Sodium-ion Batteries 2025-2035: Technology, Players, Markets, and Forecasts

Na-ion battery; layered transition metal oxides, polyanionic compounds, and PBA based cathodes; non-graphitic anodes; player profiles and technology benchmarking; patent analysis; material and cost analysis; EV and ES applications

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Diversification in the Energy Storage Industry is Accelerating
Among current energy storage technologies, lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) dominate due to their high energy density and versatility. Initially driven by consumer electronics, their adoption has expanded to electric vehicles (EVs) and stationary storage. However, as demand grows, geopolitical risks, supply chain constraints, and raw material price volatility have exposed vulnerabilities in the LIB value chain. This has intensified the search for alternative energy storage chemistries, with sodium-ion batteries (SIBs or Na-ion batteries) emerging as a key solution. Within this report, the prospects and key challenges for the commercialization of SIBs are discussed.
 
As global electrification accelerates, reliance on critical minerals like lithium, cobalt, and nickel is raising concerns over long-term supply security. Diversifying battery chemistries is essential for scalability and sustainability, as no single technology is ideal for all applications. The sodium-ion chemistry will certainly not be the answer for all applications; however, it will be well-suited to complement, rather than displace, the existing and future lithium-ion and lead-acid (Pb-A) technologies in many applications. Additionally, localizing battery supply chains has become a strategic priority, as China currently dominates lithium refining and battery production. Sodium-ion technology presents an opportunity for regionalized manufacturing, reducing dependence on constrained lithium supply chains.
 
 
Comparison of different battery chemistries across key performance metrics, highlighting sodium-ion's advantages in cost, safety, and low temperature performance while showing trade-offs in energy density and cycle-life. Source: IDTechEx
 
Scaling Up: From Pilot Plants to Mass Production
While Na-ion battery production is currently in its early stages, major players are rapidly scaling up. Today, production is limited to pilot-scale facilities and a few smaller factories, collectively producing just a few gigawatt-hours (GWh) per year. However, publicly announced expansion plans from raw material suppliers and battery manufacturers indicate that global Na-ion production capacity could exceed 100 GWh by 2030.
 
By 2030, additional investment could accelerate growth beyond current projections, as key stakeholders seek to industrialize the technology. Rapid shifts have already occurred in the battery industry—such as the widespread adoption of NMC811 and LFP chemistries within just a few years. Na-ion batteries require minimal modifications to existing lithium-ion manufacturing infrastructure, relying primarily on different materials and optimized production parameters rather than entirely new facilities.
 
However, not all projects are moving forward as planned. In February 2024, Kingshine cancelled its proposed 6 GWh sodium-ion battery facility in Jiangxi Province. Likewise, Veken Tech has postponed its 2 GWh project, originally set for completion in December 2024, now rescheduled to begin operations in December 2025. These setbacks underscore the ongoing challenges related to demand uncertainty, financing, and scaling up production.
 
This latest IDTechEx report provides a comprehensive analysis of global Na-ion commercialization efforts, covering over 30 key players worldwide. It includes insights into patent trends, cell specifications, targeted applications, and mass production timelines, with a detailed focus on China's leading role in scaling the industry.
 
Cost Competitiveness: Will Sodium-Ion Be Cheaper Than LFP?
Sodium-ion technology is often positioned as a lower-cost alternative to lithium-ion, but initial pricing may be higher than expected. According to IDTechEx research, the average Na-ion cell cost is currently ~US$87/kWh, considering variations in chemistry and manufacturing scale. Over time, production costs are expected to decrease toward ~US$40/kWh at the cell level (~US$50/kWh at the pack level), primarily using iron- and manganese-based cathode chemistries.
 
However, while short-term cost reductions will be driven by scaling production, manufacturing efficiencies, and supply chain localization, further reductions will become more challenging as the industry matures. If lithium prices continue where they are today near historic lows, sodium-ion has a narrower set of technology routes to become price advantageous in the next decade.
 
This report includes detailed cost modelling of various Na-ion chemistries, with a breakdown of material pricing and future projections.
Sodium-Ion's Role in EVs: A Complement, Not a Replacement
For most electric vehicles, volumetric energy density is a top priority, as maximizing battery capacity directly impacts driving range. In contrast, for grid storage, energy density is less critical, and cost per kWh per cycle is the dominant factor. This is where sodium-ion technology is particularly competitive, offering a compelling alternative to lithium-ion.
 
