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Graphene Market & 2D Materials Assessment 2021-2031
Granular ten-year graphene market forecasts for 18 key application areas, data-driven application assessment, benchmarking studies. 150+ companies interviewed, full profiles for 55+ key players included, research on graphene for over 10 years.
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This report offers a detailed analysis of the technological and commercial progress, as well as prospects, of graphene and other 2D materials
Why use IDTechEx for research on graphene and other nanomaterials?
This report is the result of many years of ongoing research. We launched the first version of our report on CNTs and graphene in 2011 and 2012, respectively, and have been tracking the industries ever since. In addition to the initial research, we have organized business-focused events on this topic ourselves in Europe and USA; we have also attended and/or lectured at multiple relevant non-IDTechEx conferences in Asia, Europe and USA; we have interviewed more than 140 players worldwide; we have delivered masterclasses to business leaders; and we have completed major consulting custom projects. All this gives us an excellent and unrivalled insight into these industries.
Another unique point of strength for us is that we have extensive in-depth coverage of the end-use markets for these materials. In fact, we have a series of independent reports on such topics including energy storage, composites, conductive inks, flexible electronics, and more. This expertise on the end-use markets enables us to better understand the landscape in which these materials compete.
Graphene: Finally moving out of the lab and into the market?
Graphene materials are progressing through their own hype curve. The commercialization has been making steady progress and IDTechEx expect the graphene market to significantly grow over the next decade.
Nanoplatelets are the closest to commercial success, with many market drivers and factors:
- Increasing industry experience: in the early days graphene was oversold as a wonder material or a magic dust that would overnight revolutionize just about every industry. Naturally, with time, realism has set in. Today, graphene platelets are increasingly, and rightly, viewed as part of the expansive continuum of carbon additive materials.
Furthermore, the market now realizes that there are many graphene materials and not all are equal. Although there is some progression towards standardisation and safety legislation/qualification. Nevertheless, the end-users now accept that the winning materials cannot be determined a priori as final application-level results are influenced by many parameters such as graphene morphology and formulation/compounding techniques and conditions.
- Increasing availability: graphene has diverse useful properties and as a result a diverse application pipeline. Most target applications however are volume markets. Therefore, suppliers have had to take the risk to invest in sizable production in the face of small and uncertain demand. This has been inevitable because otherwise suppliers could never progress past the phase of prototyping or performance demonstration. This process (of installing capacity) has made such significant progress worldwide and that availability, in the medium term, is not a major industry concern.
Interestingly, and as is now familiar in many industries, China has become the significant territory in terms of nominal production capacity. Its rise to prominence has also made direct liquid phase exfoliation the leading process by share of production capacity.
- Increasing affordability: similar to CNTs, graphene powders and platelets are largely a substitute material providing an iterative improvement over carbon black, graphite or other additives. As such, it must compete on price as well as performance with incumbent solutions. As a new specialty material, graphene suffered from high and divergent (by orders of magnitude) prices and pricing strategies.
This has changed. Graphene platelet prices have fallen and are beginning to converge, for now. The prices will however not settle around a single point, reflecting the diversity of graphene types and giving it a speciality chemical character. Furthermore, suppliers will be reluctant to further cut costs out of fear of premature commoditization, although the continuation of this trend has an air of inevitability to it. In the long term, IDTechEx anticipates significant consolidation in the number graphene manufacturers over the next decade.
- Increasing revenue and volume sales progress: our data suggests that income at the graphene company level has been rising steadily since 2013. This rise, which is reflected largely across the board, will continue at similar rates until 2021/22 around which time our model suggests an inflection point will occur, putting the market into its rapid volume growth phase.
- This rise in revenue however has not always been accompanied with increasing profit. In fact, the opposite is often true in that losses have grown in line with revenues. Indeed, the industry, as a whole, is still loss making despite the existence of several profitable companies.
This is no surprise, but is likely to soon change. Experience has demonstrated that new materials take years, if not decades, to commercialize. Graphene is also no exception therefore this behaviour is in our view a natural part of growth process of the industry.
- Key market drivers include the necessity for improved thermal management, sustainability (with the role for graphene enabling use of recycled polymers, energy storage systems, and even concrete), lightweighting & product lifetime, and more.
The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic has been felt by the graphene industry in delaying scale-ups, development trials, and general operations. This may be irreversibly consequential for some, but for many it will just delay the commercial success.
