The electric construction machine industry will exceed US$126 billion by 2044.

Electric Vehicles in Construction 2024-2044: Technologies, Players, Forecasts

20-year forecasts for electric excavators, loaders, mobile cranes & telehandlers across US, China, Europe & RoW. Li-ion batteries, electric motors & hydrogen machines


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IDTechEx's report "Electric Vehicles in Construction: Technologies, Players, Forecasts" provides a deep and granular analysis of the fast-growing electric construction machine industry. Over 200 construction machines from global OEMs have been analyzed to reveal trends in machine performance, battery sizing, charging, pricing, and more. These are explored in detail in this report.
 
The electric construction machine industry is still in its very early stages, but OEMs are already moving quickly to expand their offerings of electric products while customers have shown a willingness to adopt the technology. Electric machines can offer zero-emission operation at the point of use, along with health, safety, and operational benefits as well as improved total costs of ownership (TCO). The electrification of the electric construction machine industry will also be driven by continued development of battery technology and similar electrification in other heavy-duty and off-highway markets. IDTechEx's report predicts that the electric construction machine industry will grow to be worth US$126 billion in 2044, representing a 20-year CAGR of 21%.
 
Adoption will be driven by TCO in the long-term, but by policy in the short-term
One of the greatest potential benefits of electric construction machines is their ability to generate lower total costs of ownership (TCO) than diesel machines. Electric machines can save significant amounts on operating costs by using cheaper electricity instead of diesel, and through lower maintenance requirements and downtime. IDTechEx's analysis finds that for an average 10-tonne excavator, a diesel machine will require US$6,500 per year in fuel alone, while charging for an electric alternative costs just US$3,350 per year. These significant TCO benefits are expected to be the main driver of electric machine adoption in the long-term.
 
Where electric machines suffer is in their high upfront costs. The added costs of batteries and electric powertrains means that they come at significant price premiums, as high as 50-100% the price of an equivalent diesel machine. These premiums are expected to drop as electric machine technology matures, and in most cases a net TCO benefit is still possible. However, upfront cost remains a hindrance to many customers - which can slow down uptake.
 
As such, government policies and incentives are likely to be a key motivator for electric adoption in the short term. Current legislation is sparse, seen only on a local scale in Northern Europe and some US states. Construction machines are likely to be among the last vehicle categories to see emissions regulations, as they are a relatively small contributor of greenhouse gas emissions compared to road vehicles. However, a desire to improve air quality in cities has seen governments impose some regulation on construction sites, which will encourage firms to investigate zero-emission solutions. IDTechEx has also assessed the impacts of EV purchase grants and local emissions charges and found that even small figures (e.g. US$5,000 purchase grant or US$5/day emissions charge) have considerable impact on electric machine economics and improve their favorability to operators.
 
Electric machines can compete with diesel on performance
From the time of the first electric construction machine releases in 2015 until now, questions have been asked over these machines' ability to match the rigorous demands placed on them by construction environments, and whether they could match the performance of conventional diesel machines. Customers are unlikely to purchase electric variants if they are unable to provide the same functions as diesel. However, continued development from OEMs as well as in battery and drivetrain technology means these concerns are being alleviated.
 
This IDTechEx report analyzes a wide variety of machine types from all major construction OEMs - including Caterpillar, Komatsu, XCMG, Volvo, and more - to find that electric machines can already largely match the expectations of diesel machines on runtime, power delivery, digging force, and more. This applies broadly across all the machine types analyzed in this IDTechEx report and is a major step towards further uptake of electric machines.
 
As the most developed electric machine segment, mini-excavators show off this trend well. Virtually all electric mini-excavators can achieve 4 hours of operation on a single charge, with many closer to 8 hours (a full workday). Accelerated battery development, electrification of other off-highway sectors, and, R&D from OEMs will continue to enhance the performance of electric machines of all types. IDTechEx expects most machines will be able to achieve a full workday of runtime or greater.
 
