1. | EXECUTIVE SUMMARY |
1.1. | Cement is the main component of concrete |
1.2. | Cement demand will continue to increase |
1.3. | Technologies for cement decarbonization introduction |
1.4. | Cement decarbonization technologies covered in this report |
1.5. | Benchmarking cement decarbonization technologies |
1.6. | Why is cement production hard to decarbonize? |
1.7. | The most favourable decarbonization technologies will vary by region |
1.8. | Methods for stimulating demand for low-carbon cement |
1.9. | Fossil fuels provide the high temperatures required for cement production |
1.10. | Fossil fuel combustion dominates cement production |
1.11. | Percentage distribution of fuels in global cement production forecast (2025-2035) |
1.12. | Introduction to supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) |
1.13. | Overview of major supplementary cementitious materials |
1.14. | Supplementary cementitious materials used in cement production - megatonnes per annum of SCMs (2025-2035) |
1.15. | Supplementary cementitious materials used in cement production - discussion |
1.16. | CCUS will be the most important cement decarbonization technology by 2050 |
1.17. | Status of carbon capture in the cement industry |
1.18. | Major future CCUS projects in the cement sector (1/2) |
1.19. | Major future CCUS projects in the cement sector (2/2) |
1.20. | US 45Q tax credits and CCUS |
1.21. | CCUS in the cement sector - megatonnes per annum of CO₂ captured (2025-2035) |
1.22. | Technologies for cement decarbonization - megatonnes per annum of CO₂ avoided (2025-2035) |
1.23. | Technologies for cement decarbonization forecast: Discussion |
1.24. | Cement decarbonization - Analyst viewpoint: Value proposition and status |
1.25. | Cement decarbonization - Analyst viewpoint: Benchmarking of cement decarbonization technologies |
1.26. | Key players in the cement industry |
2. | INTRODUCTION |
2.1. | Introduction |
2.1.1. | Cement is the main component of concrete |
2.1.2. | Clinkering manufacturing process |
2.1.3. | Cement demand will continue to increase |
2.1.4. | Technologies for cement decarbonization introduction |
2.1.5. | Cement decarbonization technologies covered in this report |
2.1.6. | Benchmarking cement decarbonization technologies |
2.1.7. | Why cement decarbonization needs immediate action |
2.1.8. | Key players in the cement industry |
2.1.9. | Emissions profile of making clinker (kg of CO₂/tonne of clinker) |
2.1.10. | Why is cement production hard to decarbonize? |
2.1.11. | Current progress: Cement decarbonization |
2.1.12. | Cement sector progress towards net-zero |
2.1.13. | Which cement decarbonization technology will have the biggest impact? |
2.1.14. | The most favourable decarbonization technologies will vary by region |
2.1.15. | Cement standards can delay adoption of new materials |
2.1.16. | How much will the green premium be for decarbonized cement? |
2.2. | Stimulating demand for low-carbon cement |
2.2.1. | Methods for stimulating demand for low-carbon cement |
2.2.2. | Introduction to carbon pricing and carbon markets |
2.2.3. | Compliance carbon pricing mechanisms across the globe |
2.2.4. | EU ETS: Cement |
2.2.5. | EU Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) |
2.2.6. | EU CBAM: Cement |
2.2.7. | Government procurement of low-carbon cement |
2.2.8. | US: Cement decarbonization roadmap |
2.2.9. | Voluntary demand for green cement: Private sector |
2.2.10. | Data centre decarbonization - driving voluntary demand |
2.2.11. | Book and claim system for low-carbon cement |
2.2.12. | China's plans for cement decarbonization |
3. | CCUS |
3.1. | Carbon capture in the cement sector |
3.1.1. | What is Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage (CCUS)? |
