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1. | EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS |
1.1. | Purpose of this report |
1.1.1. | Context and terminology |
1.1.2. | Definition, lessons from the past and report scope |
1.2. | Primary conclusions: regional differences and typical values by application |
1.3. | Plenty of opportunity: some applications targeted by manufacturers by sector |
1.4. | Primary conclusions: Growth opportunities 2021- 2041 |
1.5. | Primary conclusions: Technology implications by company and territory 2021-2041 |
1.6. | Primary conclusions: The 60-100 Wh/kg breakthrough |
1.7. | Primary conclusions: Investment trends |
1.8. | Primary conclusions: Market discontinuities ahead and security of investment |
1.9. | 48V mild hybrid and 48V full hybrid cars: major opportunity |
1.10. | Could a supercapacitor 48V hybrid replace all hybrid cars? |
1.11. | Primary conclusions: Growth impediments |
1.12. | How to improve supercapacitor energy density |
1.13. | Emerging W/kg & Wh/kg |
1.14. | New formats |
1.15. | Global supercapacitor market by application $ billion 2021-2041 with 10 top suppliers' sales |
1.16. | Upside forecast of global supercapacitor market by application $ billion 2025-2041 |
1.17. | Global supercapacitor value market by territory 2021-2041 |
1.18. | Earliest major adopter of supercapacitor advances by territory/ application 2021-2041 |
1.19. | Number of supercapacitor manufacturers by territory 2020 and trend to 2041 |
1.20. | Global car sales 2005-2041: COVID-19 and peak car seriously impacting supercapacitors |
1.21. | Electric bus forecast 2020-2030 |
1.22. | Electric truck forecast 2020-2030 |
1.23. | Construction, agriculture and mining electric vehicle forecast 2020-2030 |
1.24. | Marine electric vehicle sales 2020-2030 |
1.25. | Wind power growth limited by solar success 1990-2050 |
1.26. | Market potential for radically new formats of supercapacitor |
2. | INTRODUCTION |
2.1. | Structure of this chapter |
2.2. | Supercapacitor performance basics |
2.2.1. | Capacitor vs battery |
2.2.2. | What is a supercapacitor? |
2.2.3. | Supercapacitor key benefits and market positioning |
2.2.4. | 24 parameters compared |
2.2.5. | Charge - discharge compared |
2.2.6. | Research emphasis wrong |
2.3. | Technology roadmap 2020-2040 |
2.4. | Supercapacitor technical basics |
2.4.1. | Definition and positioning |
2.4.2. | Device active structures and gaps in the market |
2.4.3. | Overall materials choices |
2.4.4. | Voltage vs capacitance offered |
2.4.5. | Emerging W/kg vs Wh/kg |
2.4.6. | The frequency compromise |
2.4.7. | Improvements that will create large new markets 2020-2040 |
2.4.8. | Primary conclusions |
2.4.9. | Commercially significant research |
2.4.10. | Why biggest supercapacitor orders were placed/will be placed |
2.4.11. | Most promising routes to most important desired improvements |
2.4.12. | Technology roadmap 2020-2040 |
2.5. | Major impact from COVID-19 then peak car |
3. | SUPERCAPACITOR MANUFACTURERS: 81 APPRAISED IN 54 PAGES, 10 COLUMNS |
3.1. | Explanation of our 10 assessment columns |
4. | SUPERCAPACITORS IN AEROSPACE AND MILITARY APPLICATIONS |
4.1. | Back up, robotics, fuzes etc. |
4.2. | Satellites |
4.3. | Surveillance, radar, laser, missiles, fire controls |
4.4. | Deep space missions |
4.5. | US Army railgun |
5. | SUPERCAPACITORS IN ON- AND OFF-ROAD VEHICLES AND RAIL SYSTEMS |
5.1. | Overview |
5.2. | Supercapacitors in the automotive sector |
5.2.1. | Important examples |
5.2.2. | Supercapacitors in the automotive sector: examples |
5.3. | Powertrain options |
5.4. | Voltage increase |
5.5. | Start-stop systems - micro hybrids |
5.5.1. | Basic principles |
5.5.2. | Continental - a success story |
