| 1. | EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS |
| 1.1. | Graphene: Analyst Viewpoint |
| 1.2. | Graphene - Introduction |
| 1.3. | Advanced carbon overview |
| 1.4. | Understanding the different grades of graphene |
| 1.5. | Understanding the different grades of graphene |
| 1.6. | Does anyone mass produce true graphene? |
| 1.7. | Not all graphenes are equal |
| 1.8. | What is the next generation of graphene? |
| 1.9. | The hype curve of the graphene industry |
| 1.10. | Advanced carbon market entry from major graphite/CB players |
| 1.11. | Intellectual Property (IP) |
| 1.12. | Regulatory landscape & standardisation |
| 1.13. | Comparison of business models |
| 1.14. | Supply chain for GNP/rGO enabled polymer product |
| 1.15. | Market leaders emerge |
| 1.16. | Case study of a key GNP player: NanoXplore |
| 1.17. | Profit does not always follow revenue |
| 1.18. | Legacy players struggle and consolidation begins |
| 1.19. | Profitable graphene companies |
| 1.20. | Graphite players see opportunity in graphene |
| 1.21. | Graphene platelet-type: global production capacity |
| 1.22. | The importance of intermediates |
| 1.23. | Is graphene green? |
| 1.24. | Graphene prices by suppliers |
| 1.25. | Is there a commoditization risk for graphene? |
| 1.26. | Overview of Graphene Manufacturers |
| 1.27. | Main graphene oxide manufacturers |
| 1.28. | Main Chinese manufacturers |
| 1.29. | Graphene in China |
| 1.30. | Learning from the capacity progression of MWCNTs |
| 1.31. | CVD graphene manufacturers |
| 1.32. | Expanding graphene wafer capacity and adoption |
| 1.33. | Application Overview - GNP and rGO |
| 1.34. | Competitive Landscape - Application |
| 1.35. | Market readiness levels of graphene applications |
| 1.36. | Market breakdown by revenue and volume |
| 1.37. | Commercial indicators of the inflection point |
| 1.38. | Nanoinformatics - Accelerating R&D |
| 1.39. | 2D materials beyond graphene: A growing family |
| 1.40. | Company Profiles - 95 |
| 1.41. | Access more with an IDTechEx subscription |
| 2. | FORECASTS |
| 2.1. | Forecast methodology and assumptions |
| 2.2. | Granular ten-year graphene market forecast segmented by 18 application areas |
| 2.3. | Granular ten-year graphene market forecast segmented by 18 application areas |
| 2.4. | Ten-year forecast for graphene demand (volume) |
| 2.5. | Ten-year forecast for graphene demand (volume) |
| 2.6. | Progression of the graphene market |
| 2.7. | Ten-year forecast for graphene platelet vs sheets |
| 2.8. | CNT market forecast comparison |
| 3. | OTHER NANOCARBON MATERIALS |
| 3.1. | Advanced carbon overview |
| 3.2. | Carbon black - Market overview |
| 3.3. | Specialty carbon black - Market overview |
| 3.4. | Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) - Overview |
| 3.5. | Progression and outlook for MWCNT capacity |
| 3.6. | CNT Market Outlook |
| 3.7. | Monolayer amorphous carbon (MAC) |
| 3.8. | Graphite |
| 3.9. | Carbon Fiber - Market overview |
| 3.10. | Carbon black |
| 3.11. | Activated carbon |
| 3.12. | Material competition with graphene |
| 4. | GRAPHENE PRODUCTION |
| 4.1. | Overview of graphene manufacturing methods |
| 4.2. | Quality and consistency issues |
| 4.3. | Expanded graphite |
| 4.4. | Reduced graphene oxide (rGO) |
| 4.5. | Oxidising graphite: processes and characteristics |
