1. | EXECUTIVE SUMMARY |
1.1. | Trends in the Li-ion market |
1.2. | Trends in the Li-ion market - China |
1.3. | Key technology developments 1 |
1.4. | Comparing cathodes - a high-level overview |
1.5. | Cathode suitability |
1.6. | How different will Li-ion materials be? |
1.7. | Raw material price volatility |
1.8. | How high can energy density go? |
1.9. | Technology roadmap |
1.10. | European gigafactories announced by 2018 |
1.11. | European gigafactories announced to date |
1.12. | How much to build one GWh of capacity? |
1.13. | Demand for Li-ion shifting |
1.14. | Drivers for electric vehicles - China |
1.15. | European investment in the supply chain |
1.16. | Potential for battery shortages |
1.17. | Potential for raw material shortage |
1.18. | Supply and demand overview |
1.19. | Forecast Li-ion battery demand, GWh |
1.20. | LIB cell price forecast |
2. | INTRODUCTION |
2.1. | Importance of energy storage |
2.2. | Electric vehicles needed |
2.3. | What is a Li-ion battery? |
2.4. | Electrochemistry definitions 1 |
2.5. | Useful charts for performance comparison |
2.6. | Why lithium? |
2.7. | Primary lithium batteries |
2.8. | Ragone plots |
2.9. | More than one type of Li-ion battery |
2.10. | Commercial anodes - graphite |
2.11. | The battery trilemma |
2.12. | Battery wish list |
3. | RAW MATERIALS |
3.1. | The Li-ion supply chain |
3.2. | The elements used in Li-ion batteries |
3.3. | Mining supply chain model |
3.4. | EU critical raw materials |
3.5. | Weight content of a Li-ion cell |
3.6. | Raw material supply |
3.7. | Where is lithium located? |
3.8. | Cobalt in the DRC |
3.9. | Geographic breakdown of nickel mining |
3.10. | Natural graphite mining |
4. | ELECTRODE MATERIALS |
4.1. | Cathode |
4.2. | Cathode recap |
4.3. | Cathode history |
4.4. | Cathode materials - LCO and LFP |
4.5. | Cathode materials - NMC, NCA and LMO |
4.6. | Cathode performance comparison |
4.7. | Understanding cathodes |
4.8. | Why high nickel? |
4.9. | Why LCO for consumer devices? |
4.10. | Geographical breakdown of cathode production |
4.11. | Cathode player manufacturing |
4.12. | Major cathode players |
4.13. | Chemistry production spread |
4.14. | Cathode supply relationships |
4.15. | Cathode powder synthesis (NMC) |
4.16. | Cathode development |
4.17. | Complexity of cathode chemistry |
4.18. | NMC development - from 111 to 811 |
4.19. | Cathode materials - NCA |
4.20. | Stabilising high-nickel NMC |
4.21. | Will it all be NMC 811? |
4.22. | CamX Power cathode technology |
4.23. | Protective coatings |
4.24. | Protective coatings - companies |
4.25. | LFP for Tesla Model 3? |
4.26. | LFP vs NMC |
4.27. | LMFP cathodes |
4.28. | LMFP commercialisation |
4.29. | Future cathode possibilities |
4.30. | High manganese cathodes |
4.31. | GM to use NCMA |
4.32. | High voltage cathode |
4.33. | High voltage cathodes - NanoOne |
4.34. | Beyond metal percentages |
4.35. | Cathode price analysis |
4.36. | Future NMC/NCM - Umicore |
4.37. | Patent litigation over NMC/NCM - Umicore vs. BASF |
4.38. | Patent litigation over NMC/NCM - Umicore vs. BASF |
4.39. | Patent litigation - the positive example of LFP |
4.40. | LCO overview |
4.41. | LMO overview |
4.42. | LFP overview |
4.43. | Low-nickel NMC overview |
4.44. | High-nickel NMC overview |
4.45. | NCA overview |
4.46. | Cathode suitability |
4.47. | Cathode outlook - which chemistries will be used? |
4.48. | Cathode outlook |
4.49. | Cathode outlook - annotated |
4.50. | Li-ion market by cathode material |
4.51. | Anode |
4.52. | Anode materials |
4.53. | Introduction to graphite |
4.54. | Natural or synthetic in LIB? |
4.55. | Coated spherical purified graphite (CSPG) |
4.56. | Natural graphite for LIBs |
4.57. | Synthetic graphite production |
4.58. | Suppliers of active graphite material |
4.59. | Suppliers of active graphite material |
