| 1. | EXECUTIVE SUMMARY |
| 1.1. | The need to decarbonize the chemical industry |
| 1.2. | Alternative feedstock classifications |
| 1.3. | Chemicals sourced from next-generation feedstocks |
| 1.4. | Next-generation feedstocks market drivers: demand for sustainable products |
| 1.5. | Next-generation feedstocks market drivers: government regulation |
| 1.6. | Next-generation feedstocks market drivers: carbon taxes may increase adoption of next-generation feedstocks |
| 1.7. | Factors affecting the economic viability of next-generation feedstock projects |
| 1.8. | Impact of oil prices on next-generation feedstock adoption |
| 1.9. | Next-generation feedstock barriers: process costs |
| 1.10. | Next-generation feedstocks barriers: capital costs |
| 1.11. | Economic difficulties have resulted in project delays and cancellations |
| 1.12. | Major market challenges for next-generation feedstocks |
| 1.13. | Next-generation feedstocks: SWOT analysis |
| 1.14. | Next-generation feedstocks: overview of types |
| 1.15. | Lignocellulosic feedstocks for chemicals: lignin valorization |
| 1.16. | Lignocellulosic feedstocks for chemicals: key players |
| 1.17. | Lignocellulosic feedstocks for chemicals: key takeaways |
| 1.18. | Non-lignocellulosic feedstocks for chemicals: key players |
| 1.19. | Non-lignocellulosic feedstocks for chemicals: key takeaways |
| 1.20. | Municipal waste for chemicals: key players |
| 1.21. | Municipal waste for chemicals: key takeaways |
| 1.22. | Greenhouse gases for chemicals: key players |
| 1.23. | Technology Readiness Level (TRL) of emerging conversion processes for biochemicals |
| 1.24. | Greenhouse gas feedstocks: IDTechEx TRL assessment for large-scale CO₂ utilization |
| 1.25. | Technology Readiness Level (TRL): Carbon dioxide utilization products |
| 1.26. | Greenhouse gas feedstocks for chemicals: key takeaways |
| 1.27. | Next-generation feedstocks for chemical production 2025-2035 forecast |
| 1.28. | Next-generation feedstocks forecast discussion (I) |
| 1.29. | Next-generation feedstocks forecast discussion (II) |
| 1.30. | Key takeaways from this report (I) |
| 1.31. | Key takeaways from this report (II) |
| 1.32. | Company profiles |
| 2. | INTRODUCTION |
| 2.1. | Over two-thirds of emissions from the chemical industry are embedded |
| 2.2. | The chemical industry's decarbonization challenge |
| 2.3. | The new carbon cycle |
| 2.4. | Alternative feedstock classifications |
| 2.5. | Next-generation feedstocks in the circular bioeconomy |
| 2.6. | 1st generation feedstocks |
| 2.7. | 1st generation feedstocks: issues |
| 2.8. | Next-generation feedstocks: benefits and challenges |
| 2.9. | Chemicals sourced from next-generation feedstocks |
| 2.10. | Report scope |
| 2.11. | IDTechEx circular economy research |
| 2.12. | Report structure |
| 3. | NEXT-GENERATION FEEDSTOCKS MARKET ANALYSIS |
| 3.1. | Market analysis introduction |
| 3.1.1. | Market analysis: introduction |
| 3.2. | Next-generation feedstock: market drivers and analysis |
| 3.2.1. | Market drivers: demand for sustainable products |
| 3.2.2. | Market drivers: current chemical industry emissions |
| 3.2.3. | Market drivers: government regulation |
| 3.2.4. | Market drivers: the proposed Critical Chemicals Act for Europe |
| 3.2.5. | Current legislation focuses on biofuels |
| 3.2.6. | Market drivers: European funding support of next-generation feedstocks |
| 3.2.7. | Market drivers: carbon taxes may increase adoption of next-generation feedstocks |
