| 1. | EXECUTIVE SUMMARY |
| 1.1. | The quantum sensor market 'at a glance' |
| 1.2. | Quantum sensors: Analyst viewpoint |
| 1.3. | What are quantum sensors? |
| 1.4. | Overview of quantum sensing technologies and applications |
| 1.5. | The value proposition of quantum sensors varies by hardware approach, application and competition |
| 1.6. | Comparing the scale of long-term markets (in volume) for key quantum sensing technologies |
| 1.7. | Key industries for quantum sensors |
| 1.8. | Why is navigation the most likely mass-market application for quantum sensors? |
| 1.9. | Case studies: Quantum navigation for land, sea, and air |
| 1.10. | Investment in quantum sensing is growing |
| 1.11. | Quantum sensor industry market map |
| 1.12. | The quantum sensors market will transition from 'emerging' to 'growing' |
| 1.13. | Scaling up manufacture of miniaturized physics packages is a key challenge for chip-scale quantum sensors |
| 1.14. | Specialized components for atomic and diamond-based quantum sensing |
| 1.15. | Total quantum sensor market - annual revenue 2026-2046 |
| 1.16. | Quantum sensor market - Key forecasting results (1) |
| 1.17. | Quantum sensor market - Key forecasting results (2) |
| 1.18. | Identifying medium term opportunities in the quantum sensor market: Market size vs CAGR (2026-2036) |
| 1.19. | Identifying long term opportunities in the quantum sensor market: Market size vs CAGR (2036-2046) |
| 1.20. | Quantum sensor market - Granular annual revenue (excluding TMR) 2026-2046 |
| 1.21. | Atomic clocks: Sector roadmap |
| 1.22. | Quantum magnetometers: Sector roadmap |
| 1.23. | Quantum gravimeters: Sector roadmap |
| 1.24. | Inertial quantum sensors: Sector roadmap |
| 1.25. | Quantum RF sensors: Sector roadmap |
| 1.26. | Single photon detectors: Sector roadmap |
| 1.27. | Access More With an IDTechEx Subscription |
| 2. | INTRODUCTION TO QUANTUM SENSORS |
| 2.1. | Market Overview |
| 2.1.1. | What are quantum sensors? |
| 2.1.2. | Classical vs Quantum |
| 2.1.3. | Quantum phenomena enable highly-sensitive quantum sensing |
| 2.1.4. | Key technology platforms for quantum sensing |
| 2.1.5. | Overview of quantum sensing technologies and applications |
| 2.1.6. | The value proposition of quantum sensors varies by hardware approach, application and competition |
| 2.1.7. | The quantum sensors market will transition from 'emerging' to 'growing' |
| 2.1.8. | Investment in quantum sensing is growing |
| 2.1.9. | Scaling up manufacture of miniaturized physics packages is a key challenge for chip-scale quantum sensors |
| 2.1.10. | The use of 'quantum sensor' in marketing |
| 2.2. | Key Industries & Applications |
| 2.2.1. | Key industries for quantum sensors |
| 2.2.2. | Highlighting the key applications for quantum sensors |
| 2.2.3. | Why is navigation the most likely mass-market application for quantum sensors? |
| 2.2.4. | Case studies: Quantum navigation for land, sea, and air |
| 2.2.5. | Recommendations for the development of commercial quantum sensors |
| 3. | ATOMIC CLOCKS |
| 3.1. | Atomic Clocks: Chapter Overview Atomic Clocks: Technology Overview |
| 3.2. | Introduction: High frequency oscillators for high accuracy clocks |
| 3.3. | Challenges with quartz clocks |
| 3.4. | Hyperfine energy levels and the cesium time standard |
| 3.5. | Atomic clocks self-calibrate for clock drift |
| 3.6. | Identifying disruptive atomic-clock technologies (1) |
| 3.7. | Identifying disruptive atomic-clock technologies (2) |
| 3.8. | Optical atomic clocks |
| 3.9. | Frequency combs for optical clocks and optical quantum systems |
