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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS | |
1. | INTRODUCTION |
1.1. | What is energy harvesting? |
1.1. | Power requirements of small electronic products including Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) and the types of battery employed |
1.1. | Energy harvesting compared with alternatives |
1.2. | Ten year improvement in electronics, photovoltaics and batteries |
1.2. | What it is not |
1.3. | Energy harvesting compared with alternatives |
1.4. | Power requirements of different devices |
1.5. | Harvesting options to meet these requirements |
1.6. | Battery advances fail to keep up - implications |
1.7. | Some key enablers for the future - printed electronics, smart substrates, MEMS |
1.7.1. | Printed and thin film |
1.7.2. | Smart substrates |
1.7.3. | MEMS |
2. | APPLICATIONS AND POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS |
2.1. | Aerospace and military |
2.1. | Evolution of a few of the feasible features for e-labels and e-packaging |
2.2. | Possible production sequence for e-labels and e-packaging |
2.2. | Industrial |
2.2.1. | Standards - EnOcean Alliance and Buildings |
2.2.2. | Real Time Locating Systems |
2.2.3. | Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) |
2.2.4. | Aircraft, engines and machinery |
2.3. | Consumer |
2.3. | Methodology for establishing the technology and product roadmap for e-labels and e-packaging |
2.3.1. | Mobile phones, wristwatches, radio, lamps etc |
2.3.2. | E-Labels, E-Packaging, E-signage, E-posters |
2.4. | Healthcare |
2.5. | Third World |
2.6. | Environmental |
3. | HARVESTING-TOLERANT ELECTRONICS, DIRECT USE OF POWER, STORAGE OPTIONS |
3.1. | Harvesting tolerant electronics and direct use of power |
3.1. | Battery assisted passive RFID label recording time-temperature profile of food, blood etc in transit |
3.1.1. | Progress with harvesting tolerant electronics |
3.2. | New battery options |
3.2. | Smart Dust WSN node concept with thick film battery and solar cells |
3.2.1. | Smart Dust |
3.2.2. | Lithium laminar batteries |
3.2.3. | Planar Energy Devices |
3.2.4. | Cymbet Corporation - integrated battery management |
3.2.5. | Transparent printed organic batteries |
3.2.6. | Biobatteries do their own harvesting |
3.2.7. | Battery that incorporates energy harvesting - FlexEl |
3.2.8. | Need for shape standards for laminar batteries |
3.3. | Alternatives to batteries |
3.3. | New Planar Energy Devices high capacity laminar battery |
3.3.1. | Supercapacitors |
3.3.2. | Supercabatteries |
3.3.3. | Mini fuel cells |
3.4. | World's first thin-film battery with integrated battery management |
3.5. | Flexible battery that charges in one minute |
4. | LIGHT HARVESTING FOR SMALL DEVICES |
4.1. | Comparison of options |
4.1. | NREL adjudication of efficiencies under standard conditions |
4.1. | Comparison of pn junction and electrophotochemical photovoltaics. |
4.1.1. | Important parameters |
4.1.2. | Principles of operation |
4.1.3. | Options for the future |
4.1.4. | Many types of photovoltaics needed for harvesting |
4.2. | Limits of cSi and aSi technologies |
4.2. | The main options for photovoltaics beyond conventional silicon compared |
4.2. | International Space Station |
4.3. | Number of organisations developing printed and potentially printed electronics worldwide |
4.3. | CdTe cost advantage |
4.3. | Limits of CdTe |
4.4. | GaAsGe multilayers |
4.4. | Efficiency of laminar organic photovoltaics and DSSC |
4.4. | Some candidates for the different photovoltaic requirements |
4.5. | Spectrolab roadmap for multilayer cells |
4.5. | DSSC |
4.6. | CIGS |
4.6. | DSSC design principle |
4.7. | HRTEM plane view BF image of germanium quantum dots in titania matrix |
4.7. | Organic |
4.8. | Nanosilicon ink |
4.8. | The CIGS flexible photovoltaics of Odersun AG of Germany is used for energy harvesting to mobile phones on the bag of Bagjack of Germany |
4.9. | CIGS construction |
4.9. | Nantennas |
4.10. | Other options |
4.10. | The CIGS panels from Global Solar Energy |
4.10.1. | Nanowire solar cells |
