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| 1. | EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS |
| 1.1. | Purpose of this report |
| 1.2. | Primary conclusions: market and technology dynamics |
| 1.2.1. | Market |
| 1.3. | Primary conclusions: technology specifics |
| 1.4. | Primary conclusions: Emerging industries |
| 1.4.1. | Internet of Things and LPWAN potential |
| 1.4.2. | Healthcare |
| 1.4.3. | Military, industrial, automotive and aerospace |
| 1.5. | Multimode harvesting, no battery |
| 1.6. | Device power harvested and needed in device use with examples |
| 1.7. | Power range needed |
| 1.8. | Energy harvesting options to power electronic devices |
| 1.9. | Most promising future applications by preferred technology |
| 1.10. | Energy harvesting for electronics forecasts |
| 1.10.1. | Summary and roadmap 2020-2040 |
| 1.10.2. | Photovoltaic energy harvesting for electronics: units, unit price, market value 2020-2040 |
| 1.10.3. | Thermoelectric energy harvesting for electronics: units, unit price, market value 2020-2040 |
| 1.10.4. | Piezoelectric energy harvesting for electronics: market units, unit price, market value 2020-2040 |
| 1.10.5. | Triboelectric transducer and self-powered sensors 2020-2040 $ million |
| 1.10.6. | Electrodynamic energy harvesting for electronics: units, unit price, market value 2020-2040 |
| 1.10.7. | Forecast for pico products (flashlights, lanterns etc) with integral harvesting |
| 1.11. | Addressable end uses for energy harvesting for electronics |
| 1.11.1. | Wearable technology |
| 1.11.2. | Augmented reality AR / virtual reality VR |
| 1.11.3. | Cardiac monitoring skin patches |
| 1.11.4. | Skin patches for continuous diabetes management |
| 1.11.5. | Medical motion sensing patches |
| 1.11.6. | Haptics |
| 1.11.7. | Mobile phones |
| 1.11.8. | Battery assisted and active RFID |
| 1.11.9. | Low power WAN connections 2020-2030 |
| 1.12. | Li-ion battery demand, GWh 2020-2030 and price trend |
| 2. | NEW MARKET TRENDS |
| 2.1. | Overview |
| 2.2. | Features of energy harvesting for electronic devices |
| 2.3. | Energy harvesting system design |
| 2.4. | Picogrids |
| 2.5. | Pico products |
| 2.6. | Power offered: technology choices for harvesting |
| 2.7. | Move to flexible and multi-mode harvesters |
| 2.8. | Trend to flexible energy harvesting and sensing |
| 2.9. | Energy harvesting of motion: transducer options compared |
| 2.9.1. | Vibration harvesting |
| 2.9.2. | Harvesting for wearables and mobile phones |
| 2.9.3. | Hug opportunities in IoT, LPWAN and allied areas |
| 2.9.4. | EH developers should talk to these 21 LPWAN silicon manufacturers |
| 2.9.5. | EH developers should talk to these 17 WPAN module and chipset makers |
| 3. | EMERGING PHOTOVOLTAIC TECHNOLOGY FOR ELECTRONICS |
| 3.1. | Examples of photovoltaics in electronic devices |
| 3.2. | PV mechanisms: status, benefits, challenges, market potential compared |
| 3.3. | Wafer vs thin film photovoltaics 2020-2040 |
| 3.4. | Photovoltaic trends and priorities 2020-2040 |
| 3.5. | Single crystal scSi vs polycrystal pSi |
| 3.6. | Amorphous silicon dead end |
| 3.7. | Thin film more efficient than rigid silicon 2030-2040? |
| 3.8. | Important PV options beyond silicon compared |
| 3.9. | Production readiness of Si alternatives for mainstream electronics |