| 3.10. | New modalities enhance fractional uncertainty of atomic clocks |
| 3.11. | Chip Scale Atomic Clocks for portable precision time-keeping |
| 3.12. | Assured positioning, navigation, and timing (PNT) is a key application for chip-scale atomic clocks |
| 3.13. | Rack-sized clocks offer high performance in a more compact and portable form-factor |
| 3.14. | A challenge remains to miniaturize atomic clocks without compromising on accuracy, stability and cost |
| 3.15. | Atomic Clocks: Key Players |
| 3.16. | Comparing key players in atomic clock hardware development |
| 3.17. | Key players: Lab-based microwave atomic clocks |
| 3.18. | Chip-scale atomic clock player case study: Microsemi and Teledyne |
| 3.19. | Atomic Clocks: Sector Summary |
| 3.20. | Atomic clocks: End users and addressable markets |
| 3.21. | Atomic clocks: Sector roadmap |
| 3.22. | Atomic Clocks: SWOT analysis |
| 3.23. | Atomic clocks: Conclusions and outlook |
| 4. | MAGNETIC FIELD SENSORS |
| 4.1.1. | Quantum magnetic field sensors: chapter overview |
| 4.1.2. | Introduction: Measuring magnetic fields |
| 4.1.3. | Sensitivity is key to the value proposition for quantum magnetic field sensors |
| 4.1.4. | High-sensitivity applications in healthcare and quantum computing are key market opportunities for quantum magnetic field sensors |
| 4.1.5. | Classifying magnetic field sensor hardware |
| 4.2. | Superconducting Quantum Interference Devices (SQUIDs) - Technology, Applications and Key Players |
| 4.2.1. | Applications of SQUIDs |
| 4.2.2. | Operating principle of SQUIDs |
| 4.2.3. | SQUID fabrication services are offered by specialist foundries |
| 4.2.4. | Commercial applications and market opportunities for SQUIDs |
| 4.2.5. | Comparing key players with SQUID intellectual property (IP) |
| 4.2.6. | SQUIDs: SWOT analysis |
| 4.3. | Optically Pumped Magnetometers (OPMs) - Technology, Applications, and Key Players |
| 4.3.1. | Operating principles of Optically Pumped Magnetometers (OPMs) |
| 4.3.2. | Applications of optically pumped magnetometers (OPMs) |
| 4.3.3. | Miniaturizing OPMs for emerging applications |
| 4.3.4. | OPMs as a navigation alternative to INS |
| 4.3.5. | MEMS manufacturing techniques and non-magnetic sensor packages key for miniaturized optically pumped magnetometers |
| 4.3.6. | Comparing key players with OPM intellectual property (IP) |
| 4.3.7. | Comparing the technology approaches of key players developing miniaturized OPMs for healthcare |
| 4.3.8. | OPMs: SWOT analysis |
| 4.4. | Tunneling Magneto Resistance Sensors (TMRs) - Technology, Applications, and Key Players |
| 4.4.1. | Introduction to tunneling magnetoresistance sensors (TMR) |
| 4.4.2. | Operating principle and advantages of tunneling magnetoresistance sensors (TMR) |
| 4.4.3. | Comparing key players with TMR intellectual property (IP) |
| 4.4.4. | Commercial applications and market opportunities for TMRs |
| 4.4.5. | TMRs: SWOT analysis |
| 4.5. | Nitrogen Vacancy in Diamond (NV Centers) - Technology, Applications, and Key Players |
| 4.5.1. | Introduction to NV center magnetic field sensors |
| 4.5.2. | Operating Principles of NV center magnetic field sensors |
| 4.5.3. | A range of potential applications of NV center magnetic field sensors |
| 4.5.4. | Advantages of NV diamonds and their applications |
| 4.5.5. | NV diamond microscopes for electromagnetic field mapping |
| 4.5.6. | Overview of the synthetic diamond value chain in quantum sensing |
| 4.5.7. | Quantum grade diamond benchmarked |
| 4.5.8. | N-V Center Magnetic Field Sensors: SWOT analysis |
| 4.6. | Quantum Magnetic Field Sensors: Sector Summary |