Graphene Market and 2D Materials Assessment 2021-2031. We forecast that the market will grow from <$100m in 2020 to reach $700m by 2031. Since graphene is still largely an additive material, this means that we will find graphene, of different types, in numerous volume applications in the years to come. True success will be when graphene inclusion isn't the headline news but rather a largely unmentioned inclusion for economic reasons given the value added properties This success, it is worth remembering, will not have come overnight but will have been the results of almost two decades of steadfast global research and commercialization efforts.
Graphene films and wafers have had a very different history and outlook. Given the obvious potential, certain key applications were initially targeted including transistor and TCFs, however the lack of band gap and high-performance incumbent materials coupled with manufacturing challenges has led to an inevitable realisation of limitations. However, with manufacturing improvements and further developments, commercial successes are being observed mostly for sensors and optoelectronic applications. Expansions are being observed and the next 10-years looks very promising for certain key end-user markets.
Non-graphene 2D materials?
Beyond graphene there is an emerging family of 2D materials, each with unique properties and potential across a range of commercial applications. Nearly all are at a very early stage of development; IDTechEx provides a detailed assessment and outlook with a specific focus on boron nitride, transition metal dichalcogenides, MXenes, and Xenes. Key technical progressions, prospective market applications, profiles of early-stage commercial companies, and detailed insights are all included within the report.
What about other nanocarbons?
Graphene is not the first nanocarbon or indeed nanomaterial additive to emerge out of the lab; throughout the report key benchmarking studies are given against competitive materials. There is also a lot to be learnt from the materials that have gone before; information is provided on the commercial progression of multi-walled and single-walled carbon nanotubes. MWCNTs went through a premature period of capacity expansion and it is only in the last few years that the significant revenues and next stages of expansion are beginning to emerge.
What does this report provide?
This report provides the following:
Introduction and business dynamics/trends
- Disparity between ideal and non-ideal graphene and CNTs
- Diversity of graphene on the market
- Pricing evolutions, trends and strategies worldwide for graphene
- Nominal production capacity by supplier worldwide for graphene
- Categorization of graphene manufacturers by production processes
- Granular analysis into the patent landscape
- Trends in company revenue and profit/loss
- Companies valuation trends
- Specific look at China (for graphene) covering key emerging Chinese suppliers, applications and prices
- Applications examples, pipeline and readiness levels for graphene.
- Benchmarking studies and market comparison to CNTs
Ten-year segmented market forecasts
- Ten-year application-segmented market projections for graphene (platelet and film) in volume and value. Segmented by 18 end-use applications.
This report has dedicated chapters for key end-use applications. End-use applications include energy storage (lithium-ion, silicon anode, LiS, supercapacitors and other); polymer composites (mechanically-enhanced, permeation-enhanced, electrically conductive, thermally conductive, EMI shielding, 3D printing filaments, tires, other); inks and coatings (anti-corrosion coating, RFID antenna, other); transistors; transparent conductive films; sensors; thermal interface materials; concrete & asphalt; e-textiles; metal matrix composites; filtration; and more.
Companies
IDTechEx has interviewed more than 150 companies for this analysis. This report includes a large number of key company profiles and updates for the reader.
Analyst access from IDTechEx
All report purchases include up to 30 minutes telephone time with an expert analyst who will help you link key findings in the report to the business issues you're addressing. This needs to be used within three months of purchasing the report.