3.1.2. | The CCUS value chain |
3.1.3. | CO₂ capture cost for a specific sector depends on CO₂ concentration |
3.1.4. | The challenges in CCUS |
3.1.5. | CCUS will be the most important cement decarbonization technology by 2050 |
3.1.6. | Status of carbon capture in the cement industry |
3.1.7. | Largest operational cement sector CCUS project |
3.1.8. | Major future CCUS projects in the cement sector (1/2) |
3.1.9. | Major future CCUS projects in the cement sector (2/2) |
3.1.10. | Post-combustion solvent capture is less disruptive to clinker manufacturing |
3.1.11. | Carbon capture technologies demonstrated in the cement sector |
3.1.12. | SkyMine® chemical absorption: The largest CCU demonstration in the cement sector |
3.1.13. | Algae CO₂ capture from cement plants |
3.1.14. | Benchmarking carbon capture technologies in the cement sector |
3.1.15. | Cost and technological status of carbon capture in the cement sector |
3.1.16. | Which sectors will see the biggest growth in CCUS? |
3.1.17. | Major CCUS players |
3.1.18. | Mixed performance from CCUS projects |
3.1.19. | How much does CCUS cost? |
3.1.20. | Enabling large-scale CCUS |
3.1.21. | Carbon capture in the cement sector: Key takeaways |
3.1.22. | IDTechEx CCUS Portfolio |
3.2. | Business models for CCUS |
3.2.1. | Development of the CCUS business model |
3.2.2. | Government funding support mechanisms for CCUS |
3.2.3. | Government ownership of CCUS projects varies across countries |
3.2.4. | CCUS business model: Full value chain |
3.2.5. | CCUS business model: Networks and hub model |
3.2.6. | First cross-border CO₂ T&S project: Northern Lights Longship project |
3.2.7. | Emerging CCUS business model: Partial-chain |
3.2.8. | Why CO₂ utilization should not be overlooked |
3.2.9. | Alternative to carbon pricing: 45Q tax credits |
3.2.10. | Carbon pricing and carbon markets |
3.2.11. | Compliance carbon pricing mechanisms across the globe |
3.2.12. | What is the price of CO₂ in global carbon pricing mechanisms? |
3.2.13. | Challenges with carbon pricing |
3.2.14. | Can carbon pricing support CCS in the cement sector? |
3.2.15. | How high does carbon pricing need to be to support CCS? |
3.3. | Introduction to carbon capture technologies |
3.3.1. | Main CO₂ capture systems |
3.3.2. | Comparison of point-source CO₂ capture systems |
3.3.3. | Post-combustion CO₂ capture |
3.3.4. | Oxy-fuel combustion CO₂ capture |
3.3.5. | CO₂ concentration and partial pressure varies with emission source |
3.3.6. | How does CO₂ partial pressure influence cost? |
3.3.7. | Main CO₂ capture technologies |
3.3.8. | Comparison of CO₂ capture technologies |
3.3.9. | When should different carbon capture technologies be used? |
3.3.10. | CO₂ recovery rate considerations in cement production |
3.4. | Solvents for CO₂ capture |
3.4.1. | Solvent-based CO₂ capture |
3.4.2. | Chemical absorption solvents |
3.4.3. | Amine-based post-combustion CO₂ absorption |
3.4.4. | Innovation addressing solvent-based CO₂ capture drawbacks |
3.4.5. | When should solvent-based carbon capture be used? |
3.4.6. | Innovation in carbon capture solvents |
3.4.7. | Chilled ammonia process (CAP) |
3.4.8. | Comparison of key chemical solvent-based systems - emerging |
3.4.9. | Applicability of chemical absorption solvents capture solvents for post-combustion applications |
3.5. | Oxyfuel combustion capture |
3.5.1. | Oxy-fuel combustion CO₂ capture |
3.5.2. | Oxygen separation technologies for oxy-fuel combustion |
3.5.3. | Oxyfuel CCUS projects in the cement industry |
3.5.4. | Large-scale oxyfuel CCUS cement projects in the pipeline |
3.6. | Novel CO₂ capture technologies |
3.6.1. | LEILAC process: Direct CO₂ capture in cement plants |
3.6.2. | LEILAC process: Configuration options |