| 3.2.8. | Market drivers: geopolitical pressure could result in onshoring feedstocks |
| 3.2.9. | Market drivers: Public and internal pressure for sustainable feedstocks |
| 3.2.10. | Market driver: major chemical company sustainability promises |
| 3.2.11. | Market drivers: NGOs for a circular bioeconomy |
| 3.2.12. | Market analysis: next-generation feedstocks compared to 1st generation |
| 3.2.13. | Market analysis: less land use change for next-generation feedstocks |
| 3.2.14. | Land use as an advantage for next-generation feedstocks is debated by some |
| 3.2.15. | Market analysis: chemical demand and next-generation feedstock underutilization |
| 3.2.16. | Market analysis: biobased BTX molecules could become important precursor chemicals to sustainable products |
| 3.2.17. | Market analysis: biobased next-generation ethanol could become an important precursor chemical |
| 3.2.18. | Next-generation bioethanol: drivers |
| 3.2.19. | Next-generation bioethanol: barriers |
| 3.3. | Economic viability of next-generation feedstocks |
| 3.3.1. | Factors affecting the economic viability of next-generation feedstock projects |
| 3.3.2. | Impact of oil prices on next-generation feedstock adoption |
| 3.3.3. | Effects of Brent crude prices on next-generation chemical products |
| 3.3.4. | The Green Premium for next-generation chemicals |
| 3.3.5. | Next-generation feedstocks and crude oil cost comparison (I) |
| 3.3.6. | Next-generation feedstocks and crude oil cost comparison (II) |
| 3.3.7. | Process costs are a barrier to the economic viability of next-generation feedstocks |
| 3.3.8. | Chemicals with potential to become biobased based on price |
| 3.3.9. | Shift from commodity products to lower volume, high value markets could give economic viability |
| 3.3.10. | Next-generation feedstocks barriers: capital costs |
| 3.3.11. | Reduction in next-generation feedstock costs expected with scale-up |
| 3.3.12. | Economic difficulties have resulted in project delays and cancellations |
| 3.3.13. | Major market challenges for next-generation feedstocks |
| 3.3.14. | Next-generation feedstocks: key SWOT analysis |
| 3.4. | Player and start-up Landscape |
| 3.4.1. | Player landscape: operational and planned facilities introduction |
| 3.4.2. | Player landscape: operational plants |
| 3.4.3. | Player landscape: planned plants |
| 3.4.4. | Major chemical company investments in next-generation feedstocks |
| 3.4.5. | Company landscape: Start-up players funding |
| 4. | PROCESSES |
| 4.1. | Chapter scope |
| 4.2. | Anaerobic digestion |
| 4.3. | Fermentation |
| 4.4. | Pyrolysis |
| 4.5. | Gasification |
| 4.6. | Summary of pretreatment processes |
| 5. | LIGNOCELLULOSIC FEEDSTOCKS |
| 5.1. | Lignocellulosic feedstocks introduction |
| 5.1.1. | Lignocellulosic biomass introduction |
| 5.1.2. | Utilization of cellulose |
| 5.1.3. | Utilization of hemicellulose |
| 5.1.4. | Cellulose and hemicellulose for precursor chemicals |
| 5.1.5. | Lignin utilization |
| 5.1.6. | Potential products from lignin |
| 5.1.7. | Challenges for lignocellulosic biomass |
| 5.1.8. | Lignocellulosic biomass suppliers: Forest Concepts |
| 5.2. | Wood-based feedstocks |
| 5.2.1. | Traditional lignocellulosic biomass |
| 5.2.2. | Wood waste feedstocks |
| 5.2.3. | Wood waste: Chemical products |
| 5.2.4. | Wood waste: odor free lignin players |
| 5.2.5. | Wood waste: odor-free lignin extraction processes at pilot scale |
