| 1. | EXECUTIVE SUMMARY |
| 1.1. | Trends in the Li-ion market |
| 1.2. | Trends in the Li-ion market |
| 1.3. | Li-ion market - regional overview |
| 1.4. | Li-ion market - regional overview |
| 1.5. | Regional policies in the Li-ion battery market |
| 1.6. | Regional efforts and policies in the Li-ion battery market |
| 1.7. | Regional efforts and policies in the Li-ion battery market |
| 1.8. | Regional efforts and policies in the Li-ion battery market |
| 1.9. | Regional efforts and policies in the Li-ion battery market |
| 1.10. | Li-ion value chain |
| 1.11. | Li-ion market players |
| 1.12. | Global cell capacity expansions outlook by location |
| 1.13. | Global gigafactory expansions outlook |
| 1.14. | Synthetic and natural graphite split |
| 1.15. | Li-ion graphite anode market by player |
| 1.16. | Global cathode market share trend |
| 1.17. | Cathode production outlook by chemistry, kt |
| 1.18. | Cathode manufacturer market share |
| 1.19. | Cathode market by manufacturer share 2024 |
| 1.20. | CAM price trend |
| 1.21. | Key technology developments |
| 1.22. | Key technology developments |
| 1.23. | Battery technologies - start-up activity |
| 1.24. | Battery technology start-ups - regional activity |
| 1.25. | Key technology developments |
| 1.26. | Li-ion performance and technology timeline |
| 1.27. | Are there alternatives to Li-ion? |
| 1.28. | Li-ion battery forecast by application, GWh |
| 1.29. | Li-ion battery forecast by application, $B |
| 1.30. | Li-ion market by cathode, GWh |
| 1.31. | Li-ion battery cathode outlook |
| 1.32. | Li-ion market by anode, GWh |
| 1.33. | Access More With an IDTechEx Subscription |
| 2. | INTRODUCTION |
| 2.1. | Importance of Li-ion |
| 2.2. | What is a Li-ion battery? |
| 2.3. | Lithium battery chemistries |
| 2.4. | Types of lithium battery |
| 2.5. | Why lithium? |
| 2.6. | Primary lithium batteries |
| 2.7. | Ragone plots |
| 2.8. | More than one type of Li-ion battery |
| 2.9. | Commercial anodes - graphite |
| 2.10. | The battery trilemma |
| 2.11. | Battery wish list |
| 2.12. | Why can't you just fast charge? |
| 2.13. | Rate limiting factors at the material level |
| 2.14. | Fast charge design hierarchy |
| 2.15. | Introduction - key battery performance metrics |
| 2.16. | Comparing commercial cell chemistries |
| 2.17. | Turnkey battery packs highlight trade-offs required |
| 2.18. | Electrochemistry definitions 1 |
| 2.19. | Electrochemistry definitions 2 |
| 2.20. | Useful charts for performance comparison |
| 3. | ANODES |
| 3.1. | Types of lithium battery by anode |
| 3.2. | Anode materials comparison |
| 3.3. | Anode materials discussion |
| 3.4. | Anode materials discussion |
| 3.5. | Li-ion anode materials compared |
| 3.6. | Anode materials |
| 3.7. | Graphite |
| 3.8. | Introduction to graphite |
| 3.9. | Natural graphite for LIBs |
| 3.10. | Coated spherical purified graphite (CSPG) |
| 3.11. | Synthetic/artificial graphite production |
| 3.12. | Comparing natural and synthetic graphite anodes |
| 3.13. | Comparing natural and synthetic graphite |
| 3.14. | Impact of graphite price reduction |
| 3.15. | Performance of synthetic and natural graphite |
| 3.16. | Performance of synthetic and natural graphite |
| 3.17. | Performance of synthetic and natural graphite |
| 3.18. | Synthetic vs natural graphite overview |
| 3.19. | Synthetic vs natural graphite conclusions |
| 3.20. | Graphite outlook |
| 3.21. | Graphite market |
| 3.22. | Li-ion graphite anode suppliers |
| 3.23. | Li-ion graphite anode market by player |
| 3.24. | Graphite anode player shares |