| 4.6.1. | Comparing market opportunities for quantum magnetic field sensors |
| 4.6.2. | Comparing market opportunities for quantum magnetic field sensors |
| 4.6.3. | Assessing the performance of magnetic field sensors |
| 4.6.4. | Comparing minimum detectable field and SWaP characteristics |
| 4.6.5. | Quantum magnetometers: Sector roadmap |
| 4.6.6. | Conclusions and outlook |
| 5. | GRAVIMETERS |
| 5.1.1. | Quantum gravimeters: Chapter overview |
| 5.2. | Quantum Gravimeters: Technologies, Applications and Key Players |
| 5.2.1. | The main application for gravity sensors is for mapping utilities and buried assets |
| 5.2.2. | Operating principles of atomic interferometry-based quantum gravimeters |
| 5.2.3. | Comparing quantum gravity sensing with incumbent technologies for underground mapping |
| 5.2.4. | Comparing key players in quantum gravimeters |
| 5.2.5. | Quantum gravimeter development depends on collaboration between laser manufacturers, sensor OEMs and end-users |
| 5.3. | Quantum gravimeters: Sector Summary |
| 5.3.1. | Quantum Gravimeters: SWOT analysis |
| 5.3.2. | Quantum gravimeters: Sector roadmap |
| 5.3.3. | Conclusions and outlook |
| 6. | INERTIAL QUANTUM SENSORS (GYROSCOPES & ACCELEROMETERS) |
| 6.1. | Inertial Quantum Sensors: Introduction and Applications |
| 6.1.1. | Quantum inertial sensors: Chapter overview |
| 6.1.2. | Inertial Measurement Units (IMUs): An introduction |
| 6.1.3. | Navigation by Dead Reckoning |
| 6.1.4. | Drift Accumulation |
| 6.1.5. | IMU key applications |
| 6.1.6. | Key application for inertial quantum sensors in small-satellite constellation navigation systems |
| 6.1.7. | Navigation in GNSS denied environments could be a future application for chip-scale inertial quantum sensors |
| 6.1.8. | Next-generation MEMS accelerometers and gyroscopes compete with quantum sensors |
| 6.2. | Quantum Gyroscopes: Technologies, Developments and Key Players |
| 6.2.1. | Operating principles of atomic quantum gyroscopes |
| 6.2.2. | MEMS manufacturing processes can miniaturize atomic gyroscope technology for higher volume applications |
| 6.2.3. | Gyroscope technology landscape |
| 6.2.4. | Comparing quantum gyroscopes with MEMS gyroscopes and optical gyroscopes |
| 6.2.5. | Comparing key players with atomic gyroscope intellectual property (IP) |
| 6.2.6. | Quantum gyroscope development depends on collaboration between laser manufacturers, sensor OEMs and end-users |
| 6.2.7. | Comparing key players in quantum gyroscopes |
| 6.2.8. | Quantum Gyroscopes: SWOT analysis |
| 6.3. | Quantum Accelerometers: Technologies, Developments and Key Players |
| 6.3.1. | Operating principles of quantum accelerometers |
| 6.3.2. | Grating MOTs enable the miniaturization of cold atom quantum sensors |
| 6.3.3. | Accelerometer application landscape |
| 6.3.4. | Comparing key players in quantum accelerometers |
| 6.3.5. | Quantum Accelerometers: SWOT Analysis |
| 6.3.6. | Inertial Quantum Sensors: Sector Summary |
| 6.4. | Inertial Quantum Sensors: Sector roadmap |
| 6.4.1. | Conclusions and outlook |
| 7. | RADIO FREQUENCY (RF) SENSORS |
| 7.1.1. | Quantum RF sensors overcome fundamental challenges of their classical counterparts |
| 7.1.2. | Value proposition of quantum RF sensors |
| 7.1.3. | Commercial use cases for quantum RF sensors |
| 7.1.4. | Quantum RF sensors: Size and cost development trends |
| 7.1.5. | Overview of types of quantum RF sensors |
| 7.2. | Rydberg Atom Electric Field Sensors and RF Receivers |
| 7.2.1. | Principles of Rydberg atoms: Enabling electric field sensing |
| 7.2.2. | Principles of Rydberg RF sensing: EIT spectroscopy |