| 4.6. | Reducing graphene oxide: different methods |
| 4.7. | Direct liquid phase exfoliation: process and characteristics |
| 4.8. | Direct liquid phase exfoliation under shear force |
| 4.9. | Electrochemical exfoliation |
| 4.10. | Dry exfoliation |
| 4.11. | Properties of electrochemical exfoliated graphene |
| 4.12. | Plasma exfoliation |
| 4.13. | Increasing number of plasma processes |
| 4.14. | Substrate-less chemical vapour deposition (CVD) |
| 4.15. | Substrate-less CVD: growth of flower like graphene |
| 4.16. | Producing graphene as an electronic substrate or material |
| 4.17. | Chemical Vapour Deposition (CVD) Graphene |
| 4.18. | Growth process of CVD graphene |
| 4.19. | The key role of oxygen in CVD graphene growth |
| 4.20. | CVD graphene: cm scale grain domains possible |
| 4.21. | Roll to roll (R2R) growth of CVD graphene film |
| 4.22. | The transfer challenge for CVD graphene |
| 4.23. | R2R transfer of CVD graphene |
| 4.24. | Using R2R joule heating to enable CVD growth |
| 4.25. | Epitaxial Graphene: High performance & high cost |
| 4.26. | Graphene from SiC |
| 4.27. | Metal on silicon CVD |
| 4.28. | CVD graphene progress |
| 4.29. | CVD Graphene - Grolltex |
| 4.30. | CVD Graphene - Paragraf |
| 4.31. | Captured CO2 as a feedstock for advanced nanocarbons |
| 4.32. | Graphene from hydrogen production |
| 4.33. | Regulations & IP |
| 4.34. | The need for standardisation |
| 4.35. | ISO standards |
| 4.36. | Comments on the ISO standards |
| 4.37. | Global regulatory bodies for nanomaterials |
| 4.38. | The process of filing a nanomaterial patent |
| 4.39. | Considerations for IP protection |
| 5. | ENERGY STORAGE: BATTERIES |
| 5.1. | Energy storage: Graphene overview |
| 5.2. | Introduction to graphene batteries |
| 5.3. | Graphene-enabled energy storage devices: Overview |
| 5.4. | Booming energy storage market |
| 5.5. | Types of lithium battery |
| 5.6. | Li-ion performance and technology timeline |
| 5.7. | Cell energy density trend |
| 5.8. | Li-ion cathode benchmark |
| 5.9. | Performance comparison by popular cathode materials |
| 5.10. | Cathode market share for Li-ion in EVs |
| 5.11. | Future cathode prospects |
| 5.12. | Main Graphene Players - Energy Storage |
| 5.13. | Graphene used in tandem with carbon black |
| 5.14. | LFP cathode improvement using graphene coatings |
| 5.15. | Graphene in LFP batteries |
| 5.16. | Graphene in NCM batteries |
| 5.17. | Graphene in LTO batteries |
| 5.18. | Value proposition of high silicon content anodes |
| 5.19. | Cell energy density increases with silicon content |
| 5.20. | Silicon anode value chain |
| 5.21. | Material opportunities from silicon anodes |
| 5.22. | Silicon anodes |
| 5.23. | Silicon anodes 2 |
| 5.24. | Commercial advancements - silicon anode |
| 5.25. | Electrolytes and current collectors |
| 5.26. | Fast charging lithium-ion batteries |
| 5.27. | Overview of lithium sulphur batteries |
| 5.28. | Lithium sulphur battery chemistry |
| 5.29. | Graphene in Li sulphur batteries |
| 5.30. | Lithium-sulphur key player - Lyten |
| 5.31. | Hybrid graphene/CNTs in batteries |
| 5.32. | Graphene-enabled lead acid battery |
| 5.33. | Aluminum-ion batteries |
| 5.34. | Aluminum-ion batteries (2) |
| 5.35. | Conclusions: graphene in batteries |