| 3.25. | Graphite anode market concentration |
| 3.26. | Graphite anode sales volume by region |
| 3.27. | Graphite production capacity |
| 3.28. | Expansions in graphite production |
| 3.29. | New entrants in graphite anodes |
| 3.30. | Li-ion graphite anode prices |
| 3.31. | Synthetic and natural graphite split |
| 3.32. | Silicon anodes |
| 3.33. | The promise of silicon |
| 3.34. | Value proposition of silicon anodes |
| 3.35. | The challenges of silicon anode material |
| 3.36. | Alloy anode materials |
| 3.37. | Comparing silicon - a high-level overview |
| 3.38. | Solutions for silicon incorporation |
| 3.39. | Solutions for silicon incorporation |
| 3.40. | Key silicon anode material solutions |
| 3.41. | Top Si-anode patent assignee topics |
| 3.42. | Top 3 patent assignee Si-anode technology comparison |
| 3.43. | Cell energy density increases with silicon content |
| 3.44. | Silicon anodes offer significant benefits but also challenges |
| 3.45. | Silicon anode performance |
| 3.46. | Silicon anode calendar life |
| 3.47. | Silicon anode cost benefits |
| 3.48. | Silicon anode cell cost vs graphite |
| 3.49. | Silicon anode environmental benefits |
| 3.50. | Concluding remarks on Si-anode performance |
| 3.51. | Current silicon use |
| 3.52. | Silicon and LFP |
| 3.53. | Silicon in consumer devices |
| 3.54. | Discussion on commercialisation timelines |
| 3.55. | Strategic partnerships and agreements developing for silicon anode start-ups |
| 3.56. | Notable players for silicon EV battery technology |
| 3.57. | Established company involvement in silicon anodes |
| 3.58. | Commercial silicon anode specification |
| 3.59. | Daejoo SiO specifications |
| 3.60. | Silicon anode material - Umicore |
| 3.61. | Silicon anode material - Wacker Chemie |
| 3.62. | Commercial silicon anode market |
| 4. | CATHODES |
| 4.1. | Cathode introduction |
| 4.2. | Overview of Li-ion cathodes |
| 4.3. | Li-ion cathode technologies |
| 4.4. | Cathode recap |
| 4.5. | Cathode materials - LCO and LFP |
| 4.6. | Cathode materials - NMC, NCA and LMO |
| 4.7. | Cathode performance comparison |
| 4.8. | Cathode comparisons |
| 4.9. | Cathode comparisons |
| 4.10. | Energy density by cathode |
| 4.11. | Comparing commercial cell chemistries |
| 4.12. | Understanding layered oxide cathodes |
| 4.13. | Cathode materials for consumer devices |
| 4.14. | Cathode powder synthesis (NMC) |
| 4.15. | Complexity of cathode chemistry |
| 4.16. | NMC development - from 111 to 811 |
| 4.17. | Cathode materials - NCA |
| 4.18. | Benefits of high and ultra-high nickel NMC |
| 4.19. | High-Ni / Ni-rich cycle life and stability issues |
| 4.20. | Key issues with high-nickel layered oxides |
| 4.21. | Routes to high nickel cathode stabilisation |
| 4.22. | Routes to high-nickel cathodes |
| 4.23. | Routes to high-nickel cathodes |
| 4.24. | Routes to high-nickel cathodes |
| 4.25. | Routes to high-nickel cathodes |
| 4.26. | Single crystal NCA cathode |
| 4.27. | Ultra-high nickel cathode timelines |
| 4.28. | Outlook on high-Ni - commentary |
| 4.29. | LFP IP |
| 4.30. | LFP adoption in electric vehicles |
| 4.31. | LFP vs NMC |
| 4.32. | Cathode player roadmaps |
| 4.33. | Advanced cathode technologies and players |
| 4.34. | Advanced cathode technologies and players |
| 4.35. | Cathode suitability |
| 4.36. | Li-ion cathode technology developments |
| 4.37. | Li-ion cathode technology developments |
| 4.38. | For more info on advanced and next-generation Li-ion cathodes... |
| 4.39. | Cathode market |
| 4.40. | Cathode market overview |
| 4.41. | Cathode player manufacturing capacities |