Further information
If you have any questions about this report, please do not hesitate to contact our report team at research@IDTechEx.com or call one of our sales managers:
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| 1. | EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS |
| 1.1. | Not all graphenes are equal: diversity is intrinsic to the material system |
| 1.2. | Trade-offs involved between different production processes |
| 1.3. | Explaining the main graphene manufacturing routes |
| 1.4. | Summary of graphene categorisation |
| 1.5. | Quantitative mapping of graphene morphologies on the market (lateral size vs thickness) |
| 1.6. | Does anyone mass produce true graphene? |
| 1.7. | The hype curve of the graphene industry |
| 1.8. | Graphene suppliers categorised by production process (direct exfoliation, rGO, CVD(powder), Plasma, CVD (film), etc.) |
| 1.9. | Comparison of business models |
| 1.10. | Trends in publications for graphene and other 2D materials |
| 1.11. | Market leaders emerge and consolidation anticipated |
| 1.12. | Shifting graphene investments |
| 1.13. | Revenue of graphene companies |
| 1.14. | Profit and loss trend of graphene companies |
| 1.15. | Profitable graphene companies |
| 1.16. | Value creation for graphene companies: a look at public valuation trends |
| 1.17. | Graphite mines see opportunity in graphene |
| 1.18. | The rise of China in graphene (production capacity figures of Chinese graphene manufacturers) |
| 1.19. | Graphene platelet-type: global production capacity by company |
| 1.20. | Graphene platelet-type: global production capacity by region |
| 1.21. | The importance of intermediaries |
| 1.22. | Graphene prices by suppliers |
| 1.23. | Quality and consistency issue |
| 1.24. | Learning from the capacity progression of MWCNTs |
| 1.25. | Graphene film production - technical challenges remain |
| 1.26. | CVD graphene - applications are shifting |
| 1.27. | Expanding graphene wafer capacity and adoption |
| 1.28. | Graphene producers: historical progression |
| 1.29. | Graphene applications going commercial? |
| 1.30. | Graphene products and prototypes |
| 1.31. | Market breakdown by revenue and volume |
| 1.32. | Nanoinformatics - Accelerating R&D |
| 1.33. | Overview of 2D materials beyond graphene |
| 1.34. | General Conclusions |
| 1.35. | Company Profiles |
| 2. | MARKET FORECASTS |
| 2.1. | Forecast methodology and assumptions |
| 2.2. | Granular ten year graphene market forecast segmented by 18 application areas |
| 2.3. | Ten-year forecast for volume (MT) demand for graphene platelets |
| 2.4. | Snapshots of the graphene market |
| 2.5. | Ten-year forecast for graphene platelet vs sheets |
| 2.6. | CNT market forecast comparison |
| 3. | PATENT TRENDS |
| 3.1. | Graphene Patent Trends |
| 3.2. | Top Patent Holders: Dominance of Asia is Clear |
| 3.3. | Key Historic Patent and New Entrants |
| 3.4. | Deep-Dive into Major Patent Holders |
| 3.5. | Geographic Patent Distribution and Outlook |
| 4. | OVERVIEW OF LATEST DEVELOPMENTS IN CHINA |
| 4.1. | The rise of China in graphene (production capacity figures) |
| 4.2. | SuperC Technology Limited: Already making headway in energy storage |
| 4.3. | Knano |
| 4.4. | Ningbo Morsh: one of the largest graphene producers? |
| 4.5. | 2D Carbon (Changzhou)Ltd |
| 4.6. | Sixth Element |
| 4.7. | Sixth Element: success in anti-corrosion and heat spreaders? |
| 4.8. | Sixth Element: material properties |
| 4.9. | Sixth Element: also CVD film? |
| 4.10. | Ningbo Soft Carbon Electronics: R2R CVD graphene growth and transfer |
| 4.11. | Wealtech/MITBG: Graphene as heating element |
| 4.12. | Tungshu (Dongxu Optoelectronic Technology) |
| 4.13. | Tungshu (Dongxu Optoelectronic Technology) |
| 4.14. | Deyang Carbonene: Exfoliated graphene for heating |
| 4.15. | Haike (subsidiary of Shandon One New Materials) |
| 4.16. | Other companies: ENN, Nanjing SCF Nanotech Ltd, Hongsong Technology |
| 4.17. | Other companies: Liaoning Mote Graphene Technology, Shandon Yuhuang New Energy Technology, Changsha Research Institute of Mining & Metallurgy |
