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Micro EVs 2025-2045: Electric Two-Wheelers, Three-Wheelers, and Microcars

20-year forecasts for electric scooters, motorcycles, three-wheelers, & microcars across China, India, ASEAN, Europe, US, & RoW. Market sizes, model data, key players, Li-ion batteries, Pb-acid batteries, electric motors

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IDTechEx's report "Micro EVs 2025-2045: Electric Two-Wheelers, Three-Wheelers, and Microcars" provides a deep and granular analysis of the fast-growing micro EV industry, detailing how micro EVs will become a US$90 billion market by 2045. IDTechEx has assembled a comprehensive database of electric mopeds, motorcycles, three-wheelers, and microcars in this report to reveal trends in market sizes and sales figures in key regions, as well as battery technologies, vehicle performance, and more. 20-year forecasts across all key global markets highlight the transformation that is coming to the industry.
 
The micro EV market will grow to be worth US$90 billion by 2045, Source: IDTechEx
 
What are micro EVs?
While there is no standardized definition of a micro EV, the term is used to describe small vehicles that can seamlessly navigate densely populated urban areas. IDTechEx defines micro EVs as including electric two-wheelers (mopeds, scooters, and motorcycles), three-wheelers, and microcars.
 
Micro EVs are designed for short trips in and around city centers, and travel at lower speeds of 80 km/h or less. All these factors coupled with their smaller size make two-wheelers, three-wheelers, and microcars ideal candidates for early electrification - requiring smaller batteries and motors at a lower cost. In this way, they are the 'low hanging fruit' of electrification in the mobility industry.
 
IDTechEx's "Micro EVs 2025-2045: Electric Two-Wheelers, Three-Wheelers, and Microcars" report finds that demand for micro EVs is now growing faster than ever before. In Asian markets like China and India, two- and three-wheelers are long established within the overall mobility culture as low-cost means of everyday transport. But as the world strives to meet its Paris Agreement targets and other sustainability goals, electrification is fast making its way into these segments.
 
In smaller markets like Europe and the US, the main driver for uptake is how well-suited micro EVs are for use in cities. They are less impacted by increasing traffic congestion and have reduced parking requirements, all while being cheaper than a typical passenger car. They also have considerable commercial applications for last mile delivery and logistics. With global cargo and e-commerce demand set to double before 2050, the opportunities for micro EVs in this area will grow rapidly as well.
 
IDTechEx's report forecasts the adoption of each type of micro EV in all of the above regions - further segmented by power class and battery technologies. It also details how increasing use in commercial applications could impact the micro EV market and how newer models could be designed with such applications in mind.
 
Micro EV types and specifications, Source: IDTechEx
 
How is the micro EV landscape changing?
Micro EVs are already at a more advanced state of electrification than almost any other vehicle category. IDTechEx's new report finds that over a quarter of all small vehicles (two-wheelers, three-wheelers, and microcars) sold in 2023 were electric. Still, there are changes taking place today in and around the micro EV industry that will push this number even higher.
 
For one, governments are being more proactive in incentivizing micro EV sales. This isn't just limited to Asian economies where these small vehicles are already ubiquitous. Instead, almost every region globally has some purchase grant or subsidy for customers choosing an electric model over a combustion one - aiming to reduce the price difference between the two models and encourage greater sales. India has been especially successful here, with its grant programs often making electric scooters cheaper than petrol ones! Other government policies include funding for charging infrastructure or battery production, as well as greater standardization and certification.
 
IDTechEx's "Micro EVs 2025-2045: Electric Two-Wheelers, Three-Wheelers, and Microcars" also forecasts a major change coming in the batteries of micro EVs, with Li-ion set to play a key role in the industry's future. In today's micro EV market, lead-acid (Pb-acid) batteries still have a large presence and are used prominently in two- and three-wheelers - especially in Asian markets. Pb-acid drove the development of the micro EV industry prior to the maturation of Li-ion technology, and is still often used today for its low price and high availability.
 