| 4.42. | Cathode manufacturers - production capacity |
| 4.43. | Cathode manufacturers by sales volume |
| 4.44. | Cathode manufacturer market share |
| 4.45. | Cathode manufacturer market share |
| 4.46. | Cathode market by manufacturer share 2024 |
| 4.47. | 2024 LFP cathode manufacturers |
| 4.48. | LFP cathode manufacturers by sales volume |
| 4.49. | LFP cathode manufacturers by production capacity |
| 4.50. | LFP cathode manufacturer market share |
| 4.51. | 2023 NMC/NCA cathode manufacturers |
| 4.52. | 2024 NMC/NCA cathode manufacturers |
| 4.53. | NMC/NCA cathode manufacturers by sales volume |
| 4.54. | NMC/NCA cathode manufacturers by Production capacity |
| 4.55. | NMC/NCA cathode manufacturer market share |
| 4.56. | 2024 cathode market by region |
| 4.57. | 2024 cathode market by chemistry and region |
| 4.58. | 2023 cathode market by chemistry and region |
| 4.59. | Cathode market by region |
| 4.60. | Cathode production by region |
| 4.61. | Cathode production by chemistry |
| 4.62. | Cathode chemistry production spread |
| 4.63. | Capacity additions by chemistry |
| 4.64. | Cathode production outlook by chemistry, kt |
| 4.65. | Cathode production outlook by chemistry, GWh |
| 4.66. | LFP cathode production outside China |
| 4.67. | LFP cathode production outside China |
| 4.68. | Production capacity growth outlook |
| 4.69. | Future production capacity outlook by region |
| 4.70. | Future production capacity outlook by region |
| 4.71. | Global battery electric car cathode chemistry split |
| 4.72. | Europe BEV car cathode share |
| 4.73. | US BEV car cathode share |
| 4.74. | China BEV car cathode share |
| 4.75. | BEV cathode share by region |
| 4.76. | Global cathode market share trend |
| 4.77. | New cathode active material (CAM) entrants |
| 4.78. | Cathode cost analysis |
| 4.79. | Cathode material intensities |
| 4.80. | Cathode chemistry impact on lithium consumption |
| 4.81. | Raw material price trends |
| 4.82. | Lithium prices trending down |
| 4.83. | Lithium price volatility |
| 4.84. | CAM price trend |
| 4.85. | Cathode active material market prices |
| 4.86. | Impact of CAM prices on cell material costs |
| 4.87. | Li-ion cell material cost trends |
| 4.88. | Impact of metal prices on NMC 811 $/kWh cell material costs |
| 4.89. | Impact of metal prices on $/kWh LFP cell material costs |
| 4.90. | NMC 811 and LFP sensitivity analyses |
| 4.91. | New chemistries offer reduced reliance on critical materials |
| 4.92. | New chemistries offer reduced reliance on critical materials |
| 5. | BINDERS AND ADDITIVES |
| 5.1. | Why Do Li-ion Batteries Need Additives? |
| 5.2. | Additive Development is Driven by Tradeoffs |
| 5.3. | Types of Battery Additives |
| 5.4. | Binders |
| 5.5. | Wet/Slurry-Based Electrode Processing |
| 5.6. | Binder Properties & Examples |
| 5.7. | Key Binder Manufacturers |
| 5.8. | Conductive Additives |
| 5.9. | Overview of Advanced Carbon |
| 5.10. | Benchmarking of Conductive Additives |
| 5.11. | Key Manufacturers of Conductive Additives |
| 5.12. | Global Production Capacity of CNTs |
| 5.13. | Key Supply Relationships for CNTs in Li-ion Batteries |
| 6. | ELECTROLYTES |
| 6.1. | Developments in Li-ion electrolytes |
| 6.2. | Introduction to Li-ion electrolytes |
| 6.3. | Electrolyte decomposition |
| 6.4. | Electrolyte additives 1 |
| 6.5. | Electrolyte additives 2 |
| 6.6. | Electrolyte additives 3 |
| 6.7. | Developments for the "million mile" battery |
| 6.8. | CATLs additive related patent |
| 6.9. | CATL electrolyte additive patent example |