4.60. | Hard carbon as additive for LIBs - Kuraray |
4.61. | The promise of silicon |
4.62. | The reality of silicon |
4.63. | How much can silicon improve energy density? |
4.64. | Commercial technology directions |
4.65. | Established company interest in silicon |
4.66. | Silicon anode material - Wacker Chemie |
4.67. | Solutions for silicon incorporation |
4.68. | Key silicon patents overview |
4.69. | Money in silicon |
4.70. | Continuous money in silicon |
4.71. | Silicon anodes - mergers, acquisitions, investments |
4.72. | Opportunities to enable silicon |
4.73. | When will we see silicon dominant (anode) cells? |
4.74. | Outlook on anodes |
4.75. | Silicon dominant anodes ready for commercialisation? |
4.76. | Introduction to lithium titanate oxide (LTO) |
4.77. | Comparing LTO and graphite |
4.78. | Commercial LTO comparisons |
4.79. | Where will LTO play a role? |
4.80. | Increased demand for LTO |
4.81. | LTO for e-buses |
4.82. | LTO for heavy-duty and hybrids |
4.83. | Lithium metal |
4.84. | Issues for lithium metal |
4.85. | Anodes compared |
4.86. | Li-ion demand by anode, GWh |
5. | ELECTROLYTE AND SEPARATORS |
5.1. | Inactive materials negatively affect energy density |
5.2. | What is in a cell? |
5.3. | Introduction to Li-ion electrolytes |
5.4. | Electrolyte decomposition |
5.5. | Electrolyte additives |
5.6. | Developments at Dalhousie University |
5.7. | Electrolyte manufacturers |
5.8. | Electrolyte suppliers |
5.9. | Introduction to Separators |
5.10. | Polyolefin separator |
5.11. | Separator manufacturing |
5.12. | Separator market overview |
5.13. | Separator capacity announcements |
5.14. | Major separator manufacturers |
5.15. | Soteria's separators |
5.16. | Solid-state battery value chain |
5.17. | Solid-state electrolytes |
5.18. | Solid-state electrolyte technology approach |
5.19. | Supply issues for lithium metal |
5.20. | Manufacturability of solid-state batteries |
5.21. | Solid state battery news and trends |
6. | CURRENT COLLECTORS |
6.1. | Aluminium and copper |
6.2. | Current collectors |
6.3. | Porous current collectors - Nano-Nouvelle |
6.4. | Mesh current collectors |
6.5. | Perforated foils |
6.6. | Plastic current collectors |
6.7. | Soteria business model and value proposition |
7. | BINDERS AND CONDUCTIVE ADDITIVES |
7.1. | Binders |
7.2. | Binders - aqueous vs non-aqueous |
7.3. | Arkema |
7.4. | Conductive agents |
7.5. | Carbon nanotube use |
7.6. | Conductive frameworks - Nanoramic |
7.7. | Carbon nanotubes - OCSiAl |
8. | BATTERY MANAGEMENT |
8.1. | Introduction to battery management systems |
8.2. | Fast charging and degradation |
8.3. | Importance of fast charging |
8.4. | Operational limits of LIBs |
8.5. | BMS - STAFL systems |
8.6. | Pulse charging |
8.7. | Cell balancing |
8.8. | Consequences of cell imbalance |
8.9. | Active or passive balancing? |
8.10. | State-of-charge estimation |
8.11. | State-of-health and remaining-useful-life estimation |
8.12. | Value of BMS |
9. | CELL DESIGN |
9.1. | Commercial battery packaging technologies |
9.2. | Automotive format choices |
9.3. | Cell formats |
9.4. | Comparison of commercial cell formats |
9.5. | Which cell format to choose? |
9.6. | Bipolar batteries |
9.7. | Bipolar technology for Li-ion |
9.8. | New pack designs |
10. | OVERVIEW OF LI-ION TECHNOLOGY OUTLOOK |
10.1. | Active material developments |
10.2. | Li-ion chemistry evolution |
10.3. | Multiple sources of improvements |
10.4. | Multiple sources of improvement |
10.5. | Energy density assessment |
10.6. | How high can energy density go? |
10.7. | Technology roadmap |
11. | BATTERY PRODUCTION AND MANUFACTURING |
11.1. | Cell production steps |
11.2. | Batteries for EVs - not just electrochemistry |
11.3. | The need for a dry room |
11.4. | Electrode slurry mixing |
11.5. | Cell production |