| 5.2.6. | Wood waste: other players |
| 5.2.7. | Black Liquor as a Feedstock |
| 5.2.8. | Black Liquor Players and Products |
| 5.2.9. | Lignosulfonates as a Feedstock |
| 5.2.10. | Lignosulfonates Products and Players |
| 5.3. | Agricultural waste |
| 5.3.1. | Agricultural waste as a lignocellulosic feedstock |
| 5.3.2. | The agriculture industry in 2025 |
| 5.3.3. | Wheat waste feedstocks: straw, husk and bran |
| 5.3.4. | Wheat straw: OptisoChem |
| 5.3.5. | Wheat straw: processing technologies |
| 5.3.6. | Wheat straw: Re:Chemistry |
| 5.3.7. | Rice waste feedstock: straw and husk |
| 5.3.8. | Rice waste feedstock: players |
| 5.3.9. | Corn Stover feedstock |
| 5.3.10. | Corn stover: New Energy Blue |
| 5.3.11. | Corn stover: other players |
| 5.3.12. | Sugarcane bagasse |
| 5.3.13. | Sugarcane bagasse: players |
| 5.3.14. | Cereal straw feedstocks: an overview |
| 5.3.15. | Cereal straw: current uses and competition |
| 5.3.16. | Coffee waste feedstocks |
| 5.3.17. | Coffee grounds: commercial activity |
| 5.3.18. | Other potential agricultural waste feedstocks |
| 5.4. | Energy crops |
| 5.4.1. | Lignocellulosic energy crops |
| 5.4.2. | Energy crops feedstocks |
| 5.4.3. | Energy crops: players |
| 5.4.4. | Bamboo as a feedstock |
| 5.5. | Lignocellulosic feedstocks: key takeaways |
| 5.5.1. | Key players for chemical production from lignocellulosic feedstock |
| 5.5.2. | Lignocellulosic feedstock costs |
| 5.5.3. | Chemical production capacities from lignocellulosic feedstock |
| 5.5.4. | Lignin valorization |
| 5.5.5. | Technology Readiness Level (TRL) of lignin extraction processes for biochemicals |
| 5.5.6. | Lignocellulosic feedstocks: key SWOT analysis |
| 5.5.7. | Lignocellulosic feedstocks: key takeaways |
| 6. | NON-LIGNOCELLULOSIC FEEDSTOCKS |
| 6.1. | Non-lignocellulosic feedstocks introduction |
| 6.1.1. | Non-lignocellulosic biomass feedstocks |
| 6.1.2. | Chemical products from non-lignocellulosic feedstocks |
| 6.1.3. | Non-lignocellulosic feedstocks: benefits and challenges |
| 6.2. | Agricultural waste |
| 6.2.1. | Citrus waste: sources and composition |
| 6.2.2. | Citrus waste: uses and chemical products |
| 6.2.3. | Citrus waste: Commercial activity |
| 6.2.4. | Apple pomace feedstocks |
| 6.2.5. | Grape pomace feedstocks |
| 6.2.6. | Grape waste: commercial activity |
| 6.2.7. | Oil cake: olive waste and other feedstocks |
| 6.2.8. | Oil cake: commercial activity for olive waste |
| 6.2.9. | Ruminant manure feedstocks |
| 6.2.10. | Manure: commercial activity |
| 6.2.11. | Whey and dairy waste feedstocks |
| 6.2.12. | Whey: players |
| 6.2.13. | Tomato residues |
| 6.2.14. | Tomato residues: players and research |
| 6.2.15. | Potato peel waste: feedstock description and players |
| 6.2.16. | Food and beverage waste feedstocks |
| 6.2.17. | Food and beverage waste: players |
| 6.2.18. | Food and beverage waste: projects |
| 6.2.19. | Citric Acid from sugarcane processing waste |
| 6.2.20. | Agricultural waste: other players (I) |
| 6.2.21. | Agricultural waste: other players (II) |
| 6.2.22. | Agricultural waste: Pyran |
| 6.3. | Algae based feedstocks |
| 6.3.1. | Introduction: algae as a chemical feedstock |
| 6.3.2. | Macroalgae, microalgae and cyanobacteria |
| 6.3.3. | Key drivers and challenges for marine based feedstocks |
| 6.3.4. | Algae: introduction, pros and cons |
| 6.3.5. | Cyanobacteria: advantages, disadvantages and products |