Pb-acid does however come with drawbacks, not least of which is its harmful impact on the environment - where lead and acid waste can leach into the ground and into bodies of water if they are not disposed of or recycled properly. In response, governments have aimed to disincentivize their use, making micro EVs with Pb-acid batteries ineligible for grants and encouraging use of Li-ion batteries instead. At the same time, the performance of Pb-acid in terms of cycle life, energy density, and charging time is far inferior to that of Li-ion, so OEMs and customers should be willing to make the change as well. But despite all of this, the low cost of these batteries means they still continue to see use to this day.
 
However, the costs of Li-ion batteries are now falling quickly, which is shifting the dynamics of the micro EV industry. Li-ion driven micro EVs are become increasingly cost competitive every year, and more OEMs globally are looking to embrace the technology. IDTechEx's report finds that Li-ion will soon overtake Pb-acid as the dominant battery technology in micro EVs. The report breaks down the market shares that Pb-acid and Li-ion will hold of each vehicle type across different global regions.
 
Share of EV sales in 2023, for micro EVs, Source: IDTechEx
 
"Micro EVs 2025-2045: Electric Two-Wheelers, Three-Wheelers, and Microcars" brings together all of the above trends and more, highlighting the transformation that lies in the near future for micro EVs and the wider mobility industry. IDTechEx's report considers critical regulations and sales trends across major global markets - China, India, Southeast Asia, Europe, the US, and the Rest of the World. Key players and models of each region are benchmarked, including analyses of battery technologies, motor power, and pricing. 20-year granular forecasts broken down by region, power class, and battery chemistry provide insights into the key contributors to growth of micro EVs.
Key Aspects
This report provides critical market intelligence into the micro EV market, including:
 
Drivers for micro EV growth
  • Types of micro EVs
  • Demand for micro EVs in cities
  • Commercial applications of micro EVs
  • Regulatory drivers for micro EV uptake
 
Detailed market sizing and analysis
  • Breakdown of sales figures and trends for electric two-wheelers, three-wheelers, and microcars in every key region
  • Market shares of OEMs in individual markets
  • Performance benchmarking of key micro EV models, including batteries, motors, and pricing
  • Case studies of major OEMs
 
Technology trends
  • Sizing analysis of batteries and electric motors
  • Utilization of battery technologies (Li-ion vs. Pb-acid, Li-ion chemistries breakdown, Na-ion)
  • Utilization of motor technologies
 
Market forecasts
  • Granular 20-year forecasts for global micro EV sales, battery demand, and market size - broken down by vehicle type (electric two-wheeler, three-wheeler, microcar), region, power class, and battery technology
  • Individual detailed forecasts provided for each region (China, India, Southeast Asia, Europe, US, Rest of the World)
Report MetricsDetails
Historic Data2016 - 2024
CAGRThe combined global market for micro EVs will grow at a 20-year CAGR of 4.5%.
Forecast Period2025 - 2045
Forecast UnitsUnit sales, Battery demand (GWh), Market size (US$ billion)
Regions CoveredChina, India, East Asia, Europe, United States, Worldwide
Segments CoveredElectric two-wheelers (scooters, mopeds, and motorcycles), Electric three-wheelers, Electric microcars
Analyst access from IDTechEx
All report purchases include up to 30 minutes telephone time with an expert analyst who will help you link key findings in the report to the business issues you're addressing. This needs to be used within three months of purchasing the report.
Further information
If you have any questions about this report, please do not hesitate to contact our report team at research@IDTechEx.com or call one of our sales managers:

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1.EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
1.1.Key Report Findings
1.2.Introduction to Micro EVs
1.3.Types of Micro EVs
1.4.What Micro EVs Are Covered in This Report?
1.5.The EV Revolution is Taking Place in Tiny Vehicles
1.6.Electrification Occurring Faster in Three-Wheelers & Microcars
1.7.Electric Two-Wheelers: Scooters vs. Motorcycles
1.8.Low-Power E2Ws Make Up Most of the Market
1.9.China Rules The Electric Two-Wheeler Market
1.10.Adoption of Electric Two-Wheelers Is Growing
1.11.Electric Two-Wheelers in China Impacted by Regulation
1.12.India: A Fast-Growing E2W Market
1.13.Two-Wheeler Battery Sizes Remain Small
1.14.Lead-Acid Still Plays A Role in Electric Two-Wheelers
1.15.The Diverse Role of Three-Wheelers
1.16.Asia as the Home of the Three-Wheeler
1.17.Pb-Acid Dominates in Three-Wheelers
1.18.Microcars Offer Different Traits to Typical Cars
1.19.Average Range of Microcars
1.20.Microcars Vary Across Regions
1.21.Chinese Microcars Are Almost Entirely Electric
1.22.Microcars On The Rise in Europe
1.23.Micro EV Sales to Reach 66 Million Annually by 2045
1.24.Global Micro EV Battery Demand To Exceed 300 GWh
1.25.Micro EVs - A US$90 Billion Market Opportunity
1.26.Access More With an IDTechEx Subscription
2.INTRODUCTION
2.1.Micro EV Overview
2.1.1.What are Micro EVs?
2.1.2.Micro EV Types
2.1.3.Vehicles Covered in This Report
2.1.4.Comparison of Micro EV Segments
2.1.5.Micro EV Usage Models
2.2.Drivers for Micro EV Adoption
2.2.1.Transportation as a Source of Emissions
2.2.2.Urban Air Quality
2.2.3.Fossil Fuel Bans
2.2.4.The Costs of Congestion
2.2.5.Micro EVs Help Relieve Congestion
2.2.6.Local Mobility Culture
2.2.7.Regional Micro EV preferences
2.2.8.Micro EVs Are Sustainable
2.2.9.Last Mile Logistics
2.3.Policies for Micro EVs
2.3.1.India: FAME II Scheme and EMPS 2024
2.3.2.E2W Policies in ASEAN
2.3.3.Policies in Europe
2.3.4.China's Role As Micro EV Market Leader
2.3.5.Limited Micro EV Regulation in the US
3.ELECTRIC TWO-WHEELERS
3.1.Electric Two-Wheelers Overview
3.1.1.E2Ws vs. Other Electric Vehicles
3.1.2.Electric Two-Wheeler Classification
3.1.3.Electric Two-Wheeler Power Classes
3.1.4.Two-Wheelers Not Included in this Report
3.1.5.Two-Wheeler Popularity in Asia
3.1.6.E2W Manufacturers by Region
3.1.7.Global Two-Wheeler Market
3.1.8.Global Two-Wheeler Production Moving Away From China
3.1.9.Global Electric Two-Wheeler Market
3.1.10.Electric Two-Wheelers Over 4kW
3.1.11.Electric Motorcycle Performance
3.1.12.Example Electric Motorcycle Specifications
3.1.13.Challenges of Motorcycle Electrification
3.1.14.Customer Opinions: Electric Two-Wheeler Survey
3.2.Electric Two-Wheelers in China
3.2.1.China's Electric Two-Wheeler Explosion
3.2.2.Electric Two-Wheelers Classification in China
3.2.3.The Rise (and Fall?) of Two-Wheelers in Chinese Mobility
3.2.4.Chinese Two-Wheeler Market
3.2.5.Chinese Electric Two-Wheeler Market (1)
3.2.6.Chinese Electric Two-Wheeler Market (2)
3.2.7.Key Chinese E2W OEMs
3.2.8.China E2W Example Models
3.2.9.Yadea
3.2.10.Niu
3.2.11.Luyuan