11.6. | Areas for improvement in cell production |
11.7. | Innovation in manufacturing |
11.8. | Maxwell acquisition |
11.9. | Dry electrode manufacturing process |
11.10. | Benefits of dry electrode manufacturing |
11.11. | Formation cycling |
11.12. | China dominating? |
11.13. | EV battery production in China |
11.14. | Europe set for growth |
11.15. | European gigafactories announced by 2018 |
11.16. | European gigafactories announced to date |
11.17. | Gigafactory investment in Europe |
11.18. | Power demand of LIB production |
11.19. | The cost of Li-ion production in Poland |
11.20. | Gigafactory building |
11.21. | How long to build a Gigafactory? |
11.22. | How much to build one GWh of capacity? |
11.23. | Main players |
11.24. | Potential for battery shortages? |
11.25. | Potential for battery shortages explained |
11.26. | Supply and demand overview |
12. | APPLICATIONS |
12.1. | Power range for electronic and electrical devices |
12.2. | Demand for Li-ion shifting |
12.3. | National EV policies |
12.4. | Electric Vehicles - passenger cars |
12.5. | Heavy duty vehicles |
12.6. | Consumer devices |
12.7. | Smartphones |
12.8. | Power tools and appliances |
12.9. | Stationary storage markets |
12.10. | Technologies for stationary |
12.11. | Stationary energy storage |
12.12. | Aircraft electrification |
13. | THE LI-ION LIFE-CYCLE |
13.1. | Battery second use connects the electric vehicle and battery recycling value chains |
13.2. | Battery second use or recycling? |
13.3. | Retired EV battery capacity in the next decade |
13.4. | Is there enough global resource? |
13.5. | Drivers for recycling Li-ion batteries |
13.6. | Overview of LIB recycling |
13.7. | Recycling pre-treatments and processing - mechanical |
13.8. | Recycling pre-treatments and processing - chemical and thermal |
13.9. | Pyrometallurgical recycling |
13.10. | Hydrometallurgical recycling |
13.11. | Recycling example via hydrometallurgy |
13.12. | Recycling methods map |
13.13. | Flow diagrams of commercial LIB recycling |
13.14. | Pyro- and hydro-metallurgy reviewed |
13.15. | Global involvement in LIB recycling |
13.16. | LIB recycling players |
14. | TECHNOLOGY BENCHMARKING |
14.1. | Li-ion cathode comparison |
14.2. | Li-ion anode comparison |
14.3. | Electrochemical storage comparisons |
14.4. | Li-ion technology challenges |
15. | LI-ION IN THE NEWS |
15.1. | Interesting academic publications |
15.2. | Samsung's Firegate |
15.3. | Fire and regulation |
15.4. | Li-ion in the news |
16. | COST ANALYSES AND FORECAST |
16.1. | The price of Li-ion cells |
16.2. | Battery price reduction |
16.3. | LIB price forecast methodology |
16.4. | Bottom-up cell cost analysis |
16.5. | Cost breakdown |
16.6. | Bottom-up cell cost scenario |
16.7. | Cumulative installed LIB forecast |
16.8. | LIB cell price forecast |
16.9. | Price forecast assumptions |
16.10. | Li-ion to be commoditised? |
16.11. | Raw material price volatility |
16.12. | Raw material price volatility - effect at cell level |
16.13. | Historic cobalt prices |
16.14. | High-nickel NMC cell cost estimate |
17. | FORECASTS AND OUTLOOKS |
17.1. | Demand vs supply |
17.2. | Forecast Li-ion battery demand, GWh |
17.3. | Forecast Li-ion cell market, $ billion |
17.4. | Electric vehicles - excluding BEVs |
17.5. | Forecasting consumer electronics |
17.6. | Forecasting power tools and appliances |
17.7. | Electronic device batteries, GWh |
17.8. | Electronic device batteries, million units |
17.9. | Electronic device batteries, $ billion |
17.10. | Smartphone demand |
17.11. | Cathode outlook - annotated |
17.12. | Li-ion market by cathode material |
17.13. | Li-ion demand by cathode, GWh |
17.14. | Li-ion demand by anode, GWh |
18. | MARKET PLAYERS |
18.1. | Cell |
18.2. | Cathode |
18.3. | Suppliers of active graphite material |
18.4. | Electrolyte |
18.5. | Separator |