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Second-life Electric Vehicle Batteries 2020-2030

Key players, value opportunities, business models and market forecast

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The continued growth of electric vehicles has led to a question on its most expensive component: what happens to the battery when it reaches the end-of-life in electric vehicles? After 8 to 10 years of service in electric vehicles, those batteries are normally retired due to faded capacity and power that fail to meet the range requirement of electric vehicles. According to IDTechEx research, by 2030 there will be over 6 million battery packs retiring from electric vehicles per year. Recyling to extract raw materials from the spent batteries seems to be the default option. However, those used batteries could still retain up to 70-80% of the original capacity that can be further utilised in less-demanding applications such as stationary energy storage, before being recycled. Major OEMs and energy storage companies have launched various pilot and business initiatives to explore second-life applications for used electric vehicle batteries.
 
Second-life batteries provide huge value opportunities for a range of stakeholders across the automotive and energy storage sectors. However, many technical, economic and regulatory challenges exist that prevents companies to profit from second-life batteries. This report offers an in-depth analysis of key technologies, players, challenges and market opportunities across the second-life battery value chain. Second-life batteries connect the electric vehicle and energy storage value chains. The potential value of second-life batteries is impacted by how the batteries are designed and used in their first life in the electric vehicles, how they are collected and used in second-life applications as well as the value of recycling. The value chain analysis in this report takes the lifecycle perspective to help stakeholders identify potential value opportunities. Key technical challenges are identified and companies that are developing technologies to improve second-life battery value are analysed. This report also presents a cost analysis and the potential pricing mechanisms for second-life batteries. Existing business models of battery second use are analysed and how service-based business models could facilitate battery second use is discussed in the report.
 
 
Source: IDTechEx
 
The first batch of electric vehicle batteries are reaching their retirement age and the next ten years will see a huge increase in the volume of retired batteries. According to a recently research by IDTechEx's, there will be over 6 million battery packs retiring from electric cars, buses, vans and trucks by 2030.
 
Batteries are the most expensive component of an electric car. At the end of their service life in electric vehicles, the retired batteries could still retain 70-80% of their initial capacity. Recycling is necessary in the end but before that, giving those retired but still capable batteries a 'second-life' in less-demanding applications such as stationary energy storage could bring tremendous value to a wide range of stakeholders across the automotive and energy sectors.
 
By 2030, second-life battery capacity will hit over 275GWh per year which presents huge opportunities for energy storage. However, many technical, economic and regulatory challenges exist that might make it difficult for companies to profit from second-life batteries. IDTechEx's latest report named Second-life Electric Vehicle Batteries 2020-2030 offers an in-depth analysis of key technologies, players, challenges and market opportunities across the second-life battery value chain. Second-life batteries connect the electric vehicle and energy storage value chains. The potential value of second-life batteries is impacted by how the batteries are designed and used in their first life in the electric vehicles, how they are collected and used in second-life applications as well as the value of recycling. The value chain analysis in this report takes the lifecycle perspective to help stakeholders identify potential value opportunities. Key technical challenges are identified and companies that are developing technologies to improve second-life battery value are analysed. This report also presents a cost analysis and the potential pricing mechanisms for second-life batteries. Existing business models of battery second use are analysed and how service-based business models could facilitate battery second use is discussed in the report.
 