The greatest potential for Na-ion in transportation lies in applications where high energy density isn't essential. This includes starter-lighting-ignition (SLI) batteries, electric two- and three-wheelers, and microcars where lower-cost Na-ion batteries could offer higher charging speeds and better cold-weather performance compared to lithium-iron phosphate (LFP) cells.
 
In 2024, Na-ion batteries have advanced in both energy storage and EV applications, marked by several product launches and key operational milestones. However, setbacks in large-scale projects indicate that the technology remains in the market validation stage. To achieve broader commercial adoption, companies must prioritize cost reduction, performance improvements, and securing stable market demand.
 
 
Promising fields of applications for sodium-ion batteries. Source: IDTechEx
 
Key Regional Catalysts for Sodium-Ion Battery Growth
Regional tailwinds for sodium-ion battery adoption stem from a combination of regulatory incentives, energy policies, and market-specific demand drivers. In Europe, the EU Green Deal and projects like Sodium-Ion-Battery Deutschland-Forschung are accelerating research, while industrial policies promote local battery manufacturing. China and India are driving Na-ion adoption through renewable energy expansion, prioritizing cost-effective energy storage for grid stabilization. In North America, rising demand for data center backup power (UPS) and long-duration energy storage (LDES) is creating new opportunities, supported by Inflation Reduction Act (IRA) incentives. Together, these regional catalysts are shaping a growth trajectory for sodium-ion technology.
 