| 6. | ENERGY STORAGE: SUPERCAPACITORS |
| 6.1. | Energy storage priorities |
| 6.2. | Supercapacitor fundamentals |
| 6.3. | Supercapacitors vs batteries |
| 6.4. | Supercapacitor technologies |
| 6.5. | Competition from other nanocarbons |
| 6.6. | Challenges with utilising graphene |
| 6.7. | Nanocarbon supercapacitors players |
| 6.8. | Graphene supercapacitor Ragone plots |
| 6.9. | Promising results on GO supercapacitors |
| 6.10. | Key Player: Skeleton Technologies |
| 6.11. | Key Player: Skeleton Technologies |
| 6.12. | Skeleton Technologies - Supercapacitor Battery Hybrid |
| 6.13. | Applications for graphene supercapacitors |
| 6.14. | Academic research uses graphene hydrogels and aerogels |
| 6.15. | Structural supercapacitors |
| 6.16. | Conclusions: graphene in supercapacitors |
| 7. | THERMAL MANAGEMENT |
| 7.1. | Introduction to Thermal Interface Materials (TIM) |
| 7.2. | Carbon-based TIMs Overview |
| 7.3. | Overview of Thermal Conductivity By Filler |
| 7.4. | Graphite Pastes |
| 7.5. | Achieving through-plane alignment |
| 7.6. | Thermal Management: Smartphones |
| 7.7. | Graphene cooling continues in smartphones |
| 7.8. | Graphene cooling for computers |
| 7.9. | Thermal management applications |
| 7.10. | Graphene heat spreaders: commercial success |
| 7.11. | Graphene heat spreaders: performance |
| 7.12. | Graphene heat spreaders: increasing suppliers |
| 7.13. | Graphene as additives to thermal interface pads |
| 7.14. | Graphene: heat conductivity boosters |
| 7.15. | Nanofluidic coolant |
| 7.16. | Challenges with VACNT as TIM |
| 8. | POLYMER ADDITIVE |
| 8.1. | Overview of graphene as a composite additive |
| 8.2. | Mechanical |
| 8.3. | Evidence for mechanical property improvement |
| 8.4. | Evidence for mechanical property improvement (2) |
| 8.5. | Elastic modulus of a composite is not straightforward |
| 8.6. | Factors to consider for optimal reinforcement by graphene |
| 8.7. | Results showing Young's Modulus enhancement using graphene |
| 8.8. | Commercial results on permeation graphene improvement |
| 8.9. | Permeation improvement |
| 8.10. | Graphene providing enhanced fire retardancy |
| 8.11. | Conductive |
| 8.12. | Graphene platelet-based conductors: polymer composites |
| 8.13. | Thermal conductivity improvement using graphene |
| 8.14. | Electrical conductivity improvement using graphene |
| 8.15. | EMI shielding: graphene additives |
| 8.16. | Commercial applications |
| 8.17. | Key adoption examples - sports & leisure |
| 8.18. | Key adoption examples - automotive |
| 8.19. | Graphene in automotive panels |
| 8.20. | Leading graphene suppliers to automotive |
| 8.21. | Key adoption examples - industrial pipelines |
| 8.22. | Mechanical Polymer: Adoption Examples - Packaging |
| 8.23. | Mechanical Polymer: Adoption Examples - Elastomers |
| 8.24. | Graphene-enhanced conductive 3D printing filaments |
| 8.25. | Intermediate players |
| 8.26. | Product Launches - Composites |
| 9. | FIBER REINFORCED POLYMER (FRP) ADDITIVE |
| 9.1. | Role of nanocarbon in polymer composites |
| 9.2. | Routes to incorporating nanocarbon material into composites |
| 9.3. | Routes to electrically conductive composites |
| 9.4. | Technology adoption for electrostatic discharge of composites |
| 9.5. | Graphene for enhanced electrical conductivity |
