1. | EXECUTIVE SUMMARY |
1.1. | Key Report Findings (1) |
1.2. | Key Report Findings (2) |
1.3. | Construction Machines |
1.4. | Key Construction Machines for Electrification |
1.5. | Construction OEMs |
1.6. | Electrification Activity of Major OEMs |
1.7. | Advantages and Barriers to Machine Electrification |
1.8. | Advantages of Electric Mini-Excavators |
1.9. | Electric Machines Match Performance of Diesel |
1.10. | Electric Machines Can Reach Runtime Parity with Diesel |
1.11. | Options for Meeting Duty Cycle Demands |
1.12. | Energy Cost Savings Alone Cannot Make EVs Favorable |
1.13. | Maintenance Savings Are Crucial To TCO Breakeven |
1.14. | Purchase Grants and Emissions Charges Help Generate ROI |
1.15. | Retrofitting Is Not A Viable Long-Term Option |
1.16. | In-House Production Generates TCO Benefits |
1.17. | Energy Prices Will Impact Machine TCO |
1.18. | Battery Sizing Meets Performance Requirements |
1.19. | Battery Chemistries in Construction |
1.20. | Battery Pack Requirements for Construction Machines |
1.21. | Electric Construction Machine Sales Forecast by Region |
1.22. | Electric Construction Machine Sales Forecast by Machine Type |
1.23. | Electric Construction Machine Battery Demand Forecast by Machine Type |
1.24. | Electric Construction Machine Market Size Forecast by Machine Type |
1.25. | Access More With an IDTechEx Subscription |
2. | INTRODUCTION TO THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY |
2.1. | Introduction |
2.1.1. | Construction Machines Overview |
2.1.2. | Types of Construction Machines |
2.1.3. | Construction Machine Sales |
2.1.4. | Top Construction OEMs |
2.1.5. | Construction OEMs by Region |
2.2. | Drivers for Construction Machine Electrification |
2.2.1. | CO₂ Emissions of Construction Machines |
2.2.2. | Paris Agreement and Global Emissions |
2.2.3. | Vehicles as a Major Source of Emissions |
2.2.4. | Emissions by Construction Machine Type |
2.2.5. | Local Air Quality |
2.2.6. | Fossil Fuel Bans in Cities |
2.2.7. | Non-Road Emissions Standards |
2.2.8. | Noise Reduction |
2.2.9. | Fuel Price Volatility |
2.2.10. | Drivers for Electric Construction Machines |
2.3. | Government and Company Emissions Policies |
2.3.1. | Norway's Zero-Emission Construction Sites |
2.3.2. | Nordic Countries |
2.3.3. | The Netherlands Emission-Free Subsidy Scheme |
2.3.4. | Colorado Clean Diesel Program |
2.3.5. | California Zero-Emission Equipment Purchase Incentives |
2.3.6. | Off-Highway Decarbonization in the UK |
2.3.7. | Summary of Government Regulations and Policies 2017 - 2030 |
2.3.8. | Emissions Goals of Construction Firms |
2.3.9. | Volvo Group |
2.3.10. | Caterpillar and Komatsu |
2.4. | Requirements for Electric Construction Machines |
2.4.1. | Total Cost of Ownership |
2.4.2. | What Construction EVs Must Deliver |
2.4.3. | Power Demand for Construction EVs |
2.4.4. | Technology Positioning for Construction Equipment |
2.5. | Opportunities for Electric Construction Vehicles |
2.5.1. | Battery Opportunities |
2.5.2. | Opportunities for Motors and Charging |