| 6.3.6. | Algae has multiple market applications |
| 6.3.7. | CO₂ capture & utilization - key application for microalgae & cyanobacteria |
| 6.3.8. | Production process using microalgae / cyanobacteria |
| 6.3.9. | Production process using macroalgae (seaweed) |
| 6.3.10. | Key growth criteria in microalgae cultivation |
| 6.3.11. | Open vessels for microalgae cultivation |
| 6.3.12. | Closed vessels for microalgae cultivation |
| 6.3.13. | Open vs closed algae cultivation systems |
| 6.3.14. | Microalgae cultivation system suppliers: photobioreactors (PBRs) & ponds |
| 6.3.15. | Case study - CO₂ capture from cement plants using algae |
| 6.3.16. | Algal biofuel development has faced historical challenges which could result in shift in focus towards chemicals |
| 6.3.17. | Algal biofuel companies shifted focus or went bust |
| 6.3.18. | Algae feedstocks: players (I) |
| 6.3.19. | Algae feedstocks: players (II) |
| 6.3.20. | Cyanobacteria feedstocks: players (I) |
| 6.3.21. | Cyanobacteria feedstocks: Players (II) |
| 6.3.22. | Seaweed feedstocks: players |
| 6.3.23. | SWOT analysis for marine-based chemical feedstocks |
| 6.4. | Non-lignocellulosic feedstocks: key takeaways |
| 6.4.1. | Key players for chemical production from non-lignocellulosic feedstock |
| 6.4.2. | Chemical production capacities from non-lignocellulosic feedstock |
| 6.4.3. | Non-lignocellulosic feedstocks: key SWOT analysis |
| 6.4.4. | Non-lignocellulosic feedstocks: key takeaways |
| 7. | MUNICIPAL WASTE FEEDSTOCKS |
| 7.1. | Municipal waste introduction |
| 7.1.1. | Municipal Waste: Introduction |
| 7.1.2. | Report scope: municipal waste |
| 7.2. | Municipal waste feedstocks |
| 7.2.1. | Municipal Green Waste |
| 7.2.2. | Municipal waste feedstocks |
| 7.2.3. | BTX chemicals from plastic waste: players |
| 7.2.4. | BTX conversion technologies and commercial scale |
| 7.2.5. | Syngas, ethanol and methanol from municipal waste: players |
| 7.2.6. | Plastic waste: other players |
| 7.2.7. | Sewage and wastewater feedstocks |
| 7.2.8. | Wastewater feedstocks: players |
| 7.3. | Plastic depolymerization |
| 7.3.1. | Depolymerization: introduction |
| 7.3.2. | Overview of depolymerization approaches |
| 7.3.3. | Depolymerization by plastic type overview |
| 7.3.4. | Chemical pathways for PET depolymerization |
| 7.3.5. | Depolymerization of polystyrene |
| 7.3.6. | Depolymerization of polyolefins |
| 7.3.7. | Companies pursuing enzyme depolymerization |
| 7.3.8. | Microwave technology for chemical depolymerization |
| 7.3.9. | The role of ionic liquids in chemical depolymerization |
| 7.4. | Municipal waste feedstocks: key takeaways |
| 7.4.1. | Key players for chemical production from municipal waste |
| 7.4.2. | Depolymerization players by type |
| 7.4.3. | Chemical production capacities from municipal waste |
| 7.4.4. | Technology Readiness Level (TRL) of BTX production from municipal waste |
| 7.4.5. | Municipal waste feedstocks: key SWOT analysis |
| 7.4.6. | Municipal waste feedstocks: key takeaways |
| 8. | GREENHOUSE GAS FEEDSTOCKS |
| 8.1. | Greenhouse gas feedstocks introduction |
| 8.1.1. | Gaseous Feedstocks: Introduction |
| 8.1.2. | Greenhouse gases: chapter structure |
| 8.1.3. | CO₂ has many use cases |
| 8.1.4. | CO₂ can be converted into a range of chemicals |
| 8.1.5. | The basics: types of CO₂ utilization reactions |
| 8.1.6. | Using CO₂ as a feedstock is energy-intensive |
| 8.1.7. | The source of captured CO₂ matters |