4.11. | Wide web organic photovoltaic production line of Konarka announced late 2008. |
4.12. | Operating principle of a popular form of organic photovoltaics |
4.13. | Module stack for photovoltaics |
4.14. | INL nantennas on film |
4.15. | Nanowire solar cells left by Canadian researchers and right by Konarka in the USA |
5. | MOVEMENT HARVESTING |
5.1. | Vibration harvesting |
5.1. | Power paving |
5.2. | Microscope image shows the fibers that are part of the microfiber nanogenerator. The top one is coated with gold |
5.2. | Movement harvesting options |
5.2.1. | Piezoelectric - conventional, ZnO and polymer |
5.2.2. | Electrostatic |
5.2.3. | Magnetostrictive |
5.2.4. | Energy harvesting electronics |
5.3. | Electroactive polymers |
5.3. | Schematic shows how pairs of fibers would generate electrical current. |
5.4. | Piezo eel |
5.4. | MEMS |
5.5. | Electrodynamic |
5.5. | Midé energy harvesting electronics |
5.5.2. | Harvesting from the human heart |
5.5.3. | Bridge monitoring |
5.5.4. | Wind up foetal heart rate monitor |
5.6. | Artificial Muscle business plan |
5.7. | MEMS by a dust mite that is less than one millimeter across |
5.8. | Examples of electrodynamic harvesting |
5.9. | Heart harvester |
6. | HEAT HARVESTING |
6.1. | Thermoelectrics |
6.1. | The thermoelectric materials with highest figure of merit |
6.1.1. | Thermoelectric construction |
6.1.2. | Advantages of thermoelectrics |
6.1.3. | Automotive Thermoelectric Generation (ATEG) |
6.1.4. | Heat pumps |
6.2. | Operating principle of the Seiko Thermic wristwatch |
6.3. | The thermoelectric device in the Seiko Thermic watch with 104 elements each measuring 80X80X600 micrometers |
7. | OTHER HARVESTING OPTIONS |
7.1. | Electromagnetic field harnessing |
7.2. | Microbial and other fuel cells |
7.3. | Multiple energy harvesting |
8. | PROFILES OF 200 PARTICIPANTS IN 22 COUNTRIES |
8.1. | Active Business Company GmbH |
8.1. | Profiled organisations by continent |
8.2. | Profiled organisations by country |
8.2. | AdaptivEnergy |
8.3. | AdHoc Electronics |
8.3. | Number in sample by intended sector of end use |
8.4. | Number of cases by type of harvesting |
8.4. | Advanced Cerametrics |
8.5. | Agency for Defense Development |
8.5. | AdaptivEnergy's Joule-Thief energy-harvesting module |
8.6. | Transparent photovoltaic film |
8.6. | AIST Tsukuba |
8.7. | Alabama A.&M. University |
8.7. | Advertisement for Citizen Eco-Drive |
8.8. | CNSA moon orbiting satellite with solar cells |
8.8. | Alps Electric |
8.9. | Alvi Technologies |
8.9. | Self-powered Wireless Sensor Technology from EnOcean |
8.10. | Solar powered wireless sensor node |
8.10. | Ambient Research |
8.11. | AmbioSystems LLC |
8.11. | Solar powered ESA satellites |
8.12. | Electrical lanterns, torches etc charged by hand cranking. |
8.12. | Applied Digital Solutions |
8.13. | Argonne National Laboratory |
8.13. | Freeplay wind up radio in Africa |
8.14. | Solar sail |
8.14. | Arizona State University |
8.15. | Australian National University - Department of Engineering |
8.15. | Light in Africa |
8.16. | Hi-Tech Wealth's S116 clamshell solar phone |
8.16. | BAE Systems |
8.17. | Biberach University of Applied Sciences |
8.17. | Nantennas |
8.18. | Bulk nantennas |
8.18. | bk-electronic GmbH |
8.19. | BootUp GmbH |
8.19. | Human sensor networks |
8.20. | ISRO moon satellite |
8.20. | BSC Computer GmbH |
8.21. | California Institute of Technology |
8.21. | Sensor monitoring rock net using energy of net movement and solar cells |
8.22. | JAXA moon project |
8.22. | California Institute of Technology/Jet Propulsion Laboratory |
8.23. | California State University - Northridge |
8.23. | "Ibuki" GOSAT greenhouse gas monitoring satellite |
8.24. | KCF Harvesting Sensor Demonstration Pack |
8.24. | Carnegie Mellon University |
8.25. | CEA (Atomic Energy Commission of France) |
8.25. | Flux density of a microgenerator |
8.26. | 3D drawing of the Pedal Light |
8.26. | Chinese University of Hong Kong |
8.27. | Chungbuk National University |
8.27. | WSN deployment |
8.28. | Helicopter vibration harvester |