| 5. | GRAPHENE PRODUCTION |
| 5.1. | Expanded graphite |
| 5.2. | Reduced graphene oxide |
| 5.3. | Oxidising graphite: processes and characteristics |
| 5.4. | Reducing graphene oxide: different methods |
| 5.5. | Direct liquid phase exfoliation: process and characteristics |
| 5.6. | Direct liquid phase exfoliation under shear force |
| 5.7. | Electrochemical exfoliation |
| 5.8. | Properties of electrochemical exfoliated graphene |
| 5.9. | Plasma exfoliation |
| 5.10. | Substrate-less Plasma |
| 5.11. | Substrate-less CVD (chemical vapour deposition) |
| 5.12. | Substrate-less CVD: growth of flower like graphene |
| 5.13. | Producing graphene as an electronic substrate or material |
| 5.14. | Chemical Vapour Deposited (CVD) Graphene |
| 5.15. | Growth process of CVD graphene |
| 5.16. | The key role of oxygen in CVD graphene growth |
| 5.17. | CVD graphene: cm scale grain domains possible |
| 5.18. | Roll to roll (R2R) growth of CVD graphene film |
| 5.19. | The transfer challenge: a showstopper? |
| 5.20. | Roll-to-roll transfer of CVD graphene |
| 5.21. | Novel methods for transferring CVD graphene |
| 5.22. | Using R2R joule heating to enable CVD growth |
| 5.23. | Epitaxial: high performance but high cost |
| 5.24. | Graphene from SiC |
| 5.25. | Improving graphene from SiC epitaxy |
| 5.26. | Metal on silicon CVD (then transfer) |
| 5.27. | Transfer-FREE metal on Si graphene |
| 5.28. | SINGLE CRYSTAL wafer scale graphene on silicon! |
| 5.29. | CVD Graphene Progress |
| 6. | ENERGY STORAGE: BATTERIES |
| 6.1. | Graphene batteries introduction |
| 6.2. | LFP cathode improvement |
| 6.3. | Why graphene and carbon black are used together |
| 6.4. | Results showing graphene improves LFP batteries |
| 6.5. | Results showing graphene improves NCM batteries |
| 6.6. | Results showing graphene improves LTO batteries |
| 6.7. | Why silicon anode battery and key challenges? |
| 6.8. | Silicon Anodes |
| 6.9. | Electrolyte and Current Collectors |
| 6.10. | Fast Charging Lithium-ion Batteries |
| 6.11. | Motivation - Why Lithium Sulphur batteries? |
| 6.12. | The Lithium sulphur battery chemistry |
| 6.13. | Why graphene helps in Li sulphur batteries |
| 6.14. | State of the art use of graphene in LiS batteries |
| 6.15. | Mixed graphene/CNT in batteries |
| 6.16. | Graphene-enabled lead acid battery |
| 6.17. | Conclusions: graphene role in batteries |
| 7. | ENERGY STORAGE: SUPERCAPACITORS |
| 7.1. | Energy Storage Priorities |
| 7.2. | Batteries vs Supercapacitors |
| 7.3. | Challenges with graphene: poor out-of-plane conductivity and re-stacking |
| 7.4. | Graphene supercapacitor Ragone plots |
| 7.5. | Promising results on GO supercapacitors |
| 7.6. | Skeleton Technologies' graphene supercapacitors |
| 7.7. | Targeted high-volume production |
| 7.8. | Conclusions: graphene role in supercapacitors |
| 8. | GRAPHENE CONDUCTIVE INKS |
| 8.1. | Graphene platelet/powder-based conductors: conductive inks |
| 8.2. | Applications of conductive graphene inks |
| 8.3. | Results of resistive heating using graphene inks |
| 8.4. | Heating applications |
| 8.5. | Uniform and stable heating |
| 8.6. | Results of de-frosting using graphene inks |
| 8.7. | Results of de-icing using graphene heaters |
| 8.8. | Transparent EMI shielding |
| 8.9. | ESD films printed using graphene |
| 8.10. | Graphene UV shielding coatings |
| 8.11. | Graphene inks can be highly opaque |
| 8.12. | RFID types and characteristics |
| 8.13. | UV resistant tile paints |
| 8.14. | Graphene RFID tags: already a success story? |
| 8.15. | Overview of RFID antennas |
| 8.16. | Overview of the general RFID antenna market figures |
| 8.17. | Cost breakdown of RFID tags |
| 8.18. | Methods of producing RFID antennas |
| 8.19. | Graphene in glucose test strips |
| 8.20. | Printed glucose: what is it? |
| 8.21. | Anatomy of a test strip: one example |
| 9. | THERMAL MANAGEMENT |
| 9.1. | Thermal management applications |
| 9.2. | Introduction to Thermal Interface Materials (TIM) |