3.6.3. | Calcium Looping (CaL) |
3.6.4. | Calcium Looping (CaL) configuration options |
3.7. | CO₂ transportation |
3.7.1. | Introduction to CO₂ transportation |
3.7.2. | Overview of CO₂ transportation methods and conditions across all sectors |
3.7.3. | CO₂ transportation by pipeline |
3.7.4. | CO₂ transportation by ship |
3.7.5. | CO₂ transportation by rail and truck |
3.7.6. | Purity requirements of CO₂ transportation |
3.7.7. | General cost comparison of CO₂ transportation methods |
3.7.8. | Cost considerations in CO₂ transport |
3.7.9. | CO₂ transport operators |
3.7.10. | CO₂ transport and/or storage as a service business model |
3.7.11. | Key takeaways |
3.8. | CO₂ storage |
3.8.1. | CO₂ storage in the cement sector |
3.8.2. | The case for carbon dioxide storage or sequestration |
3.8.3. | Storage type for geologic CO₂ storage: Saline aquifers |
3.8.4. | Storage type for geologic CO₂ storage: Depleted oil and gas fields |
3.8.5. | Unconventional storage resources: Coal seams and shale |
3.8.6. | Unconventional storage resources: Basalts and ultra-mafic rocks |
3.8.7. | Estimates of global CO₂ storage space |
3.8.8. | CO₂ storage potential by country |
3.8.9. | Permitting and authorization of CO₂ storage |
3.8.10. | What is CO₂-EOR? |
3.8.11. | What happens to the injected CO₂? |
3.8.12. | CO₂-EOR SWOT analysis |
3.8.13. | Technology status of CO₂ storage |
3.8.14. | The cost of carbon sequestration (1/2) |
3.8.15. | The cost of carbon sequestration (2/2) |
3.8.16. | Storage-type TRL and operator landscape |
3.9. | CO₂ utilization |
3.9.1. | Why CO₂ utilization? |
3.9.2. | CO₂ utilization pathways |
3.9.3. | Emerging applications of CO₂ utilization |
3.9.4. | Comparison of emerging CO₂ utilization applications |
3.9.5. | Technology Readiness Level (TRL): CO₂U products |
3.9.6. | Key players in emerging CO₂ Utilization technologies |
3.9.7. | Production of CO₂-derived building materials is growing fast |
3.9.8. | Competitive landscape: TRL of players in CO₂U concrete |
3.9.9. | Key takeaways in CO₂-derived building materials |
4. | ALTERNATIVE FUELS IN THE CEMENT SECTOR |
4.1. | Introduction |
4.1.1. | Fossil fuels provide the high temperatures required for cement production |
4.1.2. | Benchmarking cement high temperature heat technologies |
4.1.3. | Using alternatives to fossil fuels only addresses 1/3 of cement's carbon footprint |
4.1.4. | Temperature ranges achieved by different energy sources for cement kilns |
4.1.5. | Key technology providers in renewable power sources for electric kilns |
4.2. | Fuel switching for cement kilns |
4.2.1. | Introduction to alternative fuels for cement kilns |
4.2.2. | Fossil fuel combustion dominates cement production |
4.2.3. | Alternative fuels in cement production by region |
4.2.4. | Waste as an alternative fuel in cement production |
4.2.5. | Biomass as an alternative fuel in cement production |
4.2.6. | When can fuel switching for cement plants be net-zero? |
4.2.7. | Major planned fuel switching and CCS projects in the cement sector |
4.2.8. | Net-zero by 2050: fuel mix in cement sector |
4.2.9. | Cement plants can already run on 100% alternative fuels |
4.2.10. | Burner design considerations when fuel switching at cement plants |
4.2.11. | Hydrogen as a fuel in cement production |
4.2.12. | Status of hydrogen |
4.2.13. | Barriers remain for low-carbon hydrogen |
4.2.14. | Further info - IDTechEx Hydrogen & Fuel Cell Research Portfolio |
4.2.15. | Benchmarking of alternative fuels |
4.2.16. | Key takeaways - switching to alternative fuels in the cement sector |
4.3. | Technologies for kiln electrification |
4.3.1. | Introduction to kiln electrification |
4.3.2. | Coolbrook's RotoDynamic Heater |