 
Electric machines are getting bigger
The construction machine market is now seeing larger electric machines such as large excavators and wheel loaders come to the fore. Where compact machines use batteries of 100 kWh or less (about the size of an electric car battery, which has established manufacturing processes and supply chains), batteries for larger machines are often in the 200-500 kWh range and are just entering maturity. These are two of the biggest machine segments in terms of sales, and among the biggest emitters of any construction machine due to their size and fuel consumption. Their electrification will be critical to the overall decarbonization of the construction industry.
 
Efforts are particularly focused in China, which has a wealth of experience in electrifying heavy-duty machines. Over two-thirds of the electric wheel loaders on the market are produced by Chinese OEMs, while Chinese electric excavators have batteries as large as 700 kWh. Chinese OEMs primarily use LFP batteries, which offer lower costs while the machines themselves can tolerate their additional weight. IDTechEx's report also delves into the various battery chemistry and design choices seen in construction machinery, detailing the compatibility between each technology and machine type.
 
This report brings together all these trends and more, highlighting the transformation that lies in the construction industry's near future. 20-year granular forecasts broken down by region and machine type provide critical insight into the key technologies driving this change within the industry.
 
Key aspects
This report provides critical market intelligence into the electric construction machine industry, including:
 
Context and technology driving electrification of construction machines
  • Advantages and barriers of electrification
  • Key OEMs and electrification activities
  • Significant trends within the electric construction machine industry
 
Detailed analysis of major machine categories
  • Thorough performance benchmarking of endurance, power, charging, and more
  • Assessment of technical, market, and supply chain factors
  • Comprehensive total costs of ownership analysis
  • Key battery technologies and their applicability to different construction machine types
  • A review of hydrogen powered construction machines
 