3.2.12.China Electric Two-Wheeler Supply Chain
3.2.13.BYD Developing Batteries for E2Ws
3.2.14.Yadea Graphene Batteries
3.2.15.China E2W Unit Sales Forecast by Power Class
3.2.16.China E2W Battery Demand Forecast by Battery Chemistry
3.3.Electric Two-Wheelers in India
3.3.1.Mobility Trends in India
3.3.2.Pollution & Oil Dependence in India
3.3.3.Indian Two-Wheeler Market
3.3.4.Indian Two-Wheeler Exports
3.3.5.FAME II Scheme and EMPS 2024
3.3.6.Electric Two-Wheeler Sales in India
3.3.7.Growth Drivers for Electric Two-Wheelers in India (1)
3.3.8.Growth Drivers for Electric Two-Wheelers in India (2)
3.3.9.India Localizing Cell Production
3.3.10.Established vs. Start-Up OEMs in Indian E2W Market
3.3.11.Leading Indian E2W OEMs
3.3.12.India E2W Example Models
3.3.13.Li-ion vs. Pb-Acid Usage in India E2Ws
3.3.14.India E2W Unit Sales Forecast by Power Class
3.3.15.India E2W Battery Demand Forecast by Battery Chemistry
3.4.Electric Two-Wheelers in Southeast Asia
3.4.1.Southeast Asian Markets and The ASEAN Four
3.4.2.Historic Sales in Southeast Asia
3.4.3.Two-Wheeler Exports in Southeast Asia
3.4.4.Electric Two-Wheeler Market Shares in ASEAN Countries
3.4.5.Electric Two-Wheeler Sales in ASEAN Countries
3.4.6.ASEAN Electric Two-Wheeler Brands
3.4.7.ASEAN Electric Two-Wheeler Battery Chemistries
3.4.8.Evolution of Battery Technologies in ASEAN E2Ws
3.4.9.Indonesia E2W Example Models
3.4.10.Gesits
3.4.11.Vietnam E2W Example Models
3.4.12.VinFast
3.4.13.Southeast Asia E2W Unit Sales Forecast by Power Class
3.4.14.Southeast Asia E2W Battery Demand Forecast by Battery Chemistry
3.5.Electric Two-Wheelers in Europe
3.5.1.EU Classification of Micro EVs
3.5.2.Europe Two-Wheeler Classification
3.5.3.European Two-Wheeler Market
3.5.4.Europe Motorcycle Sales by Country
3.5.5.Electric Mopeds and Motorcycles in Europe (1)
3.5.6.Electric Mopeds and Motorcycles in Europe (2)
3.5.7.Electric Motorcycle Sales by Country
3.5.8.Electric Moped Sales by Country
3.5.9.Market Players in Europe
3.5.10.Leading OEMs in Europe
3.5.11.Europe Electric Two-Wheeler Example Models
3.5.12.UK Best-Selling Models
3.5.13.Italy Market Breakdown
3.5.14.Europe E2W Unit Sales Forecast by Power Class
3.6.Electric Two-Wheelers in the US
3.6.1.US Two-Wheeler Market
3.6.2.Two-Wheeler Preferences in the US
3.6.3.E2W Example Models in the US
3.6.4.US E2W OEM Market Shares
3.6.5.Zero Motorcycles
3.6.6.LiveWire/Harley Davidson
3.6.7.US E2W Unit Sales Forecast by Power Class
3.7.Electric Two-Wheelers in the RoW
3.7.1.RoW Two-Wheeler Sales
3.7.2.RoW Electric Two-Wheeler Sales
3.7.3.Taiwan Two-Wheeler Market and E2W Sales
3.7.4.E2W Market Share in Taiwan
3.7.5.Gogoro
3.7.6.Gogoro (2)
3.7.7.RoW E2W Unit Sales Forecast by Power Class
4.ELECTRIC THREE-WHEELERS
4.1.Electric Three-Wheelers Overview
4.1.1.History & Evolution of Three-Wheelers
4.1.2.The Role of Three-Wheelers
4.1.3.Three-Wheeler Classification
4.1.4.China and India: Major Three-wheeler Markets
4.1.5.E3W Manufacturers by Region
4.2.Electric Three-Wheelers in China
4.2.1.Three-Wheelers in Chinese Mobility
4.2.2.Chinese Three-Wheeler Types