2.5.3. | Charging and Refueling Infrastructure |
2.5.4. | Autonomous Systems and Digitalization |
2.5.5. | More Details in IDTechEx's Reports |
3. | ELECTRIC MINI-EXCAVATORS |
3.1. | Introduction |
3.1.1. | Mini-Excavators Leading Construction Electrification |
3.1.2. | Performance Advantages of Electric Excavators |
3.1.3. | Mini Excavator OEMs |
3.1.4. | Summary of Electric Mini Excavator Models (1) |
3.1.5. | Summary of Electric Mini Excavator Models (2) |
3.1.6. | Summary of Electric Mini Excavator Models (3) |
3.1.7. | ICE vs. EV Digging Force |
3.1.8. | Mini Excavator Battery Size vs. Vehicle Weight |
3.1.9. | Battery Sizing |
3.1.10. | Battery Capacity and Runtime |
3.1.11. | Options for Meeting Duty Cycle Energy Demand |
3.1.12. | Electric Mini-Excavator Price Premium |
3.1.13. | Mini-Excavator Fuel Consumption |
3.1.14. | Energy Cost Savings of Electrification |
3.1.15. | Electric vs. Diesel Breakeven: Energy Cost Savings |
3.1.16. | Breakeven Time: Energy Cost Savings |
3.1.17. | Maintenance Costs |
3.1.18. | Cummins Electric Mini Excavator Analysis |
3.1.19. | Electric vs. Diesel Breakeven: Energy + Maintenance Costs |
3.1.20. | Breakeven Time: Energy and Maintenance Savings |
3.1.21. | Energy Price Impacts Mini-Excavator Breakeven |
3.1.22. | Grants for EV Purchases Will Improve TCO |
3.1.23. | Incentivizing Electric Machines Through Emissions Charges |
3.1.24. | Battery Costs Will Dominate Long-Term TCO |
3.1.25. | Early EV Deployment by Rental Companies |
3.1.26. | OEM and Dealer Retrofitting Partnerships |
3.1.27. | Engine Manufacturers Looking to Electrify |
3.1.28. | CO₂ Emission Savings from Electric Mini-Excavators |
3.1.29. | CO₂ Emissions of Mini-Excavator Charging |
3.2. | Models and Case Studies |
3.2.1. | CASE Construction (CNH Industrial) CX15EV & CX25EV |
3.2.2. | Sany SY19E |
3.2.3. | Kato Electric Mini-Excavators |
3.2.4. | Yanmar SV17e Electric Prototype |
3.2.5. | Caterpillar 301.9 |
3.2.6. | Volvo Electric Mini-Excavators |
3.2.7. | Volvo EC55 Electric |
3.2.8. | Komatsu PC30E-5 and PC33E-6 |
3.2.9. | Hybrid Diesel-Electric Tethered Machines |
4. | ELECTRIC EXCAVATORS |
4.1. | Introduction |
4.1.1. | Medium / Large Excavator OEMs |
4.1.2. | Summary of Electric Excavator Models (1) |
4.1.3. | Summary of Electric Excavator Models (2) |
4.1.4. | Excavator Digging Force (ICE vs. EV) |
4.1.5. | Battery Sizing |
4.1.6. | Battery Size vs. Vehicle Weight for Electric Excavators |
4.1.7. | ICE vs. EV Energy Cost Savings: Electric Large Excavators |
4.1.8. | Dealer Driven Electrification Development |
4.1.9. | Large Electric Excavator TCO - Retrofit |
4.1.10. | Large Electric Excavator TCO - In-house Production |
4.1.11. | Breakeven Times: Retrofit vs In-House |
4.1.12. | Energy Price Effects on Excavator TCO |
4.2. | Models and Case Studies |
4.2.1. | Volvo EC230 Electric |
4.2.2. | Volvo EC500 and EC80 Electric |
4.2.3. | Komatsu PC210E |
4.2.4. | Komatsu PC138E-11 Electric and HB215LC-3 Hybrid |
4.2.5. | John Deere and Caterpillar Approaching Commercialization |