| 9.6. | Thermally conductive composites |
| 9.7. | Electrothermal de-icing - Nanocarbon patents |
| 9.8. | Electrothermal de-icing - Graphene research |
| 9.9. | Embedded sensors for structural health monitoring of composites |
| 9.10. | Types of embedded sensors for structural health monitoring |
| 9.11. | Nanocarbon sensors for embedded SHM |
| 10. | CONCRETE & ASPHALT |
| 10.1. | Graphene in concrete & asphalt: Overview |
| 10.2. | Nanocarbons in concrete and asphalt |
| 10.3. | Graphene in concrete & asphalt: Research and demonstrations |
| 10.4. | Conditions for graphene concrete to succeed |
| 10.5. | Increasing commercial activity for graphene in concrete |
| 10.6. | Versarien - Graphene concrete |
| 10.7. | 3D printed concrete |
| 10.8. | Lower-carbon concrete: Combining Micronized Limestone and Graphene |
| 10.9. | 2D Nano - Graphene concrete |
| 10.10. | Concretene raises funds |
| 10.11. | Asphalt |
| 10.12. | Outlook for nanocarbon materials in concrete & asphalt |
| 11. | GRAPHENE CONDUCTIVE INKS |
| 11.1. | Graphene platelet/powder-based conductors: conductive inks |
| 11.2. | Applications of conductive graphene inks |
| 11.3. | Results of resistive heating using graphene inks |
| 11.4. | Heating applications |
| 11.5. | Uniform and stable heating |
| 11.6. | Flexible heaters for automotive applications |
| 11.7. | Results of de-frosting using graphene inks |
| 11.8. | Transparent EMI shielding |
| 11.9. | Graphene inks can be highly opaque |
| 11.10. | RFID types and characteristics |
| 11.11. | Graphene RFID tags |
| 12. | SENSORS |
| 12.1. | Industry examples of graphene-based sensors |
| 12.2. | Gas sensors - Overview |
| 12.3. | Graphene Sensors - Gas Sensors |
| 12.4. | Graphene Sensors - Gas Sensors (2) |
| 12.5. | Graphene sensor for food safety monitoring |
| 12.6. | Biosensor - electrochemical transducer overview |
| 12.7. | Graphene-based BioFET |
| 12.8. | Graphene Sensors - Biosensors |
| 12.9. | Biosensors using graphene |
| 12.10. | Graphene Sensors - COVID-19 |
| 12.11. | Graphene-based brain-computer interfaces |
| 12.12. | Graphene quantum dots |
| 12.13. | Hall-effect sensor |
| 12.14. | Graphene's optical properties |
| 12.15. | Fast graphene photosensor |
| 12.16. | Commercial example of graphene-enabled photodetector |
| 12.17. | Emberion: QD-Graphene-Si broadrange SWIR sensor |
| 12.18. | Emerging role in silicon photonics |
| 12.19. | Emerging graphene photonic companies |
| 12.20. | Academic research: Twisted bilayer graphene sensitive to longer wavelength IR light |
| 12.21. | QD-on-CMOS with graphene interlayer |
| 12.22. | Graphene humidity sensor |
| 12.23. | Optical brain sensors using graphene |
| 12.24. | Graphene skin electrodes |
| 13. | TRANSPARENT CONDUCTIVE FILMS |
| 13.1. | Different Transparent Conductive Films (TCFs) |
| 13.2. | Transparent conducting films (TCFs) |
| 13.3. | ITO film assessment: performance, manufacture and market trends |
| 13.4. | ITO film shortcomings |
| 13.5. | Indium's single supply risk: Real or exaggerated? |
| 13.6. | Graphene performance as TCF |
| 13.7. | Doping as a strategy for improving graphene TCF performance |
| 13.8. | Extraordinary results for graphene may not be repeatable |
| 13.9. | Graphene transparent conducting films: thinness and barrier layers |
| 13.10. | Hybrid materials: Properties |