4.3.3. | Economics of cement electrification: Coolbrook case study |
4.3.4. | Rotodynamic heating for electrified cement production: SWOT analysis |
4.3.5. | Electric arc plasma technologies |
4.3.6. | Electric arc furnaces for cement recycling: SWOT analysis |
4.3.7. | Resistive heating for kiln electrification (i) |
4.3.8. | Resistive heating for kiln electrification (ii) |
4.3.9. | Microwave and induction heating for kiln electrification |
4.3.10. | Kiln electrification enables cheaper carbon capture |
4.3.11. | Initial focus is on electrifying calciner |
4.3.12. | Comparing conventional cement production with CCUS to electrified cement production with CCUS |
4.3.13. | Electrochemical cement processing |
4.3.14. | Benchmarking kiln electrification technologies for cement production |
4.3.15. | Kiln electrification: Key takeaways |
4.4. | Concentrated solar power for cement production |
4.4.1. | Concentrated solar power (CSP) |
4.4.2. | Synhelion: CSP in cement production technology |
4.4.3. | Process flow diagram: solar-driven clinker production |
4.4.4. | State-of-the-art technologies in CSP for cement pyroprocesses |
4.4.5. | Concentrated solar power (CSP) in cement production: Key takeaways |
5. | EMERGING CEMENT RAW MATERIALS, CHEMISTRIES AND PRODUCTION PROCESSES |
5.1. | Introduction |
5.1.1. | Introduction to alternative cement raw materials, chemistries, and production processes |
5.1.2. | Cement standards can delay adoption of new cement materials/chemistries/production processes |
5.1.3. | Innovation landscape for low-carbon cement and concrete |
5.2. | Supplementary cementitious materials - clinker substitutes |
5.2.1. | Main supplementary cementitious materials |
5.2.2. | Introduction to supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) |
5.2.3. | How common are SCMs currently: Global clinker-to-cement ratio |
5.2.4. | Overview of major supplementary cementitious materials |
5.2.5. | Economics of major low-carbon cement blends |
5.2.6. | Which SCMs are most used today? |
5.2.7. | Which SCMs will dominate by 2050? |
5.2.8. | Portland limestone cement (PLC) |
5.2.9. | Fly ash blended cement |
5.2.10. | Slag cement (GGBFS/GBFS cement) |
5.2.11. | Natural pozzolans blended cement |
5.2.12. | Limestone calcined clay cement (LC3) |
5.2.13. | Overview of operational clay calcination kiln projects |
5.2.14. | Overview of future clay calcination kiln projects |
5.2.15. | Technologies for clay calcination: Rotary kiln or flash calciner |
5.2.16. | Alternatives methods of clay activation: Mechanochemical |
5.2.17. | Key takeaways main supplementary cementitious materials |
5.2.18. | Alternative supplementary cementitious materials |
5.2.19. | Emerging alternative supplementary cementitious materials |
5.2.20. | Silica fume blended cement |
5.2.21. | Burnt oil shale as an SCM |
5.2.22. | Emerging coal fly ash SCMs |
5.2.23. | Mine tailings and biomass ashes as SCMs |
5.2.24. | Waste glass and zeolites as SCMs |
5.2.25. | Recycled concrete as an SCM |
5.2.26. | CO₂ utilization enables supplementary cementitious materials through accelerated carbonation |
5.2.27. | Key players in alternative supplementary cementitious materials |
5.3. | Alternative cementitious materials (non-Portland cements) |
5.3.1. | Introduction to alternative binders |
5.3.2. | Benchmarking main alternative cementitious materials |
5.3.3. | Production scale of alternative cement chemistries (tonnes per annum) |
5.3.4. | Calcium sulphoaluminate cements |
5.3.5. | Belite-rich Portland cement |
5.3.6. | Geopolymers and alkali-activated binders |
5.3.7. | Alkali activators |
5.3.8. | Commercial players in alkali-activated concrete |
5.3.9. | Vaterite cement (calcium carbonate cement): Fortera |
5.3.10. | CO₂ utilization enables alternative cementitious materials through mineralization |