8.28. | Citizen Holding Co Ltd |
8.29. | China National Space Administration |
8.29. | Bell model 412 helicopter |
8.30. | Solar-powered wireless G-Link seismic sensor on the Corinth Bridge in Greece. |
8.30. | Clarkson University |
8.31. | Cymtox Ltd |
8.31. | Multiple solar-powered nodes monitor strain and vibration at key locations on the Goldstar Bridge over the Thames River in New London, Conn |
8.32. | MicroStrain Wireless sensor and data acquisition system. Source: MicroStrain Inc |
8.32. | DigiTower Cologne |
8.33. | Distech Controls |
8.33. | Volture vibration harvester |
8.34. | Another version of Volture |
8.34. | Drexel University |
8.35. | East Japan Railway Company |
8.35. | International Space Station |
8.36. | Solar panels for the Hubble telescope |
8.36. | EchoFlex Solutions |
8.37. | EDF R&D |
8.37. | Schematic representations of a PN-couple used as TEC (left) based on the Peltier effect or TEG (right) based on the Seebeck effect. |
8.38. | Nextreme thermoelectric generator |
8.38. | Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI) |
8.39. | Eltako GmbH |
8.39. | eTEC Module and Die |
8.40. | Morph concept |
8.40. | Ember Corporation |
8.41. | Encrea srl |
8.41. | Flexible & Changing Design |
8.42. | Concept device based on reduce, reuse recycle envisages many forms of energy harvesting |
8.42. | Energie Agentur |
8.43. | Engenuity Systems |
8.43. | An optical image of an electronic device in a complex deformation mode |
8.44. | NTT DOCOMO concept phone with energy harvesting |
8.44. | EnOcean GmbH |
8.45. | European Space Agency |
8.45. | Heart energy harvesting |
8.46. | Perpetuum vibration harvester |
8.46. | Exergen |
8.47. | Fast Trak Ltd |
8.47. | PowerFilm literature |
8.48. | PulseSwitch Systems makes piezoelectric wireless switches that do not need a battery |
8.48. | Fatih University |
8.49. | Ferro Solutions, Inc. |
8.49. | Seiko Thermic wristwatch |
8.50. | Knee-Mounted Device Generates Electricity While You Walk |
8.50. | Fraunhofer Institut Integrierte Schaltungen |
8.51. | Freeplay Foundation |
8.51. | Tissot Autoquartz |
8.52. | Heart harvester developed at Southampton University Hospital |
8.52. | G24 Innovations |
8.53. | Ganssle Group |
8.53. | Syngenta sensor |
8.54. | Transmitter left and implanted receiver right for inductively powered implantable dropped foot stimulator for stroke victims |
8.54. | Georgia Institute of Technology |
8.55. | GreenPeak Technologies |
8.55. | Picture of PicoBeacon, the first fully self-contained wireless transmitter powered solely by solar energy |
8.56. | Surveillance bat |
8.56. | Harvard University |
8.57. | High Merit Thermoelectrics |
8.57. | Sensor head on COM-BAT |
8.58. | A solar bag that is powerful enough to charge a laptop |
8.58. | Hi-Tech Wealth |
8.59. | Holst Centre |
8.60. | Honeywell |
8.61. | Idaho National Laboratory |
8.62. | IMEC |
8.63. | Imperial College |
8.64. | India Space Research Organisation |
8.65. | Ingenieurbüro Zink GmbH |
8.66. | INGLAS Innovative Glassysteme GmbH & Co. KG |
8.67. | INSYS Electronics |
8.68. | IntAct |
8.69. | Intel |
8.70. | ITRI (Industrial Technology Research Institute) |
8.71. | Jager Direkt GmbH & Co |
8.72. | Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency |
8.73. | Kanazawa University |
8.74. | KCF Technologies Inc |
8.75. | KIB Projekt GmbH |
8.76. | Kinetron BV |
8.77. | Kobe University |
8.78. | Konarka |
8.79. | Kookmin University, |
8.80. | Korea Electronics Company |
8.81. | Korea Institute of Science and Technology |
8.82. | Korea University |
8.83. | KVL Comp Ltd. |
8.84. | Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory |
8.85. | Lebônê Solutions |
8.86. | LessWire, LLC |
8.87. | Leviton |
8.88. | LonMark International |
8.89. | Masco |
8.90. | Massachusetts Institute of Technology |
8.91. | MEMSCAP SA |
8.92. | Michigan Technological University |
8.93. | Microdul AG |
8.94. | Micropelt GmbH |
8.95. | MicroStrain Inc., |
8.96. | Midé Technology Corporation |
8.97. | MINIWIZ Sustainable Energy Dev. Ltd |
8.98. | Mitsubishi Corporation |
8.99. | MK Electric (a Honeywell Business) |