| 7.2.3. | Rydberg RF receivers offer additional benefits including SI-traceability |
| 7.2.4. | Rydberg RF to enable next-gen 5G communications |
| 7.2.5. | Commercial Rydberg Radio: Infleqtion, Rydberg Technologies and TZH Quantum Tech |
| 7.2.6. | Metrology and over-the-air testing offers a near term commercial use for Rydberg RF |
| 7.2.7. | Top patent holders on Rydberg RF sensors/receivers |
| 7.2.8. | Research institutes & China leading patents |
| 7.2.9. | SWOT analysis: Rydberg atom RF sensors |
| 7.3. | Nitrogen-Vacancy Centre Electric Field Sensors and RF Receivers |
| 7.3.1. | Principles of NV center RF receivers |
| 7.3.2. | NV diamonds as radio frequency analysers |
| 7.3.3. | Advantages translate into potential applications |
| 7.3.4. | EU-backed AMADEUS project leading commercial NV sensor development |
| 7.3.5. | Current challenges for NV center electric field and RF sensors - overshadowed by magnetic field sensing? |
| 7.3.6. | Quantum grade diamond benchmarked |
| 7.3.7. | SWOT analysis: NV diamond electric field sensors and RF receivers |
| 7.4. | Quantum RF Sensors: Sector Summary |
| 7.4.1. | Summary of the current market landscape for quantum RF sensors |
| 7.4.2. | Quantum RF sensors: Sector roadmap |
| 7.4.3. | Conclusions and Outlook: Quantum Radio Frequency Field Sensors |
| 8. | SINGLE PHOTON DETECTORS AND QUANTUM IMAGING |
| 8.1.1. | Section overview: Single photon detectors and quantum imaging |
| 8.1.2. | Section overview: Contents |
| 8.1.3. | Single photon imaging and quantum imaging - 3 key trends |
| 8.2. | Single Photon Detectors |
| 8.2.1. | Introduction to single photon detectors |
| 8.2.2. | Classification of single photon detectors in this report |
| 8.3. | Semiconductor Single Photon Detectors |
| 8.4. | Background and Context |
| 8.4.1. | Introduction to semiconductor photon detectors |
| 8.4.2. | Operating principles of SPADs: Avalanche photodiode (APD) basics |
| 8.4.3. | Operating principles of single-photon avalanche diodes (SPADs) |
| 8.4.4. | Arrays of SPADs in series can form silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) as a solid-state alternative to traditional PMTs |
| 8.4.5. | Comparison of SPAD/SiPM to established photodiodes |
| 8.5. | Next generation SPADs |
| 8.5.1. | Innovation in the next generation of SPADs |
| 8.5.2. | Key players and innovators in the next generation of SPADs |
| 8.5.3. | Applications of SPADs formed in a trade-off of resolution and timing performance |
| 8.5.4. | Development trends for groups of key SPAD players |
| 8.5.5. | Advanced semiconductor packaging techniques enabling higher pixel counts and timing functionality for SPAD arrays |
| 8.5.6. | Case Study: Camera giants Canon and Sony developing high-res SPAD arrays for low-light imaging & LiDAR |
| 8.5.7. | Alternative semiconductor SPADs unlock infrared wavelengths beyond the range of silicon (1) |
| 8.5.8. | Alternative semiconductor SPADs unlock infrared wavelengths beyond the range of silicon (2) |
| 8.5.9. | Use of SPADs with TCSPC enables picosecond precision bioimaging and single photon LiDAR |
| 8.5.10. | High-performance timing resolution with SWIR SPAD arrays enables greenhouse gas LiDAR |
| 8.5.11. | TCSPC SPAD LiDAR in underwater imaging |
| 8.5.12. | Bioimaging applications of SPADs |
| 8.5.13. | Competition or cooperation for SPADs and SNSPDs in quantum communications and computing? |
| 8.5.14. | Emerging SPADs: SWOT analysis |
| 8.6. | Superconducting single photon detectors |
| 8.7. | Superconducting nanowire single photon detector (SNSPD) |
| 8.7.1. | Superconducting nanowire single photon detectors (SNSPDs) |