This report provides in-depth market forecasts, competitive landscape analysis, and detailed insights into Na-ion technology development, making it a must-read for stakeholders in the energy storage, battery manufacturing, and raw material supply industries.
Key aspects
Key takeaways from this report include:
  • Analysis and discussion of Na-ion cathodes/anode chemistries and electrolyte formulations
  • Hard Carbon market analysis including suppliers and precursors
  • Na-ion player profiles including technology benchmarking
  • Na-ion industry supply chain and manufacturing capacities
  • Key Na-ion player patent analysis
  • Na-ion battery material and cost modelling
  • Target markets and applications for Na-ion batteries
  • Na-ion battery demand (GWh) and market value (US$) forecasts
Report MetricsDetails
Historic Data2020 - 2024
CAGRGlobal demand for Na-ion batteries is forecast to grow to just over 90 GWh in 2035, from 4 GWh in 2024, at a CAGR of 33%.
Forecast Period2025 - 2035
Forecast UnitsGWh, US$
Regions CoveredEurope, North America (USA + Canada), China
Segments CoveredElectric Vehicles and Stationary Storage
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1.EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
1.1.Why are alternative battery chemistries needed?
1.2.Introduction to sodium-ion batteries (SIBs)
1.3.Na-ion vs other chemistries
1.4.Cathode active materials (CAMs)
1.5.Critical minerals supply chain risk
1.6.Anode active materials (AAMs)
1.7.Na-ion battery characteristics
1.8.Appraisal of Na-ion (1)
1.9.Appraisal of Na-ion (2)
1.10.Value proposition of Na-ion batteries
1.11.Na-ion can offer cost competitive alternative to li-ion...
1.12.Low price environment a significant challenge to Na-ion...
1.13.Na-ion could provide similar Wh/kg to LFP
1.14.China leading the race to Na-ion commercialisation
1.15.Chinese li-ion material providers exploring Na-ion entry
1.16.Na-ion patents further evidence of China's dominance
1.17.Policies in China supporting Na-ion development
1.18.Ambitious plans, limited production: China's sodium-ion reality
1.19.Na-ion player landscape
1.20.Sodium-ion cell form factors and energy densities
1.21.Current and projected Na-ion battery manufacturing capacity globally
1.22.What markets exist for Na-ion batteries?
1.23.Emerging sodium use cases in the transport sector
1.24.Sodium's place in the ESS market
1.25.Na-ion will not eat into Li-ion's dominating market share
1.26.Na-ion timeline - Technology and performance
1.27.Innovations and opportunities for Na-ion
1.28.Regional tailwinds for Na-ion
1.29.2030 outlook for Na-ion
1.30.90 GWh Na-ion demand by 2035
1.31.US$11.5 billion market by 2035
2.INTRODUCTION
2.1.Electrochemistry definitions 1
2.2.Electrochemistry definitions 2
2.3.Electrochemistry definitions 3
2.4.The state of Li-ion
2.5.Why are alternative battery chemistries needed?
2.6.Overcoming overreliance on scarce resources
2.7.Abundance of sodium
2.8.Mining of lithium and sodium
2.9.Introduction to sodium-ion batteries
2.10.How do Na-ion batteries work?
2.11.A note on Sodium
2.12.Na-ion vs Li-ion
2.13.Reasons to develop Na-ion
2.14.Appraisal of Na-ion (1)
2.15.Appraisal of Na-ion (2)
2.16.Value proposition of Na-ion batteries
2.17.Comparison of rechargeable battery technologies
2.18.Policies supporting Na-ion development (1)
2.19.Policies supporting Na-ion development (2)
2.20.Key risks in the Na-ion battery market
3.CELL DESIGN AND CHARACTERISTICS
3.1.Na-based battery types
3.2.Molten sodium batteries
3.3.Na-ion battery cathode chemistries
3.4.Transition metal layered oxides
3.5.Layered oxide cathode chemistries - Cycling
3.6.Polyanionic compounds
3.7.Comparison of different polyanionic materials
3.8.Prussian blue analogues (PBA)
3.9.Characteristics of three main Na-ion cathode types under development
3.10.Comparison of cathode materials
3.11.Cathode materials used in Industry
3.12.Summary of Na-ion cathode materials
3.13.Na-ion battery anode materials
3.14.Types of anode
3.15.Carbon based anodes
3.16.Low voltage plateau for anodes
3.17.Comparison of carbon based anodes
3.18.Hard carbon precursors
3.19.Bio-waste vs oil-based feedstocks for HC
3.20.HC anode material manufacturers
3.21.Enhancing anode specific capacity and alternative designs
3.22.Sodium metal anodes
3.23.Alloying anodes
3.24.Faradion anode development
3.25.Summary of Na-ion anode materials
3.26.Electrolytes
3.27.Comparison of electrolyte salts and solvents (1)
3.28.Comparison of electrolyte salts and solvents (2)