8.100. | Moritani and Co Ltd |
8.101. | Nanosonic Inc |
8.102. | NASA |
8.103. | National Physical Laboratory |
8.104. | National Semiconductor |
8.105. | National Taiwan University, |
8.106. | National Tsing Hua University |
8.107. | Network Rail Infrastructure Ltd |
8.108. | Newcastle University |
8.109. | Nextreme |
8.110. | Nokia Cambridge UK Research Centre |
8.111. | North Carolina State University |
8.112. | Northrop Grumman |
8.113. | Northeastern University |
8.114. | Northwestern University |
8.115. | Nova Mems |
8.116. | NTT DOCOMO |
8.117. | Oak Ridge National Laboratory |
8.118. | Ohio State University |
8.119. | Omnio |
8.120. | Omron Corporation |
8.121. | Orkit Building Intelligence |
8.122. | Osram |
8.123. | Osram Silvania |
8.124. | Pacific Northwest National Laboratory |
8.125. | PEHA |
8.126. | Pennsylvania State University |
8.127. | Perpetuum Ltd |
8.128. | PowerFilm, Inc. |
8.129. | PROBARE Thomas Rieder e.K. |
8.130. | PulseSwitch Systems |
8.131. | Purdue University |
8.132. | PYRECAP/HYCOSYS |
8.133. | Regulvar |
8.134. | Rockwell Automation |
8.135. | Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, |
8.136. | Sagentia |
8.137. | Sandia National Laboratory, |
8.138. | Satellite Services Ltd |
8.139. | SAT System- und Anlagentechnik Herbert GmbH |
8.140. | Sauter |
8.141. | Schulte Elektrotechnik GmbH & Co. KG |
8.142. | Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna |
8.143. | Seiko |
8.144. | SELEX Galileo |
8.145. | SensorDynamics AG |
8.146. | Sentilla Corporation |
8.147. | Servodan A/S |
8.148. | Shanghai Jiao Tong University |
8.149. | Siemens Building Technologies GmbH & Co |
8.150. | Simon Fraser University |
8.151. | Smart Material Corp. |
8.152. | SMH |
8.153. | Solid State Research inc |
8.154. | Sony |
8.155. | Southampton University Hospital |
8.156. | Spectrolab Inc |
8.157. | State University of New Jersey |
8.158. | Steinbeis Transferzentrum für Embedded Design und Networking |
8.159. | steute Schaltgeräte GmbH & Co. KG |
8.160. | Swiss Federal Institute of Technology |
8.161. | Syngenta Sensors UIC |
8.162. | Tambient |
8.163. | Technical University of Ilmenau, |
8.164. | Technograph Microcircuits Ltd |
8.165. | Texas Instruments |
8.166. | ThermoKon Sensortechnik |
8.167. | Thermolife Energy Corporation |
8.168. | The Technology Partnership |
8.169. | TIMA Laboratory |
8.170. | Tokyo Institute of Technology |
8.171. | TRW Conekt |
8.172. | Tyndall National Institute |
8.173. | Unitronic AG Zentrale |
8.174. | University of Berlin |
8.175. | University of Bristol |
8.176. | University of California Berkeley |
8.177. | University of California Los Angeles |
8.178. | University of Edinburgh |
8.179. | University of Florida |
8.180. | University of Freiburg - IMTEK |
8.181. | University of Idaho |
8.182. | University of Michigan |
8.183. | University of Neuchatel |
8.184. | University of Oxford |
8.185. | University of Pittsburgh |
8.186. | University of Sheffield |
8.187. | University of Southampton |
8.188. | University of Tokyo |
8.189. | Uppsala University |
8.190. | US Army Research Laboratory |
8.191. | Vicos |
8.192. | Virginia Tech |
8.193. | Voltaic Systems Inc |
8.194. | WAGO Kontakttechnik GmbH & Co. KG |
8.195. | Washington State University |
8.196. | Wieland Electric GmbH |
8.197. | Wireless Industrial Technologies |
8.198. | Yale University, |
8.199. | Yonsei University, |
8.200. | ZMD AG |
9. | MARKET FORECASTS |
9.1. | Forecasts 2009- 2019 for energy harvesting markets |
9.1. | Energy harvesting for small devices, renewable energy replacing power stations and what comes between. |
9.1. | Some high volume addressable global markets for energy harvesting for small devices |
9.1.1. | Addressable markets and price sensitivity |
9.1.2. | IDTechEx energy harvesting forecasts 2009-2019, 2029 |
9.1.3. | Timeline for widespread deployment of energy harvesting |
9.1.4. | Example of a supplier's adoption roadmap |
9.1.5. | Which technologies win? |
9.2. | Wireless sensor networks 2009-2019 |
9.2. | Ambient power available for volume markets |