| 8.7.2. | SNSPD applications must value performance highly enough to justify the bulk/cost of cryogenics |
| 8.7.3. | Research in scaling SNSPD arrays beyond kilopixel |
| 8.7.4. | Advancements in superconducting materials drives SNSPD development |
| 8.7.5. | Comparison of commercial SNSPD players |
| 8.7.6. | SWOT analysis: Superconducting nanowire single photon detectors (SNSPDs) |
| 8.8. | Kinetic inductance detector (KID) and transition edge sensor (TES) |
| 8.8.1. | Kinetic Inductance Detectors (KIDs) |
| 8.8.2. | Transition edge sensors (TES) |
| 8.8.3. | How have SNSPDs gained traction while KIDs and TESs remain in research? |
| 8.9. | Single photon detectors: Summary |
| 8.9.1. | Comparison of single photon detector technology |
| 8.9.2. | Single photon detector roadmap |
| 8.9.3. | 3 key takeaways for single photon detectors |
| 8.10. | Quantum Imaging |
| 8.10.1. | Introduction to quantum imaging |
| 8.10.2. | Quantum entanglement: Enabling quantum radar and ghost imaging |
| 8.10.3. | Introduction to ghost imaging |
| 8.10.4. | EU FastGhost project leads commercial development of ghost imaging |
| 8.10.5. | Nonlinear interferometry (quantum holography) |
| 8.10.6. | QUANCER project developing quantum holography for cancer detection |
| 8.10.7. | Digistain developing mid-IR nonlinear interferometry for cancer detection |
| 8.10.8. | Quantum imaging for glucose monitoring is in the early stages of commercialization |
| 8.10.9. | Quantum radar |
| 8.10.10. | General advantages of quantum imaging |
| 8.10.11. | Quantum particle sensors could probe more information using superposition states of light |
| 8.10.12. | SWOT analysis: Quantum imaging |
| 8.10.13. | 3 key takeaways for quantum imaging |
| 9. | COMPONENTS FOR QUANTUM SENSING |
| 9.1. | Section overview: Components for quantum sensing |
| 9.2. | Specialized components for atomic and diamond-based quantum sensing |
| 9.3. | Key players in components for quantum sensing technologies |
| 9.4. | Vapor cells: Background and context |
| 9.5. | Innovation in commercial manufacture of vapor cells in quantum sensing |
| 9.6. | Alkali azides used to overcome high-vacuum fabrication requirements of vapor cells for quantum sensing |
| 9.7. | Comparing key players in chip-scale vapor cell development |
| 9.8. | SWOT analysis: Miniaturized vapor cells |
| 9.9. | VCSELs: Background and context |
| 9.10. | VCSELs enable miniaturization of quantum sensors and components |
| 9.11. | Comparing key players in VCSELs for quantum sensing |
| 9.12. | SWOT analysis: VCSELs |
| 9.13. | Specialized control electronics and optics packages needed to enable the high performance of quantum sensors |
| 9.14. | Integrated photonic and semiconductor products for quantum are developing but not yet unlocking the mass market |
| 9.15. | Hardware challenges for quantum to integrate into established photonics |
| 9.16. | Roadmap for components in quantum sensing |
| 9.17. | Roadmap for quantum sensing components and their applications |
| 10. | MARKET FORECASTS |
| 10.1.1. | Forecasting chapter overview |
| 10.1.2. | Forecasting methodology overview |
| 10.1.3. | Comparing the scale of long-term markets (in volume) for key quantum sensing technologies |
| 10.1.4. | Total quantum sensor market - annual revenue 2026-2046 |
| 10.1.5. | Quantum sensor market - Key forecasting results (1) |
| 10.1.6. | Quantum sensor market - Key forecasting results (2) |
| 10.1.7. | Identifying medium term opportunities in the quantum sensor market: Market size vs CAGR (2026-2036) |
| 10.1.8. | Identifying long term opportunities in the quantum sensor market: Market size vs CAGR (2036-2046) |