Market analysis
  • Analysis of over 200 electric construction machine models from all major OEMs
  • Granular 20-year forecasts for unit sales, battery demand, and market size
Report MetricsDetails
Historic Data2022 - 2023
CAGRThe electric construction machine market will grow to US$126 billion in 2044, at a CAGR of 21%
Forecast Period2024 - 2044
Forecast UnitsUnit sales, Revenue (US$), Battery demand (GWh)
Regions CoveredChina, United States, Europe, Worldwide
Segments CoveredMini-excavators, Excavators, Compact loaders, Backhoes, Wheel loaders, Telehandlers, Mobile cranes
Analyst access from IDTechEx
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Further information
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Table of Contents
1.EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
1.1.Key Report Findings (1)
1.2.Key Report Findings (2)
1.3.Construction Machines
1.4.Key Construction Machines for Electrification
1.5.Construction OEMs
1.6.Electrification Activity of Major OEMs
1.7.Advantages and Barriers to Machine Electrification
1.8.Advantages of Electric Mini-Excavators
1.9.Electric Machines Match Performance of Diesel
1.10.Electric Machines Can Reach Runtime Parity with Diesel
1.11.Options for Meeting Duty Cycle Demands
1.12.Energy Cost Savings Alone Cannot Make EVs Favorable
1.13.Maintenance Savings Are Crucial To TCO Breakeven
1.14.Purchase Grants and Emissions Charges Help Generate ROI
1.15.Retrofitting Is Not A Viable Long-Term Option
1.16.In-House Production Generates TCO Benefits
1.17.Energy Prices Will Impact Machine TCO
1.18.Battery Sizing Meets Performance Requirements
1.19.Battery Chemistries in Construction
1.20.Battery Pack Requirements for Construction Machines
1.21.Electric Construction Machine Sales Forecast by Region
1.22.Electric Construction Machine Sales Forecast by Machine Type
1.23.Electric Construction Machine Battery Demand Forecast by Machine Type
1.24.Electric Construction Machine Market Size Forecast by Machine Type
1.25.Access More With an IDTechEx Subscription
2.INTRODUCTION TO THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
2.1.Introduction
2.1.1.Construction Machines Overview
2.1.2.Types of Construction Machines
2.1.3.Construction Machine Sales
2.1.4.Top Construction OEMs
2.1.5.Construction OEMs by Region
2.2.Drivers for Construction Machine Electrification
2.2.1.CO₂ Emissions of Construction Machines
2.2.2.Paris Agreement and Global Emissions
2.2.3.Vehicles as a Major Source of Emissions
2.2.4.Emissions by Construction Machine Type
2.2.5.Local Air Quality
2.2.6.Fossil Fuel Bans in Cities
2.2.7.Non-Road Emissions Standards
2.2.8.Noise Reduction
2.2.9.Fuel Price Volatility
2.2.10.Drivers for Electric Construction Machines
2.3.Government and Company Emissions Policies
2.3.1.Norway's Zero-Emission Construction Sites
2.3.2.Nordic Countries
2.3.3.The Netherlands Emission-Free Subsidy Scheme
2.3.4.Colorado Clean Diesel Program
2.3.5.California Zero-Emission Equipment Purchase Incentives
2.3.6.Off-Highway Decarbonization in the UK
2.3.7.Summary of Government Regulations and Policies 2017 - 2030
2.3.8.Emissions Goals of Construction Firms
2.3.9.Volvo Group
2.3.10.Caterpillar and Komatsu
2.4.Requirements for Electric Construction Machines
2.4.1.Total Cost of Ownership
2.4.2.What Construction EVs Must Deliver
2.4.3.Power Demand for Construction EVs
2.4.4.Technology Positioning for Construction Equipment
2.5.Opportunities for Electric Construction Vehicles
2.5.1.Battery Opportunities
2.5.2.Opportunities for Motors and Charging
2.5.3.Charging and Refueling Infrastructure
2.5.4.Autonomous Systems and Digitalization