4.2.6. | Liebherr 916E |
4.2.7. | Shantui Electric Excavators |
4.2.8. | Electric Excavators From Chinese OEMs |
5. | ELECTRIC COMPACT AND SKID STEER LOADERS |
5.1. | Introduction |
5.1.1. | Compact Loaders, Skid Steer Loaders, and Compact Dumpers |
5.1.2. | Compact Loader Sales |
5.1.3. | Compact Loaders OEMs |
5.1.4. | Summary of Electric Compact Wheel Loader Models (1) |
5.1.5. | Summary of Electric Compact Wheel Loader Models (2) |
5.1.6. | Summary of Electric Skid Steer and Compact Dumper Models |
5.1.7. | EV vs. ICE Compact Loader Motor Power |
5.1.8. | Battery Sizing Requirements |
5.1.9. | Battery Size vs. Machine Weight for Electric Compact Loaders |
5.1.10. | Electric Compact Loader Pricing |
5.1.11. | Compact Loader Savings (Energy + Maintenance) |
5.1.12. | Applying Savings to Existing EV Models |
5.1.13. | Long-Term Premiums vs. Savings |
5.1.14. | Breakeven Times |
5.1.15. | Breakeven Is Impacted By Fuel and Electricity Pricing |
5.2. | Models and Case Studies |
5.2.1. | Wacker Neuson Electric Compact Wheel Loaders |
5.2.2. | Volvo L20 and L25 Electric Compact Wheel Loaders |
5.2.3. | Multione EZ Series Compact Wheel Loaders |
5.2.4. | Bobcat T7X and S7X Skid Steer Loaders |
5.2.5. | First Green Industries Skid Steer Loaders |
5.2.6. | JCB 1T-E Compact Dumper |
5.2.7. | AUSA Electric Compact Dumper |
6. | ELECTRIC BACKHOE LOADERS |
6.1. | Introduction |
6.1.1. | Backhoe Loaders |
6.1.2. | Backhoe Loaders OEMs |
6.1.3. | Summary of Electric Backhoe Loader Models |
6.1.4. | Fuel Savings and Maintenance Savings for Backhoe Loaders |
6.1.5. | Electric Backhoe Breakeven Times |
6.2. | Models and Case Studies |
6.2.1. | CASE Construction 580 EV |
6.2.2. | John Deere 310 X-Tier E-Power |
6.2.3. | Huddig TIGON PHEV Backhoes |
6.2.4. | Escorts Rider Hybrid Backhoe Loader |
7. | ELECTRIC WHEEL LOADERS |
7.1. | Introduction |
7.1.1. | Wheel Loaders OEMs |
7.1.2. | Summary of Electric Wheel Loader Models (1) |
7.1.3. | Summary of Electric Wheel Loader Models (2) |
7.1.4. | EV vs. ICE Wheel Loader Motor Power |
7.1.5. | Battery Size vs Vehicle Weight for Wheel Loaders |
7.1.6. | Energy and Maintenance Savings of Electric Wheel Loaders |
7.1.7. | TCO Breakeven Will Depend on Utilization & Battery Pricing |
7.2. | Models and Case Studies |
7.2.1. | XCMG XC968-EV |
7.2.2. | Volvo L90 and L120 |
7.2.3. | Caterpillar 950GC |
7.2.4. | LiuGong |
7.2.5. | Know-How |
7.2.6. | Electric Loader Models in China |
7.2.7. | Dual Gun Ultra-Fast Charging |
8. | ELECTRIC TELEHANDLERS |
8.1. | Introduction |
8.1.1. | Telescopic Handlers |
8.1.2. | Telehandlers |
8.1.3. | Summary of Electric Telehandler Models |
8.1.4. | Motor Power of Electric and Diesel Telehandlers |
8.1.5. | Electric Telehandler Battery Size and Vehicle Weight Benchmarking |
8.1.6. | Pricing Differences Between Electric and Diesel Telehandlers |
8.1.7. | Savings from Electrification of Telehandlers |
8.1.8. | Savings vs. Price Premiums |
8.1.9. | Long-Term Prospects for TCO of Electric Telehandlers |
8.2. | Models and Case Studies |
8.2.1. | JCB 525-60E Loadall |