| 8.1.8. | CO₂ may need to be first converted into CO or syngas |
| 8.1.9. | Methane and syngas as feedstocks for chemicals |
| 8.2. | CO₂ as a feedstock for methane |
| 8.2.1. | Different sources of methane |
| 8.2.2. | Methanation overview |
| 8.2.3. | Thermocatalytic pathway to e-methane |
| 8.2.4. | Thermocatalytic methanation case study |
| 8.2.5. | Biological fermentation of CO₂ into e-methane |
| 8.2.6. | Biocatalytic methanation case study |
| 8.2.7. | Thermocatalytic vs biocatalytic methanation |
| 8.2.8. | Methanation technology: key SWOT |
| 8.2.9. | Existing and future CO₂-derived methane projects |
| 8.2.10. | Methanation company landscape (I) |
| 8.2.11. | Methanation company landscape (II) |
| 8.2.12. | Methane as a chemical intermediate focuses on methanol production |
| 8.3. | CO₂ as a feedstock for methanol |
| 8.3.1. | Methanol is a valuable chemical feedstock |
| 8.3.2. | Cost parity has been a challenge for CO₂-derived methanol |
| 8.3.3. | Thermochemical methods: CO₂-derived methanol |
| 8.3.4. | Carbon Recycling International: Direct hydrogenation |
| 8.3.5. | Direct methanol synthesis from H₂O & CO₂ |
| 8.3.6. | Major CO₂-derived methanol projects |
| 8.4. | CO₂ as a feedstock for other chemicals |
| 8.4.1. | Fischer-Tropsch synthesis: syngas to hydrocarbons |
| 8.4.2. | Direct Fischer-Tropsch synthesis: CO₂ to hydrocarbons |
| 8.4.3. | CO₂ use in urea production |
| 8.4.4. | Aromatic hydrocarbons from CO₂ |
| 8.4.5. | CO₂ microbial conversion to produce chemicals |
| 8.4.6. | CO₂-consuming microorganisms |
| 8.4.7. | CO₂ for ethanol and other chemicals: LanzaTech |
| 8.4.8. | CO₂ and methane for PHB production via biotechnology |
| 8.4.9. | Key players in chemosynthetic biological conversion for CO₂ utilization (I) |
| 8.4.10. | Key players in chemosynthetic biological conversion for CO₂ utilization (II) |
| 8.4.11. | Key players in chemosynthetic biological conversion for CO₂ utilization (III) |
| 8.4.12. | Scaling bioreactors - specific technical challenges |
| 8.5. | Greenhouse gas feedstocks: key takeaways |
| 8.5.1. | Greenhouse gas feedstocks: key players |
| 8.5.2. | IDTechEx TRL assessment for large-scale CO₂ utilization |
| 8.5.3. | Technology Readiness Level (TRL): CO₂U products |
| 8.5.4. | Greenhouse gas feedstocks: key takeaways |
| 9. | NEXT-GENERATION FEEDSTOCKS FOR CHEMICALS: MARKET FORECASTS |
| 9.1. | Forecasting data sources |
| 9.2. | Forecasting methodology (I) |
| 9.3. | Chemical production capacity from next-generation feedstocks forecast |
| 9.4. | CO₂ utilization for next-generation chemicals forecast |
| 9.5. | Chemical production capacity from next-generation feedstocks forecast |
| 9.6. | Next-generation feedstocks forecast discussion (I) |
| 9.7. | Next-generation feedstocks forecast discussion (II) |
| 9.8. | Next-generation feedstocks forecast takeaways |
| 10. | COMPANY PROFILES |
| 10.1. | Aduro Clean Technologies |
| 10.2. | Afyren |
| 10.3. | Anellotech |
| 10.4. | BioBTX |
| 10.5. | Biolive |
| 10.6. | CelluForce |
| 10.7. | Celtic Renewables |
| 10.8. | Chaincraft |
| 10.9. | Chempolis |
| 10.10. | Chiyoda: CCUS |
| 10.11. | Enginzyme |
| 10.12. | Industrial Microbes |
| 10.13. | LanzaTech |
| 10.14. | LanzaTech (2023 update) |
| 10.15. | Lenzing Group |
| 10.16. | Lixea |
| 10.17. | New Energy Blue |
| 10.18. | Ourobio |
| 10.19. | OxFA |
| 10.20. | PeelPioneers |
| 10.21. | Pyrowave |
| 10.22. | Re:Chemistry |
| 10.23. | Sonichem |
| 10.24. | Straw Innovations |