| 10.1.9. | Total quantum sensor market - Granular annual revenue 2026-2046 |
| 10.1.10. | Quantum sensor market - Granular annual revenue (excluding TMR) 2026-2046 |
| 10.2. | Atomic Clocks |
| 10.2.1. | Overview of atomic clock market trends: Annual revenue forecast 2026-2046 |
| 10.2.2. | Bench/rack-scale atomic clocks, annual sales volume forecast 2026-2046 |
| 10.2.3. | Chip-scale atomic clocks, annual sales volume forecast 2026-2036 |
| 10.2.4. | Chip-scale atomic clocks, annual sales volume forecast 2026-2046 |
| 10.2.5. | Summary of market forecasts for atomic clock technology |
| 10.3. | Quantum Magnetic Field Sensors |
| 10.3.1. | Overview of quantum magnetic field sensor market trends |
| 10.3.2. | Global car sales trends to impact the quantum sensor market long-term |
| 10.3.3. | TMR sensors, annual sales volume forecast 2026-2046 |
| 10.3.4. | TMR sensors, annual revenue forecast 2026-2046 |
| 10.3.5. | SQUIDs, OPMs, and NVMs - Annual sales volume forecast 2026-2046 |
| 10.3.6. | SQUIDs, OPMs, and NVMs - Annual sales volume forecast 2026-2046 |
| 10.3.7. | Summary of market forecasts for quantum magnetic field sensor technology |
| 10.3.8. | Inertial Quantum Sensors (Gyroscopes and Accelerometers) |
| 10.3.9. | Annual revenue for quantum gyroscopes and accelerometers 2026-2046 |
| 10.4. | Inertial quantum sensors, annual sales volume forecast 2026-2046 |
| 10.4.1. | Key conclusions for quantum gyroscope & accelerometer forecasts |
| 10.5. | Quantum Gravimeters |
| 10.5.1. | Annual revenue for quantum gravimeters 2026-2046 |
| 10.5.2. | Quantum gravimeters, annual sales volume forecast 2026-2046 |
| 10.5.3. | Summary of key conclusions for quantum gravimeter technology forecasts |
| 10.6. | Quantum RF Sensors |
| 10.6.1. | Annual revenue for quantum RF sensors 2026-2046 |
| 10.6.2. | Annual sales volume forecast for quantum RF sensors 2026-2046 |
| 10.7. | Single Photon Detectors |
| 10.7.1. | Annual revenue for single photon detectors 2026-2046 |
| 10.7.2. | Annual sales volume forecast for single photon detectors 2026-2046 |
| 10.7.3. | Analysis of single photon detector forecasts: photonic quantum computing |
| 11. | COMPANY PROFILES |
| 11.1. | Aegiq |
| 11.2. | Artilux Inc |
| 11.3. | Beyond Blood Diagnostics |
| 11.4. | BT (Quantum Radio Research) |
| 11.5. | CEA Leti (Quantum Technologies) |
| 11.6. | Cerca Magnetics |
| 11.7. | Covesion Ltd |
| 11.8. | CPI EDB (Quantum Sensing) |
| 11.9. | Crocus Technology |
| 11.10. | Diatope |
| 11.11. | Digistain (Quantum Sensing) |
| 11.12. | Element Six (Quantum Technologies) |
| 11.13. | Fraunhofer CAP |
| 11.14. | ID Quantique (Single Photon Detectors) |
| 11.15. | Infleqtion (Cold Quanta) |
| 11.16. | Menlo Systems Inc |
| 11.17. | Neuranics |
| 11.18. | NIQS Technology Ltd |
| 11.19. | Ordnance Survey |
| 11.20. | Photon Force |
| 11.21. | Polariton Technologies |
| 11.22. | Powerlase Ltd |
| 11.23. | PsiQuantum |
| 11.24. | Q-CTRL (quantum navigation) |
| 11.25. | Q.ANT |
| 11.26. | Qingyuan Tianzhiheng Sensing Technology Co., Ltd |
| 11.27. | QLM Technology: Methane-Sensing LiDAR |
| 11.28. | Quantum Computing Inc |
| 11.29. | Quantum Economic Development Consortium (QED-C) |
| 11.30. | Quantum Technologies |
| 11.31. | Quantum Valley Ideas Lab |
| 11.32. | QuiX Quantum |
| 11.33. | QZabre |
| 11.34. | RobQuant |
| 11.35. | Rydberg Technologies |
| 11.36. | SandboxAQ (Quantum Sensing) |
| 11.37. | SEEQC |
| 11.38. | SemiWise |
| 11.39. | Senko Advance Components Ltd |
| 11.40. | Single Quantum |
| 11.41. | sureCore Ltd |
| 11.42. | TU Darmstadt (Quantum Imaging) |
| 11.43. | VTT Manufacturing (Quantum Technologies) |
| 11.44. | XeedQ |