled content for automotive applications |
2.5.15. | Chemical recycling in the automotive industry |
2.5.16. | Chemical recycling in the automotive industry |
2.5.17. | Chemical recycling in the automotive industry (2) |
2.5.18. | Electronics: Chemical recycling opportunity |
2.5.19. | Carpets: Feedstock and application for chemical recycling |
2.5.20. | Mattresses: Feedstock and application for chemical recycling |
2.5.21. | Textiles: Feedstock and application for chemical recycling |
2.5.22. | Construction: Feedstock and application for chemical recycling |
3. | CHEMICAL RECYCLING OVERVIEW |
3.1. | The four types of recycling: Process definitions |
3.2. | Understanding end-of-life plastics |
3.3. | Single vs multiple stream recycling |
3.4. | Why are plastic recycling rates so low? |
3.5. | Multi-material layered packaging |
3.6. | Plastic recycling varies by polymer type |
3.7. | Recycling key polymer types |
3.8. | Are bioplastics the answer? |
3.9. | What is chemical recycling? |
3.10. | Complementary approaches for recycling |
3.11. | Chemical recycling PET |
3.12. | Chemical recycling PE |
3.13. | Chemical recycling PP |
3.14. | Chemical recycling PS |
3.15. | Chemical recycling other polymer types |
3.16. | Technology status by polymer feedstock |
3.17. | Closing the loop on chemical recycling |
3.18. | Tracking recycling: The chain of custody |
3.19. | Chain of custody: mass balance (1) |
3.20. | Chain of custody: Mass balance (2) |
3.21. | Other chain of custody approaches |
3.22. | Chemical tracers and markers |
3.23. | Chemical tracers and markers |
3.24. | Chain of custody and legislation |
3.25. | Chain of custody and legislation (2) |
3.26. | Designing polymers with dynamic bonds |
3.27. | Alternative recycling routes for MSW |
3.28. | Alternative recycling routes for MSW (2) |
3.29. | What is recyclability by design? |
4. | PYROLYSIS |
4.1. | Introduction to pyrolysis |
4.1.1. | Pyrolysis of plastic waste: Introduction |
4.1.2. | Comparison of pyrolysis and gasification processes |
4.1.3. | Comparison of incineration, gasification, and pyrolysis |
4.1.4. | Advantages and challenges in plastic pyrolysis |
4.1.5. | Key technical factors that impact the pyrolysis of plastic waste |
4.2. | Pyrolysis feedstocks |
4.2.1. | Pyrolysis is applicable for challenging waste streams |
4.2.2. | Input feedstock by pyrolysis company |
4.3. | Pyrolysis chemistry |
4.3.1. | Pathways of chemical decomposition |
4.3.2. | Chemical pathways by input feedstock during pyrolysis |
4.3.3. | Secondary reactions in the pyrolysis reactor |
4.3.4. | Composition of pyrolysis oil derived from plastic waste |
4.3.5. | Factors influencing pyrolysis oil composition |
4.3.6. | Pyrolysis of plastic waste - process diagram |
4.3.7. | Processing pyrolysis oil and further considerations |
4.3.8. | Key problematic contaminants in the pyrolysis of plastic waste |
4.3.9. | The impact of contamination on pyrolysis |
4.3.10. | Hydrogen deficiency |
4.4. | Catalysts for pyrolysis |
4.4.1. | Introduction to catalytic pyrolysis |
4.4.2. | Catalysts for the pyrolysis of plastic waste |
4.4.3. | Recent research into low-cost catalysts for pyrolysis of plastic waste |
4.5. | Reactor designs for pyrolysis |
4.5.1. | Reactor design: Batch vs continuous approaches |
4.5.2. | Pyrolysis reactor designs for plastics recycling: Summary |
4.5.3. | Pyrolysis reactor designs for plastics recycling: Descriptions |
4.5.4. | Reactor type being employed by market player |
4.5.5. | Size limitations of pyrolysis reactors |
4.5.6. | Considerations in pyrolysis plant design: Heating methods |
4.5.7. | Maximizing efficiency in pyrolysis plants |
4.6. | Pyrolysis: Recent advancements |
4.6.1. | Recent advances in pyrolysis reactor design |
4.6.2. | Advancements in pyrolysis: Plastogaz |
4.6.3. | Advancements in pyrolysis: Plastogaz (2) |
4.6.4. | Hydrothermal liquefaction of plastic waste introduction |
4.6.5. | Hydrothermal liquefaction of plastic waste |
4.7. | Pyrolysis: Market analysis |
4.7.1. | Pyrolysis drivers and restraints |
4.7.2. | Plant economics and pricing: Pyrolysis |
4.7.3. | Factors to consider in pyrolysis plant economics |