| 6.10. | Electrolyte patent topic comparisons - key battery players |
| 6.11. | Electrolyte patent topic comparisons - key electrolyte players |
| 6.12. | Electrolyte technology overview |
| 6.13. | Electrolyte value chain |
| 6.14. | Electrolyte manufacturers |
| 6.15. | Electrolyte supplier market shares |
| 6.16. | Electrolyte market |
| 6.17. | Global electrolyte production capacity |
| 6.18. | Electrolyte market by region |
| 6.19. | Electrolyte suppliers |
| 6.20. | Overview of solid electrolytes and solid-state batteries |
| 6.21. | Introduction to solid-state batteries |
| 6.22. | Classifications of solid-state electrolyte |
| 6.23. | Comparison of solid-state electrolyte systems |
| 6.24. | Solid-state electrolyte technology approach |
| 6.25. | Analysis of SSB features |
| 6.26. | Summary of solid-state electrolyte technology |
| 6.27. | Current electrolyte challenges and solutions |
| 6.28. | Solid electrolyte material comparison |
| 6.29. | SSB company commercial plans |
| 6.30. | SSB company commercial plans |
| 6.31. | Technology summary of various companies |
| 6.32. | SSB developments |
| 7. | SEPARATORS |
| 7.1. | Introduction to Separators |
| 7.2. | Separator manufacturing |
| 7.3. | Polyolefin separators |
| 7.4. | Dry and wet separators and specifications |
| 7.5. | Product specification examples |
| 7.6. | Separator coatings |
| 7.7. | Innovation in separators |
| 7.8. | Innovation in separators |
| 7.9. | Key separator players |
| 7.10. | Li-ion separator player market shares |
| 7.11. | Separator market by region |
| 8. | CURRENT COLLECTORS |
| 8.1. | Where are the current collectors in a Li-ion battery cell? |
| 8.2. | Current collector materials |
| 8.3. | Copper foil production |
| 8.4. | Current collectors |
| 8.5. | Perforated foils |
| 8.6. | Plastic and composite current collectors |
| 8.7. | Copper current collector thickness |
| 8.8. | Trends in copper foil thickness |
| 8.9. | Li-ion copper foil current collector players |
| 8.10. | Copper current collector market |
| 8.11. | Current collector market |
| 8.12. | Trends in copper current collectors |
| 9. | CELL DESIGN AND MANUFACTURING |
| 9.1. | Li-ion battery cell manufacturing process |
| 9.2. | Power demand of LIB production |
| 9.3. | Energy consumption of Li-ion cell production |
| 9.4. | The need for a dry room |
| 9.5. | Electrode slurry mixing |
| 9.6. | Cell production |
| 9.7. | Dry Electrode Processing |
| 9.8. | Benefits of Dry Electrode Processing |
| 9.9. | Dry Powder Deposition Methods & Potential Binders |
| 9.10. | Commercialization of Dry Electrode Processes |
| 9.11. | Formation cycling |
| 9.12. | Cell design optimisations |
| 9.13. | How will new cell manufacturers compete |
| 9.14. | Key developments in cell manufacturing |
| 9.15. | Technology trends of major battery manufacturers |
| 9.16. | Technology trends of major manufacturers |
| 9.17. | Options for improving energy density |
| 9.18. | Anode materials are a key route to higher energy density |
| 9.19. | Cell design can also be optimised for energy density |
| 9.20. | Electrode thickness an important design lever |
| 9.21. | Energy density can exceed 1200 Wh/l and 400 Wh/kg |
| 9.22. | Options for improving fast-charge capability |
| 9.23. | Fast charge capability increasingly important |
| 9.24. | Composite electrode design optimisation can improve rate capability |
| 9.25. | Fast-charging battery developments |
| 9.26. | Options for improving cycle life |
| 9.27. | Various routes to improving cycle life |
| 9.28. | Various routes to improving cycle life |