2.5.5.More Details in IDTechEx's Reports
3.ELECTRIC MINI-EXCAVATORS
3.1.Introduction
3.1.1.Mini-Excavators Leading Construction Electrification
3.1.2.Performance Advantages of Electric Excavators
3.1.3.Mini Excavator OEMs
3.1.4.Summary of Electric Mini Excavator Models (1)
3.1.5.Summary of Electric Mini Excavator Models (2)
3.1.6.Summary of Electric Mini Excavator Models (3)
3.1.7.ICE vs. EV Digging Force
3.1.8.Mini Excavator Battery Size vs. Vehicle Weight
3.1.9.Battery Sizing
3.1.10.Battery Capacity and Runtime
3.1.11.Options for Meeting Duty Cycle Energy Demand
3.1.12.Electric Mini-Excavator Price Premium
3.1.13.Mini-Excavator Fuel Consumption
3.1.14.Energy Cost Savings of Electrification
3.1.15.Electric vs. Diesel Breakeven: Energy Cost Savings
3.1.16.Breakeven Time: Energy Cost Savings
3.1.17.Maintenance Costs
3.1.18.Cummins Electric Mini Excavator Analysis
3.1.19.Electric vs. Diesel Breakeven: Energy + Maintenance Costs
3.1.20.Breakeven Time: Energy and Maintenance Savings
3.1.21.Energy Price Impacts Mini-Excavator Breakeven
3.1.22.Grants for EV Purchases Will Improve TCO
3.1.23.Incentivizing Electric Machines Through Emissions Charges
3.1.24.Battery Costs Will Dominate Long-Term TCO
3.1.25.Early EV Deployment by Rental Companies
3.1.26.OEM and Dealer Retrofitting Partnerships
3.1.27.Engine Manufacturers Looking to Electrify
3.1.28.CO₂ Emission Savings from Electric Mini-Excavators
3.1.29.CO₂ Emissions of Mini-Excavator Charging
3.2.Models and Case Studies
3.2.1.CASE Construction (CNH Industrial) CX15EV & CX25EV
3.2.2.Sany SY19E
3.2.3.Kato Electric Mini-Excavators
3.2.4.Yanmar SV17e Electric Prototype
3.2.5.Caterpillar 301.9
3.2.6.Volvo Electric Mini-Excavators
3.2.7.Volvo EC55 Electric
3.2.8.Komatsu PC30E-5 and PC33E-6
3.2.9.Hybrid Diesel-Electric Tethered Machines
4.ELECTRIC EXCAVATORS
4.1.Introduction
4.1.1.Medium / Large Excavator OEMs
4.1.2.Summary of Electric Excavator Models (1)
4.1.3.Summary of Electric Excavator Models (2)
4.1.4.Excavator Digging Force (ICE vs. EV)
4.1.5.Battery Sizing
4.1.6.Battery Size vs. Vehicle Weight for Electric Excavators
4.1.7.ICE vs. EV Energy Cost Savings: Electric Large Excavators
4.1.8.Dealer Driven Electrification Development
4.1.9.Large Electric Excavator TCO - Retrofit
4.1.10.Large Electric Excavator TCO - In-house Production
4.1.11.Breakeven Times: Retrofit vs In-House
4.1.12.Energy Price Effects on Excavator TCO
4.2.Models and Case Studies
4.2.1.Volvo EC230 Electric
4.2.2.Volvo EC500 and EC80 Electric
4.2.3.Komatsu PC210E
4.2.4.Komatsu PC138E-11 Electric and HB215LC-3 Hybrid
4.2.5.John Deere and Caterpillar Approaching Commercialization
4.2.6.Liebherr 916E
4.2.7.Shantui Electric Excavators
4.2.8.Electric Excavators From Chinese OEMs
5.ELECTRIC COMPACT AND SKID STEER LOADERS
5.1.Introduction
5.1.1.Compact Loaders, Skid Steer Loaders, and Compact Dumpers
5.1.2.Compact Loader Sales
5.1.3.Compact Loaders OEMs
5.1.4.Summary of Electric Compact Wheel Loader Models (1)
5.1.5.Summary of Electric Compact Wheel Loader Models (2)
5.1.6.Summary of Electric Skid Steer and Compact Dumper Models
5.1.7.EV vs. ICE Compact Loader Motor Power
5.1.8.Battery Sizing Requirements
5.1.9.Battery Size vs. Machine Weight for Electric Compact Loaders
5.1.10.Electric Compact Loader Pricing
5.1.11.Compact Loader Savings (Energy + Maintenance)
5.1.12.Applying Savings to Existing EV Models
5.1.13.Long-Term Premiums vs. Savings
5.1.14.Breakeven Times
5.1.15.Breakeven Is Impacted By Fuel and Electricity Pricing
5.2.Models and Case Studies
5.2.1.Wacker Neuson Electric Compact Wheel Loaders
5.2.2.Volvo L20 and L25 Electric Compact Wheel Loaders
5.2.3.Multione EZ Series Compact Wheel Loaders