| 13.11. | Hybrid materials: Chasm |
| 14. | GRAPHENE TRANSISTORS |
| 14.1. | Introduction to transistors |
| 14.2. | Transfer characteristics |
| 14.3. | Output characteristics |
| 14.4. | Why graphene transistors? |
| 14.5. | First graphene FET with top gate (CMOS)- 2007 |
| 14.6. | High performance top gate FET |
| 14.7. | Graphene FET with bandgap |
| 14.8. | Opening a bandgap: e-field induced bandgap bilayer graphene |
| 14.9. | Can graphene FETs make it as an analogue high frequency device? |
| 14.10. | Graphene transistor conclusions |
| 15. | MEMBRANES |
| 15.1. | Introduction to membranes |
| 15.2. | Stacked Graphene Oxide |
| 15.3. | Applications in paper/pulp industry |
| 15.4. | Lockheed Martin graphene membrane |
| 15.5. | Printed GO membranes |
| 15.6. | PFAS removal |
| 15.7. | Lithium extraction |
| 15.8. | Emulsion separation |
| 15.9. | Membrane players |
| 15.10. | Filtration - Commercial launches |
| 15.11. | Research for water filtration |
| 15.12. | Separating tritium from wastewater |
| 15.13. | Sensors |
| 15.14. | Electronics |
| 15.15. | Fuel cells |
| 16. | OTHER APPLICATIONS |
| 16.1. | Graphene textiles |
| 16.2. | Graphene textile uptake |
| 16.3. | Applications for graphene coated fibers |
| 16.4. | Thermal insulation for residential applications |
| 16.5. | Headphones |
| 16.6. | Commercially available headsets |
| 16.7. | Lubricants |
| 16.8. | Engine oil |
| 16.9. | Copper nanocomposites - introduction |
| 16.10. | Production of copper nanocomposites |
| 16.11. | Graphene platelet-based conductors: metal composites |
| 16.12. | Metal additive manufacturing |
| 16.13. | Hot extrusion nanoalloy |
| 16.14. | Multilayer copper nanocomposites |
| 16.15. | Ceramic composite developments |
| 16.16. | Graphene as additive in tires |
| 16.17. | Examples of graphene-enhanced tires |
| 16.18. | Michelin quantifying nanoparticle release |
| 16.19. | Anti-corrosion coating |
| 16.20. | Petronas - anti corrosion coating |
| 16.21. | Anti-corrosion coatings - Marine applications |
| 16.22. | Other coatings |
| 16.23. | Graphene UV shielding coatings |
| 16.24. | Product Launches - Coatings |
| 16.25. | Lubricant |
| 16.26. | Antimicrobial: graphene research |
| 16.27. | Antimicrobial: graphene applications |
| 16.28. | Graphene-reinforced ballistic shields |
| 16.29. | Radar absorbing technology |
| 17. | 2D MATERIALS BEYOND GRAPHENE |
| 17.1. | 2D materials beyond graphene: A growing family! |
| 17.2. | Computation suggests thousands available |
| 17.3. | "Atomic lego" - the future of material science? |
| 17.4. | 2D materials beyond graphene: A growing family |
| 17.5. | A range of 2D materials exist with bandgaps |
| 17.6. | Nano Boron Nitride |
| 17.7. | Introduction to Nano Boron Nitride |
| 17.8. | BNNT players and prices |
| 17.9. | BNNT property variation |
| 17.10. | BN nanostructures in thermal interface materials |
| 17.11. | Removal of PFAS from water using BNNTs |
| 17.12. | BN vs C nanostructures: Manufacturing routes |
| 17.13. | BNNS - Manufacturing status |
| 17.14. | BNNS - Research advancements |
| 17.15. | Transition Metal Dichalcogenides |
| 17.16. | TMD Overview |
| 17.17. | TMD - Novel manufacturing method for MoS2 |
| 17.18. | MoS2: Change in band structure from bulk to 2D |
| 17.19. | MoS2 top gate FET |