3.29.Thermal stability of electrolytes (1)
3.30.Thermal stability of electrolytes (2)
3.31.Electrolytes used in industry
3.32.Summary of Na-ion electrolyte formulations
3.33.Summary of Na-ion cell design
3.34.0 V storage of Na-ion batteries
3.35.Transportation of Na-ion batteries
3.36.Low temperature operation
3.37.Electrochemical challenges with Na-ion batteries
3.38.Production steps in Na-ion battery manufacturing
3.39.Implications of Na-ion manufacturing
4.SAFETY OF NA-ION BATTERIES
4.1.Na-ion battery safety
4.2.Risks associated with Na-ion cells
4.3.Countermeasures for associated risks
4.4.Countermeasures to address dendrite formation
4.5.Improving electrolyte stability
4.6.Anodes and electrolyte solvents
4.7.Stabilising additives for Na-ion cell electrolytes
4.8.0 V capability of Na-ion systems
4.9.Managing safe operation of Na-ion batteries
4.10.Thermal management strategies
4.11.Low energy density Na-ion battery testing
4.12.Summary of Na-ion safety
5.PLAYERS
5.1.Player landscape and benchmarking
5.1.1.List of Na-ion players (1)
5.1.2.List of Na-ion players (2)
5.1.3.Na-ion players by region
5.1.4.Overview of top 4 Na-ion players
5.1.5.Na-ion companies compared
5.1.6.Na-ion performance compared
5.1.7.Specific energy comparison
5.1.8.Cycle life comparison
5.1.9.Na-ion supply chain
5.1.10.Supply chain agreements
5.1.11.Na-Ion player landscape
5.1.12.Na-ion players with commercial products
5.1.13.Current and projected Na-ion battery manufacturing capacity globally
5.2.Chinese player profiles
5.2.1.Distribution of sodium projects in China
5.2.2.Monthly production of sodium-ion cells
5.2.3.Upstream raw materials production
5.2.4.Chinese li-ion material providers exploring Na-ion entry
5.2.5.HiNa Battery - Background
5.2.6.HiNa Battery Na-ion patent landscape
5.2.7.HiNa Battery - Technology
5.2.8.HiNa Battery - Applications
5.2.9.HiNa Battery - Na-ion battery powered EV
5.2.10.HiNa Battery cell specifications
5.2.11.CBAK Energy and HiNa manufacturing partnership
5.2.12.CATL enter Na-ion market
5.2.13.CATL hybrid Li-ion and Na-ion pack concept
5.2.14.CATL hybrid pack designs
5.2.15.CATL launch hybrid battery pack
5.2.16.SWOT analysis of dual-chemistry battery pack
5.2.17.Concluding remarks on dual-chemistry batteries
5.2.18.CATL Na-ion patent portfolio
5.2.19.CATL Prussian Blue Analogue Na-ion cathode
5.2.20.CATL Na-ion layered oxide cathode performance
5.2.21.LiFun Technology
5.2.22.LiFun Na-ion blade battery
5.2.23.Zoolnasm (Zhongna Energy)
5.2.24.Zhongna Energy Na6Fe5(SO4)8/FeSO4 cathode
5.2.25.Zoolnasm product timeline
5.2.26.Zoolnasm cell specifications
5.2.27.Highstar
5.2.28.Highstar cylindrical cell specifications
5.2.29.Highstar prismatic cell specifications
5.2.30.DFD New Energy
5.2.31.DFD New Energy Na-ion cell specification
5.2.32.Phylion
5.2.33.Phylion Na-ion cell specification
5.2.34.Cham Battery Technology
5.2.35.DMEGC
5.2.36.Shenzhen Puna Times Energy
5.2.37.Transimage
5.2.38.Transimage cell specifications
5.2.39.Beijing Xuexiong Technology
5.2.40.Farasis and Svolt Energy
5.2.41.BYD
5.2.42.Great Power Energy
5.2.43.EVE Energy
5.2.44.Ronbay Technology
5.2.45.Natrium Energy
5.2.46.Veken Technology
5.2.47.Paragonage
5.2.48.Shandong Zero One Four Advanced Materials Co.
5.2.49.Sunpower
5.2.50.CETC Solar Energy
5.2.51.Super Sodium (Horizontal Na Energy)
5.2.52.Hithium
5.2.53.Huawei
5.2.54.Harbin Bona Technology Co., Ltd.
5.2.55.Zhejiang Hu Na Energy
5.2.56.Jana Energy
5.2.57.Lepu Sodium Electric Technology Co. Ltd.
5.2.58.Biwatt Power
5.3.EU & UK player profiles
5.3.1.Tiamat Energy
5.3.2.Tiamat products
5.3.3.Tiamat power cells
5.3.4.Tiamat applications
5.3.5.Tiamat manufacturing roadmap
5.3.6.NAIMA project - Tiamat lead consortium
5.3.7.NAIMA value chain
5.3.8.NAIMA objectives
5.3.9.NAIMA outputs
5.3.10.Altris
5.3.11.Altris manufacturing capacity
5.3.12.Northvolt-Altris partnership
5.3.13.Clarios - Altris partnership
5.3.14.IBU-Tec
5.3.15.Faradion - Background
5.3.16.Faradion cell development
5.3.17.Reliance investment into Faradion
5.3.18.Faradion - technology (1)
5.3.19.Faradion - Technology (2)
5.3.20.Faradion patent overview
5.3.21.Faradion target markets
5.3.22.Faradion SWOT analysis
5.3.23.Nation Energie
5.3.24.AMTE Power
5.3.25.Nexgenna
5.3.26.BMZ Group (TerraE)
5.4.USA player profiles
5.4.1.U.S. Advantage in Sodium-Ion Battery Supply Chain?
5.4.2.$50M Push for Sodium-Ion Batteries
5.4.3.U.S. DoE report on LDES technologies
5.4.4.Natron Energy - Background
5.4.5.Natron patent portfolio
5.4.6.Natron Energy - Technology