| 9.3. | Advanced Materials for TIM - Introduction |
| 9.4. | Summary of TIM utilising advanced carbon materials |
| 9.5. | Achieving through-plane alignment |
| 9.6. | Graphene heat spreaders: commercial success |
| 9.7. | Graphene heat spreaders: performance |
| 9.8. | Graphene heat spreaders: suppliers multiply |
| 9.9. | Graphene as a thermal paste additive |
| 9.10. | Graphene as additives to thermal interface pads |
| 9.11. | Graphene: heat conductivity boosters |
| 9.12. | Nanofluidic coolant |
| 10. | POLYMER ADDITIVE |
| 10.1. | General observation on using graphene additives in composites |
| 10.2. | Graphene platelet-based conductors: polymer composites |
| 10.3. | Commercial results on graphene conductive composites (Nylon 66): the impact of aspect ration |
| 10.4. | Graphene as conductive additive in Polyester and PET |
| 10.5. | Graphene as conductive additive in PMDS, Natural Rubber and Epoxy |
| 10.6. | Graphene as conductive additive in PUA, PC, PDMS |
| 10.7. | Conductivity improvement in HDPE |
| 10.8. | EMI Shielding: graphene additives in epoxy |
| 10.9. | Results showing Young's Modulus enhancement using graphene |
| 10.10. | Commercial results on permeation graphene improvement |
| 10.11. | Permeation Improvement |
| 10.12. | Commercial results on thermal conductivity improvement using graphene |
| 10.13. | Thermal conductivity improvement using graphene |
| 10.14. | Key adoption examples - sports & leisure |
| 10.15. | Key adoption examples - automotive & industrial |
| 10.16. | Graphene-enhanced conductive 3D printing filaments |
| 11. | FIBER REINFORCED POLYMER (FRP) ADDITIVE |
| 11.1. | Role of nanocarbon as additives to FRPs |
| 11.2. | Routes to incorporating nanocarbon material into composites |
| 11.3. | Routes to electrically conductive composites |
| 11.4. | Technology adoption for electrostatic discharge of composites |
| 11.5. | Nanocarbon for enhanced electrical conductivity - Graphene |
| 11.6. | Enhanced thermal conductivity - application overview |
| 11.7. | Electrothermal de-icing - Nanocarbon patents |
| 11.8. | Electrothermal de-icing - Graphene research |
| 11.9. | Nanocomposites for enhanced thermal conductivity - graphene |
| 11.10. | Embedded sensors for structural health monitoring of composites - introduction |
| 11.11. | Embedded sensors for structural health monitoring of composites - types |
| 11.12. | Nanocarbon Sensors for embedded SHM |
| 12. | SENSORS |
| 12.1. | Industry examples of graphene-based sensors |
| 12.2. | Graphene Sensors - Gas Sensors |
| 12.3. | Graphene Sensors - Smart surfaces |
| 12.4. | Graphene Sensors - Biosensors |
| 12.5. | Graphene Quantum Dots |
| 12.6. | Hall-effect sensor |
| 12.7. | Graphene's optical properties |
| 12.8. | Fast graphene photosensor |
| 12.9. | Commercial example of graphene-enabled photodetector |
| 12.10. | Graphene humidity sensor |
| 12.11. | Optical brain sensors using graphene |
| 12.12. | Graphene skin electrodes |
| 12.13. | Graphene-enabled stretch sensor applications |
| 12.14. | Graphene-enabled stretch sensor applications |
| 13. | TRANSPARENT CONDUCTIVE FILMS AND GLASS |
| 13.1. | Transparent conducting films (TCFs) |
| 13.2. | Different Transparent Conductive Films (TCFs) |
| 13.3. | ITO film assessment: performance, manufacture and market trends |
| 13.4. | ITO film shortcomings: flexibility |
| 13.5. | ITO film shortcomings: limited sheet conductivity |
| 13.6. | ITO films: current prices |
| 13.7. | Indium's single supply risk: real or exaggerated? |
| 13.8. | Silver nanowire transparent conductive films: principles |
| 13.9. | Silver nanowire transparent conductive films: performance levels and value proposition |
| 13.10. | Silver nanowire transparent conductive films: flexibility |
| 13.11. | Metal mesh transparent conductive films: operating principles |
| 13.12. | Metal mesh: photolithography followed by etching |
| 13.13. | Fujifilm's photo-patterned metal mesh TCF |
| 13.14. | Embossing/Imprinting metal mesh TCFs |