5.6. | Mild hybrids: energy recovery and peak shaving |
5.6.1. | Supercapacitors for mild hybrid cars and trucks: energy recovery and peak shaving |
5.7. | Campers |
5.8. | Power at the point of demand |
5.9. | Electronic Controlled Brake |
5.10. | Regeneration Mazda Japan |
5.11. | Battery replacement in full hybrid: Toyota Yaris Hybrid-R |
5.12. | Supercapacitors in the future - Structural Energy Storage |
5.13. | Fast charging shuttle- ZapGo |
5.14. | Replacing batteries on fuel cells for fast charge/ discharge |
5.15. | Buses: primary traction, start and chargers |
5.15.1. | Fast charge: ABB TOSA bus 600kW |
5.15.2. | Hybrid buses in China |
5.15.3. | Hybrid buses in Germany |
5.15.4. | Hybrid buses in the US |
5.16. | Truck cold starter Maxwell Technologies |
5.17. | Supercapacitor powered buses 2006-2030 |
5.17.1. | Bulgaria and Serbia: Chariot Motors |
5.17.2. | Sinautec |
5.17.3. | Higer |
5.17.4. | CRRC |
5.18. | Racing cars |
5.18.1. | Renault |
5.18.2. | Toyota |
5.19. | Train and tram regeneration |
5.19.1. | Bombardier, Siemens, Cegelec, Greentech light rail and tram |
5.19.2. | Light rail: regen supercapacitors on train or trackside |
5.19.3. | Wayside Rail HESS: Frequency regulation, energy efficiency |
5.20. | Marine |
5.21. | Vehicles for construction, agriculture, mining, forestry, logistics |
5.22. | Forestry |
5.23. | Logistics |
5.24. | Lifting: cranes and forklifts |
5.25. | Supercapacitors in port cranes |
6. | SUPERCAPACITORS IN THE ENERGY SECTOR |
6.1. | Overview |
6.2. | New generation wave power and wave heave compensation |
6.3. | New generation tidal power |
6.4. | Wind power |
6.4.1. | Wind turbine protection |
6.4.2. | Airborne Wind Energy AWE |
6.5. | Utility energy storage and large UPS |
6.6. | The role of supercapacitors in the grid |
6.6.1. | Maxwell insight |
6.6.2. | Hybrid electric energy storage HEES: benefits |
6.6.3. | Purdue and Wisconsin Universities insight |
6.6.4. | Solid Oxide Electrolyser Cell SOEC fuel cell HEES in grid |
6.6.5. | Example: Duke Energy Rankin PV intermittency smoothing + load shifting |
6.6.6. | Example: smoothing wind farm power output |
6.6.7. | Freqcon - utility-scale supercapacitors |
6.7. | Microgrids |
6.7.1. | Example: Ireland microgrid test bed |
6.7.2. | Borkum Municipality with a flagship project for energy storage |
7. | VEHICLE BODYWORK, TIRES AND CABLES |
7.1. | Load-bearing structural supercapacitor materials: Lamborghini MIT |
7.2. | Imperial College "Massless energy" car body |
7.3. | ZapGo vehicle bodywork |
7.4. | Cars: Queensland University of Technology, Rice University, TU Dublin |
7.5. | Cars: Vanderbilt University USA |
7.6. | Cables as supercapacitors |
8. | FLEXIBLE, TRANSPARENT, WEARABLE, STRETCHABLE, PAPER, MICRO |
8.1. | Flexible, transparent |
8.2. | Tubular flexible wearable |
8.3. | Flexible example: Institute of Nano Science and Technology (INST), Mohali, India |
8.4. | Fabric |
8.5. | Wearable fiber |
8.6. | Stretchable wearable |
8.7. | Example: Nanyang TU Singapore |
8.8. | Paper supercapacitors |
8.9. | Flexible printed circuits |
8.10. | Micro-supercapacitors |
8.11. | Supercapacitor bricks |
9. | SUPERCAPACITORS IN NEW ELECTRONICS AND SMALL ELECTRICS |
9.1. | Overview |
9.2. | Trend from disposable to rechargeable batteries then supercapacitors 2014-2021 |
9.3. | LED drivers |
9.4. | Smartphone stylus pen |
9.5. | Uninterrupted power supplies |
9.6. | The IOT opportunity |
10. | APPENDIX 1 - DOUBLING OF SUPERCAPACITORS ENERGY AND POWER DENSITY: ANWENDERFORUM PASSIVE BAUELEMENTE JULY 1-2, 2020 |
11. | APPENDIX 2 - RESEARCH AT UNIVERSITY OF WAIKATO NEW ZEALAND |
12. | APPENDIX 3 - NIPPON CHEMI-CON CORPORATION PRESENTATION |
Slides | 339 |
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Forecasts to | 2041 |
ISBN | 9781913899011 |