4.7.4. | A mixed picture for long term economic viability of pyrolysis |
4.7.5. | Companies by thermal vs catalytic approaches to pyrolysis |
4.7.6. | Pyrolysis expansion projects: Capacity (tonnes) |
4.7.7. | Planned plant input capacity in 2029 by pyrolysis technology provider |
4.7.8. | SWOT analysis of pyrolysis |
5. | DEPOLYMERIZATION |
5.1. | Introduction to depolymerization |
5.1.1. | Depolymerization overview |
5.1.2. | Overview of depolymerization approaches |
5.1.3. | Depolymerization by plastic type overview |
5.2. | Chemical Depolymerization by Polymer |
5.2.1. | Depolymerization of PET |
5.2.2. | Chemical pathways for PET depolymerization |
5.2.3. | Teijin Frontier - PET depolymerization |
5.2.4. | Depolymerization of polystyrene |
5.2.5. | Depolymerization of polyolefins |
5.2.6. | Depolymerization of biodegradable polymers |
5.2.7. | Products of depolymerization and the closed loop |
5.3. | Enzymatic Depolymerization |
5.3.1. | Enzymatic depolymerization overview |
5.3.2. | Enzymes used for plastics depolymerization (1) |
5.3.3. | Enzymes used for plastics depolymerization (2) |
5.3.4. | Challenges in enzymatic depolymerization |
5.3.5. | The challenges of mixed plastics for enzymatic depolymerization |
5.3.6. | The effect of contamination on enzyme activity |
5.3.7. | Companies pursuing enzyme recycling |
5.3.8. | Key research into enzymatic recycling of plastics |
5.3.9. | SWOT analysis for enzyme recycling |
5.4. | Advancements and outlook |
5.4.1. | Microwave technology for chemical recycling |
5.4.2. | Microwave technology for chemical recycling |
5.4.3. | The role of ionic liquids in chemical recycling |
5.4.4. | Advanced polymers for closed loop depolymerization |
5.5. | Depolymerization: Market analysis |
5.5.1. | Depolymerization drivers and restraints |
5.5.2. | Depolymerization expansion projects: Capacity (tonnes) |
5.5.3. | Planned plant input capacity in 2029 by depolymerization technology provider |
5.5.4. | Plant economics and pricing: Depolymerization |
5.5.5. | Depolymerization players by type |
5.5.6. | Companies by depolymerization approach |
6. | GASIFICATION |
6.1. | Introduction to gasification |
6.1.1. | Gasification of plastic waste: Introduction |
6.1.2. | Scope for gasification processes in a circular economy |
6.1.3. | Understanding gasification |
6.1.4. | Options for syngas from gasification |
6.1.5. | Challenges in gasification |
6.1.6. | Gasification: integrated methanol production |
6.1.7. | Gasification: Integrated Fischer-Tropsch process |
6.1.8. | Gasification: Advantages for processing PVC |
6.1.9. | Plastic waste to hydrogen |
6.2. | Advancements in gasification technology |
6.2.1. | Research advances in the plastic waste to hydrogen process |
6.2.2. | Flash joule heating process for hydrogen from plastics |
6.3. | Gasification: Market analysis |
6.3.1. | Gasification adoption in Japan |
7. | DISSOLUTION |
7.1. | Introduction to dissolution |
7.1.1. | Dissolution: Technology overview |
7.1.2. | Process steps for general dissolution process |
7.1.3. | Process steps for general dissolution process (2) |
7.1.4. | Solvents used in dissolution methods |
7.1.5. | Dissolution plant overview |
7.1.6. | Dissolution plant overview (2) |
7.1.7. | Dissolution drivers and restraints |
7.1.8. | Key patents for dissolution technologies |
7.1.9. | Key patents for dissolution technologies: PureCycle/P&G |
7.1.10. | Plant economics and pricing: Dissolution |
7.1.11. | VinyLoop-PVC: A warning case study |
7.1.12. | Recent advances in dissolution technology |
7.1.13. | Dissolution projects alongside future expansion plans |
7.1.14. | Companies by plastic type |
8. | COMPANY PROFILES |
8.1. | Links to IDTechEx company profiles |
9. | APPENDIX |
9.1. | Comprehensive list of solvent extraction players |
9.2. | Comprehensive list of pyrolysis players |
9.3. | Comprehensive list of pyrolysis players |
9.4. | Comprehensive list of pyrolysis players |
9.5. | Comprehensive list of hydrothermal players |
9.6. | Comprehensive list of depolymerization players |
9.7. | Comprehensive list of depolymerization players |
9.8. | Comprehensive list of depolymerization players |
9.9. | Comprehensive list of gasification players |