8.2.2. | Liebherr Electric Telehandler Collaborations |
8.2.3. | Faresin 6.26 and F17.45 |
8.2.4. | XCMG XC6-2506E Telehandler |
8.2.5. | Dieci Mini Agri-e |
9. | ELECTRIC MOBILE CRANES |
9.1. | Introduction |
9.1.1. | Mobile Cranes |
9.1.2. | Mobile Crane OEMs |
9.1.3. | Summary of Electric Mobile Crane Models |
9.1.4. | PHEV Mobile Crane Benchmarking |
9.1.5. | BEV Mobile Crane Benchmarking |
9.1.6. | BEV Energy Savings vs. Battery Cost |
9.2. | Models and Case Studies |
9.2.1. | Grove PHEV GMK4100L-2 |
9.2.2. | Spiering City Boy and eLift Cranes |
9.2.3. | XCMG XCT25EV and XCA60EV PHEV Truck Cranes |
9.2.4. | XCMG G2 Series |
9.2.5. | Zoomlion Electric Cranes |
9.2.6. | Sany Electric Crane Portfolio |
10. | OTHER ELECTRIC CONSTRUCTION VEHICLES |
10.1. | Other Construction Vehicles |
10.2. | Volvo FMX Cement Truck |
10.3. | SANY E-mixer Electric Concrete Truck Series |
10.4. | More Models from Chinese OEMs |
10.5. | Renault D-Wide |
10.6. | Chinese Battery Swapping Dump Trucks |
10.7. | SANY Electric Dump Trucks |
10.8. | Zoomlion Battery and Fuel Cell Dump Trucks |
10.9. | Junttan Electric Pile Driving Rig |
10.10. | Liebherr Electric Drilling Rigs |
10.11. | BAM Electric Road Roller |
10.12. | Volvo DD25, DD40, and PT220 Electric Rollers |
10.13. | Shantui SD17E-X Electric Bulldozer |
10.14. | Sinoboom Electric Boom & Scissor Lifts |
11. | BATTERY TECHNOLOGIES FOR CONSTRUCTION MACHINES |
11.1. | Key Battery Technologies |
11.1.1. | Introduction to Future Battery Technologies |
11.1.2. | Lithium Battery Chemistries |
11.1.3. | Key Differences Between Battery Technologies |
11.1.4. | Li-ion Battery Performance Comparisons of Typical Technology Options |
11.1.5. | Lithium Titanate Oxide (LTO) |
11.1.6. | Silicon Anode |
11.1.7. | Lithium-Metal |
11.1.8. | Solid-State |
11.1.9. | Lithium-Sulphur |
11.1.10. | Sodium-Ion |
11.1.11. | Aluminium-Ion |
11.1.12. | Zinc-Based Batteries |
11.2. | Battery Requirements of Construction Machines |
11.2.1. | Battery Sizing of Construction Machines |
11.2.2. | Battery Capacity and Runtimes |
11.2.3. | Battery Chemistry Market Share |
11.2.4. | Battery Chemistries by Region |
11.2.5. | Battery Voltage |
11.2.6. | Battery Power Requirements |
11.2.7. | Battery Discharge Rate |
11.2.8. | Battery Charging Rate |
11.2.9. | Battery Pack Requirements for EV Construction Machines |
11.2.10. | Battery Cost Requirements |
11.3. | Applicability of Battery Technologies to Construction Machines |
11.3.1. | Battery Technology Comparison |
11.3.2. | Best Fit Battery Technologies for Construction Machines |
11.3.3. | Battery Markets in Construction, Agriculture & Mining Machines 2024-2034 |
11.4. | Battery Pack Suppliers for Construction Machines |
11.4.1. | Northvolt |
11.4.2. | Forsee Power |
11.4.3. | CATL |
11.4.4. | BorgWarner |
11.4.5. | Kreisel Electric |
11.4.6. | Dimaag |
11.4.7. | OEM & Battery Supplier Relationships (1) |
11.4.8. | OEM & Battery Supplier Relationships (2) |
12. | MOTORS FOR ELECTRIC CONSTRUCTION VEHICLES |
12.1. | Summary of Traction Motor Types |