4.2.3.China Three-Wheeler Market
4.2.4.China E3W Sales
4.2.5.Chinese E3W Market Shares
4.2.6.Chinese E3W Example Models
4.2.7.Chinese Pb-Acid vs. Li-ion Batteries
4.2.8.E3W Componentry
4.2.9.Chinese E3Ws Facing Increasing Regulation
4.2.10.China E3W Unit Sales Forecast by Power Class
4.2.11.China E3W Battery Demand Forecast by Battery Chemistry
4.3.Electric Three-Wheelers in India
4.3.1.The Role of Three-Wheelers in India
4.3.2.India Three-Wheeler Market
4.3.3.Electric Three-Wheelers in India
4.3.4.E-Rickshaws: A Large Unregistered Segment
4.3.5.Challenges for E3Ws in India
4.3.6.India E3W Example Models
4.3.7.E3W Market Leaders in India
4.3.8.Mahindra
4.3.9.Euler
4.3.10.India E3W Unit Sales Forecast by Power Class
4.3.11.India E3W Battery Demand Forecast by Battery Chemistry
4.4.Electric Three-Wheelers in RoW
4.4.1.Three-Wheelers Outside China & India
4.4.2.Electrification of Three-Wheelers in RoW
4.4.3.Three-Wheeler Classification in US and Europe
4.4.4.US & Europe E3W Examples
4.4.5.Arcimoto
4.4.6.Carver Electric
4.4.7.Asia E3W Examples
4.4.8.BEMAC
4.4.9.RoW E3W Unit Sales Forecast by Power Class
5.ELECTRIC MICROCARS
5.1.Electric Microcars Overview
5.1.1.Microcars: The Goldilocks of Urban EVs
5.1.2.The Role of Microcars
5.1.3.Average Daily Driving Distances
5.1.4.Average Range of Microcars
5.1.5.Average Speed of Microcars
5.1.6.Other Applications of Microcars
5.1.7.Microcar Characteristics & Benefits
5.1.8.Concerns Surrounding Microcars
5.1.9.Rightsizing The Footprint
5.1.10.The Potential of Autonomous Microcars
5.1.11.Suzuki & Honda Developing Autonomous Microcars
5.1.12.Microcar Definition by Region
5.1.13.Examples of Microcars by Region
5.2.Electric Microcars in China
5.2.1.A00 Category Vehicles in China
5.2.2.A00 Sales in China
5.2.3.A00 Vehicles Are Almost Entirely Electric
5.2.4.Best Selling A00 EVs
5.2.5.Best Selling A00 Examples
5.2.6.Wuling Hongguang Mini EV
5.2.7.BAW
5.2.8.Unregistered Low Speed EVs in China
5.2.9.Banning Unregistered Low Speed EVs
5.2.10.China Microcar Unit Sales Forecast
5.3.Electric Microcars in Europe
5.3.1.Quadricycle Category in Europe
5.3.2.Electric Quadricycle Sales in EU
5.3.3.Electric Quadricycle Example Models
5.3.4.Citroen Ami
5.3.5.Biro Cars
5.3.6.Microcar Sharing in Europe
5.3.7.Europe Microcar Unit Sales Forecast
5.4.Electric Microcars in RoW
5.4.1.Microcars in the US: Neighbourhood EVs and Low Speed Vehicles
5.4.2.Defining Microcars: Kei Cars (Japan) and A1 Cars (India)
5.4.3.RoW Electric Microcar Sales
5.4.4.RoW Microcar Examples
5.4.5.Nissan Sakura
5.4.6.Polaris GEM e2
5.4.7.RoW Microcar Unit Sales Forecast
6.BATTERIES & MOTORS FOR MICRO EVS
6.1.Battery Technologies for Micro EVs
6.1.1.Lead-Acid vs. Li-ion Battery Technologies
6.1.2.Benchmarking Lead-Acid vs. Li-ion
6.1.3.Battery Technology Choices in Electric Two-Wheelers
6.1.4.Battery Technology Choices in E3Ws & Microcars
6.1.5.Governments Regulating Against Pb-Acid
6.1.6.Li-ion Increasingly Cost Competitive
6.1.7.Lithium Battery Chemistries
6.1.8.Key Differences Between Li-ion Technologies
6.1.9.Li-ion Battery Performance Comparisons