| 9.29. | Cycle life particularly important for high energy chemistries |
| 9.30. | CATL's zero degradation TENER battery |
| 9.31. | Narada Power's zero-degradation battery |
| 9.32. | What underpins CATL's zero degradation ESS battery |
| 9.33. | Pre-lithiation likely to play key role in 'zero-degradation' claim |
| 9.34. | Cathode pre-lithiation additives |
| 9.35. | Data highlights the possibility for claiming zero-degradation |
| 9.36. | CATL pre-lithiation additive patent example |
| 9.37. | CATL pre-lithiation additive patent example |
| 9.38. | "Zero-degradation" battery highlights multiple design levers |
| 9.39. | Options for improving safety |
| 9.40. | Holistic design approach needed to ensure safety |
| 9.41. | Cell design for safety |
| 9.42. | Solid-state batteries can improve (but don't guarantee) safety |
| 9.43. | Pack design contributes to Li-ion battery safety |
| 9.44. | How low can cell costs go? |
| 9.45. | Concluding remarks |
| 9.46. | Li-ion cell manufacturers |
| 9.47. | Large players dominate cell production |
| 9.48. | Cell manufacturer market shares |
| 9.49. | Electric car battery manufacturer share by region |
| 9.50. | Li-ion battery production outlook |
| 9.51. | How long to build a Gigafactory? |
| 9.52. | How much to build a Gigafactory? |
| 9.53. | Gigafactory expansion plans |
| 9.54. | Battery production outlook - Europe |
| 9.55. | Cell capacity expansions - Europe |
| 9.56. | Battery production outlook - North America |
| 9.57. | Cell capacity expansion - North America |
| 9.58. | Battery production outlook - Asia |
| 9.59. | Cell capacity expansion - Asia |
| 9.60. | Global cell capacity expansions outlook by location |
| 9.61. | Global gigafactory expansions outlook |
| 9.62. | Gigafactory capacity by location |
| 9.63. | Li-ion battery production supply and demand outlook |
| 9.64. | Li-ion battery production supply and demand outlook |
| 9.65. | Cell capacity expansions data |
| 9.66. | Li-ion battery production supply and demand commentary |
| 10. | COST ANALYSES AND FORECASTS |
| 10.1. | Li-ion value chain |
| 10.2. | Cost by cathode chemistry |
| 10.3. | Raw material price trends |
| 10.4. | Lithium prices trending down |
| 10.5. | Lithium price volatility |
| 10.6. | CAM price trend |
| 10.7. | Li-ion graphite anode prices |
| 10.8. | Impact of CAM prices on cell material costs |
| 10.9. | Impact of metal prices on NMC 811 $/kWh cell material costs |
| 10.10. | Impact of metal prices on $/kWh LFP cell material costs |
| 10.11. | NMC 811 and LFP sensitivity analyses |
| 10.12. | Li-ion cell material cost trends |
| 10.13. | NMC 811 cost breakdown trend |
| 10.14. | LFP cost breakdown trend |
| 10.15. | Historic Li-ion cell prices |
| 10.16. | High nickel NMC material cost |
| 10.17. | Li-ion cell price forecast |
| 10.18. | BEV car battery price forecast |
| 11. | BATTERY PACKS AND MODULES |
| 11.1. | Li-ion Batteries: From Cell to Pack |
| 11.2. | Shifts in Cell and Pack Design |
| 11.3. | Battery KPIs for EVs |
| 11.4. | Modular pack designs |
| 11.5. | What is Cell-to-pack? |
| 11.6. | Drivers and Challenges for Cell-to-pack |
| 11.7. | What is Cell-to-chassis/body? |
| 11.8. | BYD Blade battery |
| 11.9. | CATL Cell to Pack |
| 11.10. | Cell-to-pack and Cell-to-body Designs Summary |
| 11.11. | Gravimetric Energy Density and Cell-to-pack Ratio |
| 11.12. | Volumetric Energy Density and Cell-to-pack Ratio |
| 11.13. | Cell-to-pack or modular? |
| 11.14. | Outlook for Cell-to-pack & Cell-to-body Designs |
| 11.15. | Module and pack manufacturing process |
| 11.16. | Differences in pack design by segment |