12.2. | Comparison of Traction Motor Construction |
12.3. | Danfoss Editron |
12.4. | ABB Motors |
12.5. | HYDAC ENGIRO Motors |
12.6. | Dana E-Axles |
12.7. | ZF Preferred Electric Drivetrain Architecture |
12.8. | Electric Motor Performance Designed to Match ICE |
12.9. | Electrically Powered Hydraulic Systems |
12.10. | All-Electric Machines with Electric Actuation |
13. | HYDROGEN POWERED CONSTRUCTION VEHICLES |
13.1. | Overview |
13.1.1. | Attraction of Fuel Cell Vehicles |
13.1.2. | Deployment Barriers of Fuel Cell Vehicles |
13.1.3. | Colors of Hydrogen |
13.1.4. | Fuel Cells for Green Machines Need Green Hydrogen |
13.1.5. | BEV vs. FCEV Efficiency |
13.1.6. | Green Hydrogen Cost Reduction |
13.1.7. | Hydrogen Fuel vs. Diesel Costs |
13.1.8. | Fuel Cell Market Players |
13.1.9. | Hydrogen Combustion Engines (HICE) |
13.1.10. | BEV, FCEV, and HICE Comparison |
13.1.11. | IDTechEx Outlook on Hydrogen Construction Machines |
13.2. | FCEV Models and Case Studies |
13.2.1. | Hyundai FC Construction Equipment |
13.2.2. | Applied Hydrogen 30-tonne Fuel Cell Excavator |
13.2.3. | Liebherr Fuel Cell Wheel Loader |
13.2.4. | Chinese Fuel Cell Dump Trucks |
13.3. | HICE Models and Case Studies |
13.3.1. | KEYOU Hydrogen ICE |
13.3.2. | JCB Hydrogen Combustion Engines |
13.3.3. | Liebherr Prototype HICE Excavator |
14. | FORECASTS |
14.1. | Forecast Methodology (1) |
14.2. | Construction Machine Total Addressable Market |
14.3. | Forecast Methodology (2) |
14.4. | Forecast Assumptions |
14.5. | Electric Construction Machine Sales Forecast by Region |
14.6. | Global Electric Construction Machine Sales Forecast by Machine Type |
14.7. | US Electric Construction Machine Sales Forecast by Machine Type |
14.8. | China Electric Construction Machine Sales Forecast by Machine Type |
14.9. | Europe Electric Construction Machine Sales Forecast by Machine Type |
14.10. | RoW Electric Construction Machine Sales Forecast by Machine Type |
14.11. | Electric Construction Machine Battery Demand Forecast by Machine Type |
14.12. | Electric Construction Machine Battery Demand Forecast by Region |
14.13. | Electric Construction Machine Market Size Forecast by Machine Type |
14.14. | Electric Construction Machine Market Size Forecast by Region |
15. | COMPANY PROFILES |
15.1. | BatteryOne |
15.2. | Bobcat: Fully Electric Skid Steer Loader |
15.3. | Briggs & Stratton |
15.4. | Caterpillar: Electric Construction Equipment |
15.5. | CNH Industrial |
15.6. | Develon: Electric Construction Vehicles |
15.7. | Doosan Bobcat |
15.8. | HYDAC: Electrification of Off-Highway Machines |
15.9. | JCB |
15.10. | John Deere: Electric Construction Machines |
15.11. | Kato: Electric Mini-Excavators |
15.12. | KEYOU |
15.13. | Kobelco |
15.14. | Komatsu: Electrification of Construction Machines |
15.15. | Kubota |
15.16. | LiuGong |
15.17. | Sinoboom |
15.18. | Snorkel |
15.19. | Urban Mobility Systems |
15.20. | Volvo CE |
15.21. | XCMG: Xuzhou Construction Machinery Group Co |
15.22. | Zoomlion |
15.23. | ZQuip: Batteries for Construction Machines |