9.2. | Global market number million |
9.3. | Global market unit value dollars |
9.3. | Addressable market for high priced energy harvesting |
9.3. | IDTechEx forecast for 2029 |
9.4. | Bicycle dynamo market |
9.4. | Electronic products selling in billions yearly and their pricing |
9.4. | Global market total value millions of dollars |
9.5. | Consumer market number million |
9.5. | Global market for energy harvesting |
9.6. | Consumer market for energy harvesting |
9.6. | Consumer market unit value dollars |
9.7. | Consumer market total value millions of dollars |
9.7. | Industrial, healthcare and other non- consumer markets for energy harvesting |
9.8. | Wristwatches |
9.8. | Industrial, healthcare and other non-consumer markets number million |
9.9. | Industrial, healthcare and other non-consumer markets unit value dollars |
9.9. | Bicycle dynamo |
9.10. | Laptops and e-books |
9.10. | Industrial, healthcare and other non-consumer markets total value millions of dollars |
9.11. | Consumer market number by sector |
9.11. | Mobile phones |
9.12. | Other portable consumer electronics~ |
9.12. | Consumer market total value by sector |
9.13. | Consumer market value by technology 2019 |
9.13. | Wireless sensor mesh networks |
9.14. | Other Industrial^ |
9.14. | Other market value by technology 2019 |
9.15. | Total market value by technology 2019 |
9.15. | Military and aerospace+ excluding WSN |
9.16. | Healthcare# |
9.16. | IDTechEx estimate of the value share of technologies in the global energy harvesting market in 2019 |
9.17. | Meter reading nodes number million 2009-2019 |
9.17. | Other+ |
9.18. | Consumer vs other market value by technology 2019 |
9.18. | Meter reading nodes unit value dollars 2009-2019 |
9.19. | Meter reading nodes total value dollars 2009-2019 |
9.19. | Consumer market value in $ million by application and technology 2019 |
9.20. | Other market in $ million by application and technology in 2019 |
9.20. | Other nodes number million 2009-2019 |
9.21. | Other nodes unit value dollars 2009-2019 |
9.21. | IDTechEx forecast of market % value share of total photovoltaic market by technology excluding conventional crystalline silicon |
9.22. | Timeline for widespread deployment of energy harvesting |
9.22. | Other nodes total value dollars 2009-2019 |
9.23. | Total node value billion dollars 2009-2019 |
9.23. | Division of value sales between the technologies in 2019 |
9.24. | Percentage value share of the global market for energy harvesting across large areas such as vehicles and railway stations (eg regenerative braking, shock absorbers, exhaust heat) in 2019 |
9.24. | WSN systems and software excluding nodes billion dollars 2009-2019 |
9.25. | Total WSN market million dollars 2009-2019 |
9.25. | IDTechEx Wireless Sensor Networks WSN Forecast 2009-2019 with Real Time Locating Systems RTLS for comparison |
9.26. | WSN and ZigBee node numbers million 2009, 2019, 2029 and market drivers |
9.26. | WSN and ZigBee node numbers million 2009, 2019, 2029 |
9.27. | Average number of nodes per system 2009, 2019, 2029 |
9.27. | Average number of nodes per system 2009, 2019, 2029 |
9.28. | Number of systems |
9.28. | Number of systems 2009, 2019, 2029 |
9.29. | WSN node price dollars 2009, 2019, 2029 |
9.29. | WSN node price dollars 2009, 2019, 2029 and cost reduction factors |
9.30. | WSN node total value $ million 2009, 2019, 2029 |
9.30. | WSN node total value $ million 2009, 2019, 2029 |
9.31. | WSN systems and software excluding nodes $ million 2009, 2019, 2029 |
9.31. | WSN systems and software excluding nodes $ million 2009, 2019, 2029 |
9.32. | Total WSN market value $ million 2009, 2019, 2029 |
9.32. | Total WSN market value $ million 2009, 2019, 2029 |
9.33. | Global bicycle and car production millions |
APPENDIX 1: IDTECHEX PUBLICATIONS AND CONSULTANCY | |
APPENDIX 2: WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS | |
APPENDIX 3: PERMANENT POWER FOR WIRELESS SENSORS - WHITE PAPER FROM CYMBET | |
TABLES | |
FIGURES |
Pages | 333 |
---|---|
Tables | 57 |
Figures | 152 |
Companies | 200 |
Forecasts to | 2019 |