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1. | EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS |
1.1. | Purpose of this report |
1.2. | Global water resources |
1.3. | Recycling, preservation and more frugal use of water must have priority |
1.3.1. | Better use of traditional water supplies is essential |
1.3.2. | Projecting water stress |
1.4. | Desalination past, present and future |
1.4.1. | A history of last resort, big is beautiful |
1.4.2. | A bright future for desalination |
1.4.3. | Onerous requirements for large desalination plants may force rethink |
1.4.4. | Small becomes beautiful too |
1.4.5. | Best practice small ZE off grid desalination: MIT USA in Puerto Rico |
1.5. | Driving the trend to off grid electricity |
1.6. | New technologies for ZE distributed energy for desalination off grid |
1.6.1. | Photovoltaics, wind turbines |
1.6.2. | Options for tapping excellent 200+m wind: stronger at night when PV is off |
1.6.3. | Big gains from multi-mode harvesting |
1.7. | Desalination technology |
1.7.1. | Overview |
1.7.2. | Technology options |
1.7.3. | Installations: RO winning, having overtaken thermal methods |
1.7.4. | Solar RO desalination winning in number of ZE plants |
1.7.5. | RO roadmap of some future technology improvements |
1.7.6. | Leading technology parameters compared |
1.8. | Forecasts |
1.8.1. | Capacity installed and market drivers |
1.8.2. | Adoption and design choice is complex |
1.8.3. | Roadmap for ZE off grid desalination 2018-2028 |
1.8.4. | Number of desalination plants globally 2018-2028 operating, added |
1.8.5. | Desalination plants sold globally 2018-2028 total, off grid ZE |
1.8.6. | Commentary |
1.8.7. | Installed ZE electricity capacity worldwide 2018, 2028, 2040, 2050 kTWh/yr and desalination part |
1.9. | 2018: orders flood in |
2. | INTRODUCTION |
2.1. | Definition and overview |
2.1.1. | What is desalination? |
2.1.2. | Current status |
2.1.3. | Uses - nominally high costs become low relative costs |
2.1.4. | Absolute costs coming down |
2.1.5. | Cannot be assessed in isolation |
2.2. | Global water resources |
2.2.1. | Brackish Water for Food and Drink |
2.3. | Questioning ever larger on grid desalination |
2.3.1. | Questioning ever larger on grid electricity sources |
2.4. | Zero emission, owning the electricity source and rural life become more desirable |
2.4.1. | Drivers of off grid electricity impact desalination |
2.5. | Location |
2.6. | Much progress with desalination and excellent prospects |
2.7. | More reasons to worry about national grids now |
2.8. | Main new demand for off grid electricity |
2.9. | Continuity of electricity supply is at least as important as cost: energy storage vs energy harvesting for continuity |
2.9.1. | How to get better continuity |
2.10. | Multipurpose, mobile, no large battery: desalination can learn from others |
2.11. | New ZE alternatives to desalination |
2.11.1. | Zirconium fumarate |
2.11.2. | Zero Mass Water solar panels with nanomaterials |
2.12. | Geothermal option |
3. | DESALINATION TECHNOLOGY |
3.1. | Desalination technology overview |
3.2. | Desalination options |
3.3. | Desalination technologies compared |
3.3.1. | Desalination technologies compared: Thermal |
3.3.2. | Desalination technologies compared: Mechanical and electrical |
4. | OFF GRID ELECTRICITY SYSTEMS FOR DESALINATION |
4.1. | Definition and overall trends |
4.2. | Off grid electricity structure and history |
4.3. | Much is changing |
4.4. | Characteristics of off-grid zero emission electricity supply |
4.5. | Zero emission off grid system architecture |
4.6. | Bridging technologies to zero emission |
4.7. | Competing on price is easier than it seems |
4.8. | Hierarchy of function |
4.8.1. | Structural types of ZE off grid electricity system |
4.8.2. | OffGridBox microgrid USA, Rwanda |
4.8.3. | Minigrids with multi-mode harvesting |
4.9. | Future trends of off grid electricity |
4.9.1. | Access to electricity by people in 2018: conflicting forces |
4.9.2. | Electricity supply in 2018 and 2050: here comes off grid |
4.9.3. | Solar installation off grid not simply related to wealth/ size of country |
4.10. | ZE off grid electricity technology roadmaps |
4.10.1. | Off grid technology and adoption roadmap: harvesting |
4.10.2. | Off grid technology and adoption roadmap 2038: harvesting |
4.10.3. | Off grid technology and adoption roadmap: storage |
5. | OFF GRID ELECTRICITY SYSTEM ELEMENTS |
5.1. | Basics |
5.2. | Batteries mean trouble: alternatives favoured |
5.3. | Energy harvesting |
5.3.1. | Definition and overview |
5.3.2. | Market drivers for off grid energy harvesting |
5.3.3. | Features of energy harvesting |
5.3.4. | EH transducer construction, materials |
5.3.5. | Geothermal not important for desalination |
6. | ELECTRICITY FROM LIGHT AND INFRARED |
6.1. | Basics |
6.2. | Main PV options beyond silicon |
7. | ELECTRICITY FROM WIND |
7.1. | Wind power for desalination |
7.2. | Ground turbine wind power does not downsize well: physics and poorer wind |
7.3. | Gigantic wind turbine with water pumping: |
7.4. | Wind turbine choices |
7.5. | Vertical Axis Wind Turbines VAWT have a place |
7.6. | Airborne Wind Energy |
8. | WATER POWER "BLUE ENERGY" FOR DESALINATION |
8.1. | Overview |
8.2. | New forms of wave power for desalination electricity |
8.3. | Water pressure for direct pressure desalination |
8.3.1. | SAROS USA on water |
8.3.2. | CETO Australia under the waves |
8.4. | Electricity from wave power |
8.4.1. | Wave Swell Energy Australia minimising parts |
8.4.2. | Witt UK: 6D small to large off grid power |
8.4.3. | Marine Power Systems UK WaveSub |
8.4.4. | REAC Energy Germany StreamCube |
8.4.5. | Okinawa IST Japan wave converters |
8.4.6. | Oscilla Power USA magnetostriction for 100kW+ wave power |
8.5. | Tidal power for desalination: Nova Innovation UK |
Slides | 198 |
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Forecasts to | 2028 |