5.2.4.Bobcat T7X and S7X Skid Steer Loaders
5.2.5.First Green Industries Skid Steer Loaders
5.2.6.JCB 1T-E Compact Dumper
5.2.7.AUSA Electric Compact Dumper
6.ELECTRIC BACKHOE LOADERS
6.1.Introduction
6.1.1.Backhoe Loaders
6.1.2.Backhoe Loaders OEMs
6.1.3.Summary of Electric Backhoe Loader Models
6.1.4.Fuel Savings and Maintenance Savings for Backhoe Loaders
6.1.5.Electric Backhoe Breakeven Times
6.2.Models and Case Studies
6.2.1.CASE Construction 580 EV
6.2.2.John Deere 310 X-Tier E-Power
6.2.3.Huddig TIGON PHEV Backhoes
6.2.4.Escorts Rider Hybrid Backhoe Loader
7.ELECTRIC WHEEL LOADERS
7.1.Introduction
7.1.1.Wheel Loaders OEMs
7.1.2.Summary of Electric Wheel Loader Models (1)
7.1.3.Summary of Electric Wheel Loader Models (2)
7.1.4.EV vs. ICE Wheel Loader Motor Power
7.1.5.Battery Size vs Vehicle Weight for Wheel Loaders
7.1.6.Energy and Maintenance Savings of Electric Wheel Loaders
7.1.7.TCO Breakeven Will Depend on Utilization & Battery Pricing
7.2.Models and Case Studies
7.2.1.XCMG XC968-EV
7.2.2.Volvo L90 and L120
7.2.3.Caterpillar 950GC
7.2.4.LiuGong
7.2.5.Know-How
7.2.6.Electric Loader Models in China
7.2.7.Dual Gun Ultra-Fast Charging
8.ELECTRIC TELEHANDLERS
8.1.Introduction
8.1.1.Telescopic Handlers
8.1.2.Telehandlers
8.1.3.Summary of Electric Telehandler Models
8.1.4.Motor Power of Electric and Diesel Telehandlers
8.1.5.Electric Telehandler Battery Size and Vehicle Weight Benchmarking
8.1.6.Pricing Differences Between Electric and Diesel Telehandlers
8.1.7.Savings from Electrification of Telehandlers
8.1.8.Savings vs. Price Premiums
8.1.9.Long-Term Prospects for TCO of Electric Telehandlers
8.2.Models and Case Studies
8.2.1.JCB 525-60E Loadall
8.2.2.Liebherr Electric Telehandler Collaborations
8.2.3.Faresin 6.26 and F17.45
8.2.4.XCMG XC6-2506E Telehandler
8.2.5.Dieci Mini Agri-e
9.ELECTRIC MOBILE CRANES
9.1.Introduction
9.1.1.Mobile Cranes
9.1.2.Mobile Crane OEMs
9.1.3.Summary of Electric Mobile Crane Models
9.1.4.PHEV Mobile Crane Benchmarking
9.1.5.BEV Mobile Crane Benchmarking
9.1.6.BEV Energy Savings vs. Battery Cost
9.2.Models and Case Studies
9.2.1.Grove PHEV GMK4100L-2
9.2.2.Spiering City Boy and eLift Cranes
9.2.3.XCMG XCT25EV and XCA60EV PHEV Truck Cranes
9.2.4.XCMG G2 Series
9.2.5.Zoomlion Electric Cranes
9.2.6.Sany Electric Crane Portfolio
10.OTHER ELECTRIC CONSTRUCTION VEHICLES
10.1.Other Construction Vehicles
10.2.Volvo FMX Cement Truck
10.3.SANY E-mixer Electric Concrete Truck Series
10.4.More Models from Chinese OEMs
10.5.Renault D-Wide
10.6.Chinese Battery Swapping Dump Trucks
10.7.SANY Electric Dump Trucks
10.8.Zoomlion Battery and Fuel Cell Dump Trucks
10.9.Junttan Electric Pile Driving Rig
10.10.Liebherr Electric Drilling Rigs
10.11.BAM Electric Road Roller
10.12.Volvo DD25, DD40, and PT220 Electric Rollers
10.13.Shantui SD17E-X Electric Bulldozer
10.14.Sinoboom Electric Boom & Scissor Lifts
11.BATTERY TECHNOLOGIES FOR CONSTRUCTION MACHINES
11.1.Key Battery Technologies
11.1.1.Introduction to Future Battery Technologies
11.1.2.Lithium Battery Chemistries
11.1.3.Key Differences Between Battery Technologies
11.1.4.Li-ion Battery Performance Comparisons of Typical Technology Options
11.1.5.Lithium Titanate Oxide (LTO)
11.1.6.Silicon Anode
11.1.7.Lithium-Metal
11.1.8.Solid-State
11.1.9.Lithium-Sulphur
11.1.10.Sodium-Ion
11.1.11.Aluminium-Ion
11.1.12.Zinc-Based Batteries
11.2.Battery Requirements of Construction Machines
11.2.1.Battery Sizing of Construction Machines
11.2.2.Battery Capacity and Runtimes
11.2.3.Battery Chemistry Market Share
11.2.4.Battery Chemistries by Region
11.2.5.Battery Voltage
11.2.6.Battery Power Requirements
11.2.7.Battery Discharge Rate