Based on our conversations with over 20 industrial leaders in the area of second-life batteries and the expertise of IDTechEx's analyst team, this report presents a comprehensive analysis of the second-life battery industry and how it will evolve over the next ten years. The ten-year forecast on the available capacity of second-life batteries from major electric vehicle categories, passenger cars, buses, vans and trucks (pure electric vehicles and plug-in electric vehicles), shows the potential size and constitution of the second-life battery market. By 2030, global second-life electric vehicle capacity is expected to hit over 275GWh per year.
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1.EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
1.1.Retired electric vehicle batteries can have a second-life before being recycled
1.2.Potential value of second-life batteries
1.3.Retired electric vehicle battery pack forecast 2020-2030 (thousand units/year)
1.4.Second-life electric vehicle battery availability forecast 2020-2030 (GWh)
1.5.Timeline of battery second use implementations
1.6.Main companies involved in battery second use
1.7.Regulatory landscape for battery second use
1.8.Battery second use connects the electric vehicle and battery recycling value chains
1.9.Cost and pricing of second-life batteries
2.WHAT ARE SECOND-LIFE ELECTRIC VEHICLE BATTERIES?
2.1.Why batteries fail?
2.2.When batteries retire from electric vehicles...
2.3.Redefining the 'end-of-life' of electric vehicle batteries: you live more than once
2.4.What is the 'second-life' of electric vehicle batteries?
2.5.Clarification of terminologies
2.6.Why battery second use matters?
2.7.Battery second use can bring various forms of benefits
2.8.Battery second use or recycling?
2.9.Battery second use or remanufacturing?
2.10.Battery second use in the news
3.AVAILABILITY OF SECOND-LIFE ELECTRIC VEHICLE BATTERIES 2020-2030
3.1.Overview of the second-life electric vehicle battery forecast 2020-2030
3.2.Batteries are coming out of EVs at an exponential rate
3.3.Retired electric vehicle battery pack forecast 2020-2030 (thousand units/year) - Summary
3.4.Retired EV battery capacity in the next decade
3.5.Annual retired electric vehicle battery capacity forecast ¶2020-2030 (GWh/year) - summary
3.6.Second-life electric vehicle battery annual available capacity forecast 2020-2030 (GWh/year)
3.7.Cumulative capacity of second-life electric vehicle batteries forecast 2020-2030 (GWh)
3.8.Second-life electric vehicle battery availability 2020-2030 (GWh) - summary
3.9.Capacity of available second-life batteries and new Li-ion battery production for stationary storage (GWh)
3.10.Assumptions for the forecast
3.11.Battery size (kWh) of different electric vehicle categories - summary
3.12.Battery age and remaining capacity
3.13.Battery age distribution and remaining capacity of pure electric passenger cars
3.14.Calculation of the second-life battery capacity availability
4.BATTERY SECOND USE APPLICATIONS
4.1.Potential applications for second-life batteries
4.2.Target markets for second-life batteries
4.3.What do we need stationary battery storage for?
4.4.Residential, commercial & industrial and utility-scale battery storage
4.5.Let the Duck and Nessie fly
4.6.Behind-the-meter battery storage
4.7.Value streams from behind-the-meter battery storage
4.8.Utility-scale battery storage
4.9.Value streams from utility-scale battery storage
4.10.Mobile energy storage
4.11.Powertrain for low-speed electric vehicles
4.12.Four-wheel low-speed electric vehicles in China
4.13.Second-life batteries can be used as powertrain for electric forklifts
5.CURRENT STATUS OF BATTERY SECOND USE IMPLEMENTATIONS
5.1.Battery second use in practice
5.2.Summary of announced battery second use initiatives
5.3.4R Energy
5.4.The Light Reborn
5.5.Mobile EV charging powered by second-life batteries - ¶FreeWire Technologies
5.6.The Nissan-FreeWire business model
5.7.Commercial energy storage powered by second-life batteries - Green Charge Networks
5.8.xStorage - The Nissan-Eaton partnership
5.9.Technical specifications of xStorage
5.10.xStorage - residential, buildings and grid
5.11.Amsterdam Arena switches on the second-life battery storage system in July 2018
5.12.Second-life battery storage for fast-charging stations - Renault & Connected Energy
5.13.Second-life smart home battery - Renault & Powervault
5.14.Second-life batteries to store renewable energy for the 'smart island' in Porto
5.15.ELSA - Energy Local Storage Advanced System using second-life batteries
5.16.ELSA second-life battery pilots
5.17.The ELSA battery storage system architecture
5.18.Daimler closing the loop
5.19.13MWh grid-connected second-life batteries
5.20.Second-life BMW batteries connected to UC San Diego's microgrid
5.21.2.8 MWh second-life BMW battery storage system
5.22.BMW's second-life battery farm in Leipzig
5.23.208 old Toyota Camry Hybrid batteries' new life in Yellowstone
5.24.Toyota's verification project with Chubu Electric Power
5.25.BYD's activities in second-life batteries
5.26.MAN and VHH to test second-life electric bus batteries for charging stations
5.27.China Tower's high demand for second-life batteries
5.28.Hyundai and Wärtsilä announced the partnership on second-life batteries
5.29.Second-life batteries supporting EVgo's fast chargers in California
5.30.VW's mobile charging station using second-life batteries
5.31.BMS that extends second-life battery lifetime by Relectrify
5.32.Dukosi's wireless BMS that facilitates battery second-life
5.33.Aceleron turning used batteries into serviceable, long-term energy storage
5.34.Spiers New Technologies - second-life battery service provider
5.35.Stakeholders in the battery second use ecosystem
6.REGULATORY LANDSCAPE
6.1.Lack of policy and regulation for second-life batteries
6.2.Europe
6.3.European Commission: the Innovation Deal
6.4.EU to review its regulatory framework for battery second use
6.5.China is paving the way for battery second use
6.6.Regulatory framework for battery second use in China
7.SECOND-LIFE BATTERY VALUE CHAIN
7.1.The lifecycle view of the battery second use value chain
7.2.Battery first-life in the EVs
7.3.Designing EV batteries for second-life
7.4.Lack of standardization in EV batteries
7.5.Battery second-life in post-EV applications
7.6.China is pushing the EV battery traceability management system
7.7.The battery recycling and traceability management platform
7.8.Battery traceability system developed by Zhidou
7.9.Battery end of life - material recycling
7.10.Battery recycling market worldwide
7.11.Closed-loop value chain of electric vehicle batteries
8.TECHNO-ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF SECOND-LIFE BATTERIES
8.1.Technical challenges for battery second use
8.2.Battery pack aging performance
8.3.Battery cell balancing and control
8.4.Charging/discharging controlled by Relectrify BMS
8.5.The impact of different Li-ion battery chemistries on battery second use
8.6.Warranties for second-life batteries
8.7.Battery repurposing cost breakdown
8.8.Cost of second-life batteries today is around $75-100/kWh
8.9.Second-life battery cost can be as low as $20/kWh
8.10.Second-life battery pricing today
8.11.Price competition from new Li-ion batteries?
8.12.Revenue streams from second-life batteries
8.13.€3,500/year revenue from battery second use for a car manufacturer
8.14.Case study with BYD: improving second-life battery cycling performance by refilling the electrolyte
8.15.Service-based business models
8.16.Second-life batteries could generate more value than new batteries
9.COMPANY PROFILES
 

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Second-life electric vehicle battery capacity will exceed 275GWh annually by 2030

Report Statistics

Slides 187
Forecasts to 2030
 

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