| 11.17. | Battery pack comparison |
| 11.18. | Battery module/pack comparison |
| 11.19. | Chemistry Choices in Turnkey EV Packs |
| 11.20. | Role of battery pack manufacturers |
| 11.21. | Future role for battery pack manufacturers |
| 11.22. | Trends in battery management systems |
| 11.23. | BMS core functionality |
| 11.24. | Functions of a BMS |
| 11.25. | BMS core hardware |
| 11.26. | Generic BMS block diagram |
| 11.27. | BMS topologies |
| 11.28. | BMS players |
| 11.29. | Innovations in BMS |
| 11.30. | Advanced BMS activity |
| 11.31. | Increasing BEV voltage |
| 11.32. | Drivers for 800V Platforms |
| 11.33. | Emerging 800V Platforms & SiC Inverters |
| 11.34. | IDTechEx Li-ion Battery Timeline |
| 12. | BATTERY MARKETS AND APPLICATIONS |
| 12.1. | Power range of electrical and electronic devices |
| 12.2. | Application battery priorities |
| 12.3. | Application battery priorities discussion |
| 12.4. | Battery electric cars |
| 12.5. | Regional Electric Car Sales 2015-2024 |
| 12.6. | China Purchase Subsidies Extended |
| 12.7. | EU Emissions and Targets |
| 12.8. | US Emissions Standards |
| 12.9. | Cell Format Market Share |
| 12.10. | Other Vehicle Categories |
| 12.11. | Electric Buses - a Global Outlook |
| 12.12. | Electric Bus Sales Forecast to Regionally Diversify by 2045 |
| 12.13. | Battery Capacity in Buses Increasing |
| 12.14. | Chemistries Used in Electric Buses |
| 12.15. | Chinese Market Favours LFP, European Market More Mixed |
| 12.16. | Battery Suppliers and OEM Relationships |
| 12.17. | Electric LCVs: Drivers and Barriers |
| 12.18. | Historic Electric LCV Sales in Europe |
| 12.19. | Historic Electric LCV Sales in China |
| 12.20. | LCV Range Requirement |
| 12.21. | Cycle life requirements for commercial electric vehicles |
| 12.22. | IDTechEx Outlook for eLCVs |
| 12.23. | Recovery from Coronavirus: Addressable Truck Market 2019-2022 |
| 12.24. | Leading Global E-Truck Manufacturer Sales 2021- H1 2023 |
| 12.25. | BEV and FCEV M&HD Trucks: Weight vs Battery Capacity |
| 12.26. | E-Truck OEM Battery Chemistry Choice |
| 12.27. | Truck Battery Chemistry Examples |
| 12.28. | Electric medium and heavy duty trucks |
| 12.29. | Regional Truck markets |
| 12.30. | Introduction to Micro EVs |
| 12.31. | Asia Home to Major Electric Two-wheeler Markets |
| 12.32. | India Electric Two- and Three- wheeler Market Growth |
| 12.33. | China Electric Two-wheeler Market History |
| 12.34. | China and India: Major Three-wheeler Markets |
| 12.35. | Microcars: The Goldilocks of Urban EVs |
| 12.36. | Micro EV Characteristics |
| 12.37. | Average Battery Capacities of Microcars |
| 12.38. | Summary of Marine Markets |
| 12.39. | Summary of Market Drivers for Electric & Hybrid Marine |
| 12.40. | Marine Battery Market History 2019-2025 by Subsector: ferry, cruise, ro-ro, cargo, OSV, tug, other |
| 12.41. | Why Marine Batteries are Unique |
| 12.42. | Electronic devices and power tools |
| 12.43. | Consumer electronics - battery to device price ratios |
| 13. | FORECASTS |
| 13.1. | Li-ion battery forecast by application, GWh |
| 13.2. | Li-ion battery forecast by application, data |
| 13.3. | Li-ion battery forecast by application, $B |
| 13.4. | Li-ion battery forecast by application, $B |
| 13.5. | Li-ion battery demand share |
| 13.6. | Li-ion forecast, GWh |
| 13.7. | Li-ion EV forecast, GWh |
| 13.8. | Li-ion electronics forecast, GWh |
| 13.9. | Li-ion BEV car market by cathode, GWh |
| 13.10. | Li-ion market by cathode, GWh |
| 13.11. | Li-ion battery cathode outlook |
| 13.12. | Li-ion market by anode, GWh |