11.2.8.Battery Charging Rate
11.2.9.Battery Pack Requirements for EV Construction Machines
11.2.10.Battery Cost Requirements
11.3.Applicability of Battery Technologies to Construction Machines
11.3.1.Battery Technology Comparison
11.3.2.Best Fit Battery Technologies for Construction Machines
11.3.3.Battery Markets in Construction, Agriculture & Mining Machines 2024-2034
11.4.Battery Pack Suppliers for Construction Machines
11.4.1.Northvolt
11.4.2.Forsee Power
11.4.3.CATL
11.4.4.BorgWarner
11.4.5.Kreisel Electric
11.4.6.Dimaag
11.4.7.OEM & Battery Supplier Relationships (1)
11.4.8.OEM & Battery Supplier Relationships (2)
12.MOTORS FOR ELECTRIC CONSTRUCTION VEHICLES
12.1.Summary of Traction Motor Types
12.2.Comparison of Traction Motor Construction
12.3.Danfoss Editron
12.4.ABB Motors
12.5.HYDAC ENGIRO Motors
12.6.Dana E-Axles
12.7.ZF Preferred Electric Drivetrain Architecture
12.8.Electric Motor Performance Designed to Match ICE
12.9.Electrically Powered Hydraulic Systems
12.10.All-Electric Machines with Electric Actuation
13.HYDROGEN POWERED CONSTRUCTION VEHICLES
13.1.Overview
13.1.1.Attraction of Fuel Cell Vehicles
13.1.2.Deployment Barriers of Fuel Cell Vehicles
13.1.3.Colors of Hydrogen
13.1.4.Fuel Cells for Green Machines Need Green Hydrogen
13.1.5.BEV vs. FCEV Efficiency
13.1.6.Green Hydrogen Cost Reduction
13.1.7.Hydrogen Fuel vs. Diesel Costs
13.1.8.Fuel Cell Market Players
13.1.9.Hydrogen Combustion Engines (HICE)
13.1.10.BEV, FCEV, and HICE Comparison
13.1.11.IDTechEx Outlook on Hydrogen Construction Machines
13.2.FCEV Models and Case Studies
13.2.1.Hyundai FC Construction Equipment
13.2.2.Applied Hydrogen 30-tonne Fuel Cell Excavator
13.2.3.Liebherr Fuel Cell Wheel Loader
13.2.4.Chinese Fuel Cell Dump Trucks
13.3.HICE Models and Case Studies
13.3.1.KEYOU Hydrogen ICE
13.3.2.JCB Hydrogen Combustion Engines
13.3.3.Liebherr Prototype HICE Excavator
14.FORECASTS
14.1.Forecast Methodology (1)
14.2.Construction Machine Total Addressable Market
14.3.Forecast Methodology (2)
14.4.Forecast Assumptions
14.5.Electric Construction Machine Sales Forecast by Region
14.6.Global Electric Construction Machine Sales Forecast by Machine Type
14.7.US Electric Construction Machine Sales Forecast by Machine Type
14.8.China Electric Construction Machine Sales Forecast by Machine Type
14.9.Europe Electric Construction Machine Sales Forecast by Machine Type
14.10.RoW Electric Construction Machine Sales Forecast by Machine Type
14.11.Electric Construction Machine Battery Demand Forecast by Machine Type
14.12.Electric Construction Machine Battery Demand Forecast by Region
14.13.Electric Construction Machine Market Size Forecast by Machine Type
14.14.Electric Construction Machine Market Size Forecast by Region
15.COMPANY PROFILES
15.1.BatteryOne
15.2.Bobcat: Fully Electric Skid Steer Loader
15.3.Briggs & Stratton
15.4.Caterpillar: Electric Construction Equipment
15.5.CNH Industrial
15.6.Develon: Electric Construction Vehicles
15.7.Doosan Bobcat
15.8.HYDAC: Electrification of Off-Highway Machines
15.9.JCB
15.10.John Deere: Electric Construction Machines
15.11.Kato: Electric Mini-Excavators
15.12.KEYOU
15.13.Kobelco
15.14.Komatsu: Electrification of Construction Machines
15.15.Kubota
15.16.LiuGong
15.17.Sinoboom
15.18.Snorkel
15.19.Urban Mobility Systems
15.20.Volvo CE
15.21.XCMG: Xuzhou Construction Machinery Group Co
15.22.Zoomlion
15.23.ZQuip: Batteries for Construction Machines
 

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Report Statistics

Slides 331
Companies 23
Forecasts to 2044
Published Jul 2024
ISBN 9781835700495
 

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