| 17.20. | Wafer scale uniform TMD growth |
| 17.21. | Progress to 300mm wafers |
| 17.22. | TMDs: Major players |
| 17.23. | MoS2 membranes |
| 17.24. | MXenes |
| 17.25. | MXenes: A rapidly emerging class |
| 17.26. | MXenes - Application opportunities |
| 17.27. | MXenes - Academic research |
| 17.28. | MXenes - Academic research (2) |
| 17.29. | Phosphorene |
| 17.30. | Phosphorene |
| 17.31. | Phosphorene - Manufacturing |
| 17.32. | Phosphorene - Manufacturing (2) |
| 17.33. | Phosphorene - Biomedical applications |
| 17.34. | Other 2D Materials |
| 17.35. | Other 2D materials |
| 17.36. | Goldene |
| 17.37. | 2.5D Materials |
| 17.38. | Materials SWOT comparison |
| 18. | COMPANY PROFILES |
| 18.1. | Abalonyx |
| 18.2. | Advanced Material Development |
| 18.3. | Aixtron |
| 18.4. | Alpha Assembly Solutions |
| 18.5. | American Boronite Corporation |
| 18.6. | Applied Graphene Materials |
| 18.7. | Applied Nanolayers |
| 18.8. | Atomic Mechanics |
| 18.9. | Avadain Graphene |
| 18.10. | Avanzare |
| 18.11. | Aztrong |
| 18.12. | Bedimensional |
| 18.13. | BESTGRAPHENE |
| 18.14. | Bio Graphene Solutions |
| 18.15. | Black Semiconductor |
| 18.16. | Black Swan Graphene |
| 18.17. | BNNano |
| 18.18. | BNNT Technology Limited |
| 18.19. | C's Techno |
| 18.20. | Ceylon Graphene Technologies |
| 18.21. | Charmgraphene |
| 18.22. | Cnano |
| 18.23. | CNM Technologies |
| 18.24. | Colloids |
| 18.25. | Directa Plus |
| 18.26. | Epic Advanced Materials |
| 18.27. | First Graphene |
| 18.28. | G6 Materials |
| 18.29. | Garmor |
| 18.30. | General Graphene Corp |
| 18.31. | Gerdau Graphene |
| 18.32. | Global Graphene Group |
| 18.33. | Global Graphene Group (G3) |
| 18.34. | GNext |
| 18.35. | Grapheal |
| 18.36. | Graphenano Group |
| 18.37. | Graphene Composites |
| 18.38. | Graphene Manufacturing Group |
| 18.39. | Graphenea |
| 18.40. | GrapheneCA |
| 18.41. | GrapheneLab Co |
| 18.42. | GrapheneUp |
| 18.43. | Graphmatech |
| 18.44. | Grolltex |
| 18.45. | Haike |
| 18.46. | Hubron |
| 18.47. | HydroGraph |
| 18.48. | Incubation Alliance |
| 18.49. | Integrated Graphene |
| 18.50. | KB Element |
| 18.51. | Knano |
| 18.52. | Laminar |
| 18.53. | LayerOne |
| 18.54. | Leadernano |
| 18.55. | Levidian |
| 18.56. | Lyten |
| 18.57. | MITO Material Solutions |
| 18.58. | Molymem |
| 18.59. | NanoCrete |
| 18.60. | NanoXplore |
| 18.61. | Nanum Nanotechnology |
| 18.62. | NASA Glenn Research Center |
| 18.63. | NematiQ |
| 18.64. | Nemo Nanomaterials |
| 18.65. | NeoGraf |
| 18.66. | Ningbo Morsh |
| 18.67. | Nova Graphene |
| 18.68. | Paragraf |
| 18.69. | Perpetuus Advanced Materials |
| 18.70. | Qingdao SCF Nanotech |
| 18.71. | Qurv |
| 18.72. | Raymor Industries |
| 18.73. | Real Graphene |
| 18.74. | Sixonia |
| 18.75. | Smart High Tech |
| 18.76. | Standard Graphene |
| 18.77. | Super C Technologies |
| 18.78. | SuperC |
| 18.79. | Talga Resources |
| 18.80. | The Graphene Corporation |
| 18.81. | The Sixth Element |
| 18.82. | Thomas Swan |
| 18.83. | Toraphene |
| 18.84. | True 2 Materials |
| 18.85. | Tungshu (Dongxu Optoelectronic Technology) |
| 18.86. | Turquoise Group |
| 18.87. | Universal Matter |
| 18.88. | Versarien |
| 18.89. | Vorbeck |
| 18.90. | Watercycle Technologies |
| 18.91. | William Blythe |
| 18.92. | XG Sciences |
| 18.93. | Xiamen Knano |
| 18.94. | Zentek |