5.3.11. | Microbial biocement (calcium carbonate cement) |
5.3.12. | New calcium silicate cements start-ups |
5.3.13. | Key players in alternative cementitious materials |
5.4. | Alternative cement production processes for ordinary Portland cement |
5.4.1. | Making ordinary Portland cement from alternative raw materials and/or production processes |
5.4.2. | Alternative production processes for Portland cement |
5.4.3. | LEILAC process: Indirect calcination |
5.5. | Other additives for concrete decarbonization |
5.5.1. | Strength enhancers and grinding aids |
5.5.2. | CO₂ as a performance enhancing additive |
6. | MARKET FORECASTS |
6.1. | Introduction |
6.1.1. | Breakdown of IDTechEx cement decarbonization forecast |
6.1.2. | Global cement forecast 2000-2045 (million tonnes per annum of cement) |
6.1.3. | Global cement forecast 2000-2045: Discussion |
6.2. | Overall cement decarbonization market forecast |
6.2.1. | Technologies for cement decarbonization - megatonnes per annum of CO₂ avoided (2025-2035) |
6.2.2. | Technologies for cement decarbonization forecast: discussion |
6.2.3. | Cement sector progress towards net-zero forecast (2025-2035) |
6.2.4. | Cement sector progress towards net-zero - discussion |
6.3. | CCUS for cement decarbonization forecast |
6.3.1. | CCUS in the cement sector - megatonnes per annum of CO₂ captured (2025-2035) |
6.3.2. | CCUS for cement decarbonization forecast: Discussion (1/2) |
6.3.3. | CCUS for cement decarbonization forecast: Discussion (2/2) |
6.3.4. | CCUS in the cement sector - million US$ in expected CCUS costs (2025-2035) |
6.4. | Alternative fuels in the cement sector forecast |
6.4.1. | Percentage distribution of fuels in global cement production (2025-2035) |
6.4.2. | Fuel switching in the cement sector - megatonnes per annum of CO₂ avoided (2025-2035) |
6.4.3. | Fuel switching in the cement sector forecast: discussion |
6.5. | Supplementary cementitious materials forecast |
6.5.1. | Supplementary cementitious materials used in cement production - megatonnes per annum of SCMs (2025-2035) |
6.5.2. | Supplementary cementitious materials forecast - discussion (1/3) |
6.5.3. | Supplementary cementitious materials forecast - discussion (2/3) |
6.5.4. | Supplementary cementitious materials forecast - discussion (3/3) |
6.5.5. | Supplementary cementitious materials used in cement production - megatonnes per annum of CO₂ avoided (2025-2035) |
6.5.6. | Supplementary cementitious materials used in cement production - million US$ from raw material savings (2025-2035) |
6.5.7. | Clinker-to-cement ratio breakdowns: 2024 and 2035 |
7. | COMPANY PROFILES |
7.1. | 1414 Degrees |
7.2. | Airco Process Technology |
7.3. | Aker Carbon Capture |
7.4. | Antora Energy |
7.5. | Ardent |
7.6. | Biomason |
7.7. | Bright Renewables: Carbon Capture |
7.8. | C-Capture |
7.9. | Cambridge Electric Cement |
7.10. | Capsol Technologies |
7.11. | CarbiCrete |
7.12. | Carbonaide |
7.13. | CarbonCure |
7.14. | Chiyoda: CCUS |
7.15. | Coolbrook |
7.16. | Electrified Thermal Solutions |
7.17. | Fluor: Carbon Capture |
7.18. | FuelCell Energy |
7.19. | Giammarco Vetrocoke |
7.20. | Greenore |
7.21. | Honeywell UOP: CO₂ Solutions |
7.22. | Mitsubishi Heavy Industries: KM CDR Process |
7.23. | MTR (Membrane Technology and Research) |
7.24. | NovoMOF |
7.25. | Nuada: MOF-Based Carbon Capture |
7.26. | Orchestra Scientific: MOF-Based Carbon Separation |
7.27. | Paebbl |
7.28. | Pentair: Carbon Capture |
7.29. | Pyrowave |
7.30. | Rondo Energy |
7.31. | Saipem: Bluenzyme |
7.32. | SaltX |
7.33. | Seratech |
7.34. | Solidia Technologies |
7.35. | Sumitomo SHI FW: Carbon Capture |
7.36. | Svante: MOF-Based Carbon Capture |
7.37. | Synhelion |