6.1.10.Li-ion Technologies in Electric Two-Wheelers
6.1.11.Li-ion Technologies in Electric Three-Wheelers & Microcars
6.1.12.The Promise of Sodium Ion
6.1.13.China as a Na-ion Giant
6.1.14.Yadea Producing Na-ion Two-Wheelers
6.1.15.Cooling Strategies for Micro EV Batteries
6.1.16.Matter Energy: Liquid Cooled Batteries for E2Ws
6.2.Battery Sizing
6.2.1.Battery Sizes of Electric Two-Wheelers
6.2.2.Energy Intensity of Electric Two-Wheelers
6.2.3.Battery Sizes of Electric Three-Wheelers
6.2.4.Battery Sizes of Microcars
6.2.5.Voltage Platforms in Micro EVs
6.2.6.Battery Voltage in Asian Electric Two-Wheelers
6.3.Motors for Micro EVs
6.3.1.Summary of Traction Motor Types
6.3.2.Comparison of Traction Motor Construction
6.3.3.Electric Two-Wheelers Power by Region
6.3.4.Electric Two-Wheelers Motor Power
6.3.5.Motors in Electric Three-Wheelers and Microcars
6.3.6.Types of Motors in Micro EVs
6.3.7.Hub Motors vs. Mid-Drive Motors
6.3.8.Four-Wheeler Preferred Electric Drivetrain Architecture
6.3.9.More Details in IDTechEx's Reports
7.FORECASTS - UNIT SALES, BATTERY DEMAND, & MARKET SIZE
7.1.Forecast Methodology
7.1.1.Forecast Methodology - Total Addressable Market
7.1.2.Forecast Methodology - EV Forecasts & Segmentation
7.1.3.Forecast Methodology - Forecasting Battery Demand & Market Size
7.1.4.Forecast Assumptions
7.1.5.Forecast Assumptions: Two-Wheeler Average Battery Size
7.1.6.Forecast Assumptions: Two-Wheeler Average Unit Price
7.1.7.Forecast Assumptions: Three-Wheeler & Microcar Average Battery Size
7.1.8.Forecast Assumptions: Three-Wheeler & Microcar Average Unit Price
7.2.Combined Micro EV Forecasts
7.2.1.Global Micro EV Sales Forecast
7.2.2.Global Micro EV Battery Demand Forecast
7.2.3.Global Micro EV Battery Demand Forecast by Battery Type
7.2.4.Global Micro EV Market Size Forecast
7.3.Electric Two-Wheeler Forecasts
7.3.1.Global Electric Two-Wheeler Sales Forecast by Region
7.3.2.Global Electric Two-Wheeler Sales Forecast by Power Class
7.3.3.Global Electric Two-Wheeler Battery Demand Forecast by Region
7.3.4.Global Electric Two-Wheeler Battery Demand Forecast by Battery Type
7.3.5.Global Electric Two-Wheeler Market Size Forecast by Region
7.4.Electric Three-Wheeler Forecasts
7.4.1.Global Electric Three-Wheeler Sales Forecast by Region
7.4.2.Global Electric Three-Wheeler Sales Forecast by Power Class
7.4.3.Global Electric Three-Wheeler Battery Demand Forecast by Region
7.4.4.Global Electric Three-Wheeler Battery Demand Forecast by Battery Type
7.4.5.Global Electric Three-Wheeler Market Size Forecast by Region
7.5.Electric Microcar Forecasts
7.5.1.Global Electric Microcar Sales Forecast by Region
7.5.2.Global Electric Microcar Battery Demand Forecast by Region
7.5.3.Global Electric Microcar Market Size Forecast by Region
 

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The micro EV market will be valued at US$90 billion by 2045

Report Statistics

Slides 304
Forecasts to 2045
 

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ISBN: 9781835701010

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