5.4.7.Na-ion using Prussian blue analogues
5.4.8.Natron Energy - Partners
5.4.9.Natron Energy SWOT analysis
5.4.10.Unigrid Battery
5.4.11.Unigrid safety test results
5.4.12.Peak Energy
5.4.13.Peak Energy 2024 updates
5.4.14.Bedrock Materials
5.4.15.Acculon Energy
5.4.16.Nadion Energy
5.5.RoW player profiles
5.5.1.Nippon Electric Glass
5.5.2.Indi Energy
5.5.3.Indi Energy - Technology
5.5.4.Biomass-derived hard carbon
5.5.5.Godi Energy
5.5.6.Sodion Energy
5.5.7.PowerCap Energy
5.6.Sodium-based battery players
5.6.1.NGK Insulators - Background
5.6.2.NGK Insulators - Technology
5.6.3.NGK Insulators - Deployment
5.6.4.LiNa Energy
5.6.5.LiNa Energy - demonstration
5.6.6.Broadbit Batteries
5.6.7.Aqueous Na-ion
5.6.8.Geyser Batteries
6.PATENT ANALYSIS
6.1.Patent landscape
6.1.1.Patent landscape introduction
6.1.2.Na-ion patent landscape
6.1.3.Na-ion patent trends
6.1.4.Na-ion patent assignees
6.1.5.Non-academic Na-ion patent assignees
6.1.6.New entrants
6.2.Key player patents
6.2.1.CATL patent portfolio
6.2.2.CATL Prussian Blue Analogue Na-ion cathode
6.2.3.CATL Na-ion layered oxide cathode performance
6.2.4.Faradion patent overview
6.2.5.Faradion cathode and anode materials
6.2.6.Na-ion layered oxide cathode performance
6.2.7.Faradion anode development
6.2.8.Natron patent portfolio
6.2.9.Natron Energy patent examples
6.2.10.HiNa Battery Na-ion patent landscape
6.2.11.Brunp patent portfolio
6.2.12.Brunp patents
6.2.13.Toyota patent portfolio
6.2.14.Central South University patent portfolio
6.2.15.Central South University Na-ion anode development
6.2.16.Central South University Na-ion cathode development
6.2.17.CNRS (French research institute) patent portfolio
6.2.18.CNRS composite anodes
6.2.19.Zhongna Energy Na6Fe5(SO4)8/FeSO4 cathode
6.2.20.Overview of other industrial assignees
6.2.21.Remarks on Na-ion patents
6.3.Academic highlights
6.3.1.Academic Na-ion activity
6.3.2.Academic Na-ion activity
6.3.3.2022 academic highlights
6.3.4.2021 academic highlights
6.3.5.Teardown of four commercial Na-ion cells
6.3.6.Control of OP4 Phase Transition for High Cycle Stability
7.TARGET MARKETS AND APPLICATIONS
7.1.Na-ion technology acceptance
7.2.What markets exist for Na-ion batteries?
7.3.Target markets for Na-ion
7.4.Performance metrics indicate Na-ion best for grid applications
7.5.Players and target market (1)
7.6.Players and target market (2)
7.7.Emerging sodium use cases
7.8.Transport applications for Na-ion battery
7.9.Sodium-ion for A00 cars in China
7.10.Yadea producing Na-ion two-wheelers
7.11.High power, high cycle applications
7.12.Na-ion storage for EV fast charging
7.13.Sodium-ion as automotive starter battery
7.14.Sodium-ion vs lead-acid
7.15.Clarios - Altris partnership for low voltage Na-ion batteries
7.16.Na-ion automotive starter battery players
7.17.Na-ion automotive starter battery benchmarking
7.18.Outlook for sodium-ion as automotive starter battery
7.19.Energy storage applications
7.20.Na-ion batteries for grid applications
7.21.Na-ion batteries for stationary energy storage
7.22.KPIs for ESS applications
7.23.Na-ion BESS projects (grid-scale, front-of-meter)
7.24.Na-ion BESS projects (grid-scale, front-of-meter)
7.25.Summary of Na-ion applications
8.MATERIAL AND COST ANALYSIS
8.1.Comparing Na-ion materials and chemistries (material analysis and assumptions)
8.2.Theoretical gravimetric energy density
8.3.Energy density of Na-ion chemistries
8.4.Na-ion energy density vs Li-ion
8.5.Na-ion material intensity
8.6.Na-ion cell cost analysis
8.7.Na-ion cell material costs compared to Li-ion
8.8.Na-ion cell cost structure
8.9.Faradion Na-ion cell cost structure
8.10.Na-ion raw material cost contribution
8.11.Na-ion price reported by players
8.12.Faradion Na-ion price estimate
8.13.Top-down cell cost: LFP vs Na-ion
8.14.Strategies for cost-effective Na-ion batteries
8.15.Li-ion material prices impact the value proposition of Na-ion batteries
8.16.Key takeaways on Na-ion cost and energy density
9.FORECASTS
9.1.Outlook for Na-ion
9.2.Forecast methodology
9.3.Notes on the forecast
9.4.Na-ion demand by application 2023-2035 (GWh)
9.5.Na-ion demand by EV segment 2023-2035 (GWh)
9.6.Outlook for sodium-ion as automotive starter battery
9.7.Na-ion cell market value 2023-2035 (US$ Billion)
 

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Sodium-ion battery market to exceed a value of US$11.5 billion by 2035

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Forecasts to 2035
Published Mar 2025
 

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