| 13.15. | Komura Tech: improvement in gravure offset printed fine pattern (<5um) metal mesh TCF ? |
| 13.16. | Graphene performance as TCF |
| 13.17. | Doping as a strategy for improving graphene TCF performance |
| 13.18. | Be wary of extraordinary results for graphene |
| 13.19. | Graphene transparent conducting films: flexibility |
| 13.20. | Graphene transparent conducting films: thinness and barrier layers |
| 13.21. | Wuxi Graphene Film Co's CVD graphene progress |
| 13.22. | LG Electronics: R2R CVD graphene targeting TCFs? |
| 13.23. | Ningbo Soft Carbon Electronics: R2R CVD graphene growth and transfer |
| 13.24. | Quantitative benchmarking of different TCF technologies |
| 13.25. | Technology comparison |
| 14. | GRAPHENE TRANSISTORS |
| 14.1. | Introduction |
| 14.2. | Transistor Figures-of-Merit (transfer characteristics) |
| 14.3. | Transistor Figures-of-Merit (output characteristics) |
| 14.4. | Why graphene transistors? |
| 14.5. | First graphene FET with top gate (CMOS)- 2007 |
| 14.6. | High performance top gate FET |
| 14.7. | Graphene FET with bandgap |
| 14.8. | Opening a bandgap: e-field induced bandgap bilayer graphene |
| 14.9. | Opening bandgap: No free lunch! |
| 14.10. | Graphene wafer scale integration |
| 14.11. | Graphene IC (2011) |
| 14.12. | Can graphene FETs make it as an analogue high frequency device? |
| 14.13. | Why the limited fmax? |
| 14.14. | So what if we print graphene? Poor competition gives hope! |
| 14.15. | Fully inkjet printed 2D material FETs |
| 14.16. | Fully inkjet printed 2D material FETs on TEXTILE |
| 14.17. | Fully inkjet printed on-textile 2D material logic! |
| 14.18. | Graphene transistor conclusions |
| 15. | OTHER APPLICATIONS |
| 15.1. | Concrete & Asphalt |
| 15.2. | Headphones |
| 15.3. | Lubricant |
| 15.4. | Engine Oil |
| 15.5. | Water Filtration |
| 15.6. | Desalination |
| 15.7. | Copper nanocomposites - introduction |
| 15.8. | Production of copper nanocomposites |
| 15.9. | Graphene platelet-based conductors: metal composites |
| 15.10. | Shear assisted processing and extrusion |
| 15.11. | Hot Extrusion Nanoalloy |
| 15.12. | Multilayer copper nanocomposites |
| 15.13. | Graphene as additive in tires |
| 15.14. | Results on use of graphene in silica loaded tires |
| 15.15. | Graphene-enabled vehicle tire |
| 15.16. | Graphene-enabled bike tires |
| 15.17. | Anti-corrosion coating |
| 15.18. | E-textile applications |
| 15.19. | Antibacterial applications |
| 16. | 2D MATERIALS BEYOND GRAPHENE |
| 16.1. | 2D materials beyond graphene: a GROWING family! |
| 16.2. | Computation suggests thousands available |
| 16.3. | "Atomic Lego" - the future of material science? |
| 16.4. | 2D materials beyond graphene: a GROWING family! |
| 16.5. | Publication rate is astronomical |
| 16.6. | A range of two materials exist with bandgaps! |
| 16.7. | Introduction to nano boron nitride |
| 16.8. | BNNT players and prices |
| 16.9. | BNNT property variation |
| 16.10. | BN nanostructures in thermal interface materials |
| 16.11. | BN vs C nanostructures: manufacturing routes |
| 16.12. | BNNS - manufacturing status |
| 16.13. | BNNS - research advancements |
| 16.14. | TMD - Overview |
| 16.15. | MoS2: change in band structure from bulk to 2D |
| 16.16. | Other 2D materials actually work: top gate FET |
| 16.17. | Other 2D materials actually work: phototransistor |
| 16.18. | Liquid phase exfoliation: examples of exfoliated TMDs |
| 16.19. | Wafer scale uniform TMD growth |
| 16.20. | Wafer scale uniform TMD growth: a look at growth conditions |
| 16.21. | Why use TMDs at all if mobility not outstanding? |
| 16.22. | The point of 2D materials as transistors: 5nm gate & beyond? |
| 16.23. | The point of 2D materials as transistors: large area flexible TFTs? |
| 16.24. | MXenes - a rapidly emerging class |
| 16.25. | MXenes - application opportunities |
| 16.26. | MXenes - Latest research |
| 16.27. | Phosphorene |
| 16.28. | Phosphorene - manufacturing |
Report Statistics
| Slides | 328 |
|---|---|
| Forecasts to | 2031 |
| ISBN | 9781913899219 |