| 3.10. | Best research-cell efficiencies 1975-2020 |
| 3.11. | Photovoltaic wild cards: 2D semiconductors, quantum dots, rectenna arrays |
| 4. | TRIBOELECTRIC HARVESTING TECHNOLOGY FOR ELECTRONICS |
| 4.1. | Overview |
| 4.2. | Basics |
| 4.3. | Targeted applications |
| 4.3.1. | Performance available matched to potential applications |
| 4.3.2. | Some targeted medical applications |
| 4.3.3. | Battery free electronics: toys, biosensors, wearables |
| 4.3.4. | Transparent, stretchable: an example |
| 4.3.5. | Wind, river or tidal generation for electronic devices |
| 4.4. | Triboelectric dielectric series |
| 4.5. | Materials opportunities |
| 4.6. | Work combining TENG with other harvesting |
| 5. | THERMOELECTRIC AND PYROELECTRIC HARVESTING FOR ELECTRONICS |
| 5.1. | Basics |
| 5.1.1. | Thermoelectric generator design considerations |
| 5.1.2. | Thermoelectric harvester improvement 2020-2040 |
| 5.1.3. | TEG layouts and materials |
| 5.1.4. | TEG material choices and improvement roadmap |
| 5.1.5. | Thin film thermoelectric generators |
| 5.1.6. | TEG materials, processing and designs compared |
| 5.2. | SOFT report on TE for electronics |
| 5.3. | Examples of commercial and imminent applications |
| 5.4. | Gentherm Global Power Technologies |
| 5.5. | Marlow Industries |
| 5.6. | Best in class: Matrix Industries |
| 5.7. | Building & home automation: EnOcean |
| 5.8. | KCF Technologies |
| 5.9. | Automotive and IoT |
| 5.10. | PowerPot™ Biolite ™ and Spark ™ charging personal electronics |
| 5.11. | Other industrial, military |
| 5.12. | Collaborations, mergers and exits |
| 5.13. | Impactful new research |
| 5.13.1. | Thermoelectric power generation at room temperature |
| 5.13.2. | First stretchable thermoelectrics |
| 5.13.3. | TEG power boost by mechanical shuttling |
| 5.14. | Pyroelectric underwhelms |
| 5.15. | Report January 2021 - Energy harvesting made possible with skin temperature |
| 6. | ELECTRODYNAMIC |
| 6.1. | Basics |
| 6.2. | EnOcean GmbH and EnOcean Alliance |
| 6.3. | Seiko Kinetic electrodynamically harvesting watch |
| 6.4. | Kinetron |
| 6.5. | Kinetron micro turbines |
| 6.6. | Harnessing linear movement |
| 6.7. | Human movement harvesting |
| 6.8. | Crank charged consumer electronics |
| 6.9. | Travellers use wind, water |
| 6.10. | 6D movement harvesting |
| 6.11. | Witt Energy |
| 7. | PIEZOELECTRIC |
| 7.1. | Basics |
| 7.2. | Piezo harvester application by mode |
| 7.3. | Manufacture: Typical processes |
| 7.4. | Printed and flexible piezoelectric harvesters |
| 7.5. | Gallium phosphate |
| 7.6. | Collagen piezoelectric for disposables, implants, wearables |
| 7.7. | MEMS |
| 7.8. | Examples of MEMS harvesting |
| 7.9. | Piezoelectric switches |
| 7.10. | Applications and research |
| 7.11. | Piezo harvesters for the human body |
| 7.12. | Conformal piezoelectric harvesting for implants |
| 7.13. | Inner ear |
| 7.14. | Wrist health monitor |
| 7.15. | Patient behaviour monitoring |
| 7.16. | Automotive and aerospace |
| 7.17. | Algra |
| 8. | MAN-MADE AMBIENT ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION, OTHER |
| 8.1. | Electromagnetic radiation made for other purposes |
| 8.2. | Power cable magnetic field |
| 8.3. | Cellular transmissions |
| 8.4. | Terahertz radiation |
| 8.5. | Microbial fuel cells and other options |
| Slides | 221 |
|---|---|
| Forecasts to | 2040 |