1. | EXECUTIVE SUMMARY |
1.1. | Introduction to wearable technology |
1.2. | Wearables allow for efficient and continuous sensor data acquisition |
1.3. | Overview of wearable sensor types |
1.4. | Roadmap of wearable sensor technology segmented by key biometrics (1) |
1.5. | Roadmap of wearable sensor technology segmented by key biometrics |
1.6. | Wearable devices for medical and wellness applications increasingly overlap |
1.7. | Trends in wearables: from node to network |
1.8. | Can new wearable sensors persuade mass-market consumers to switch brands? |
1.9. | Combining wearable health data with environmental and food-safety: An emerging opportunity |
1.10. | What determines which wearables are adopted and where are the opportunities? |
1.11. | Industry challenges: wearables are a luxury consumers struggle to afford |
2. | INTRODUCTION |
2.1. | Introduction to wearable technology and wearable sensors |
2.1.1. | Introduction to wearable technology |
2.1.2. | How can technology be made 'wearable'? |
2.1.3. | Wearable technology takes many form factors |
2.1.4. | Sensing is one of four key functions of wearable technology |
2.1.5. | Wearables allow for efficient and continuous sensor data acquisition |
2.1.6. | Value proposition of wearable sensors versus non wearable alternatives |
2.1.7. | Overview of wearable sensor types |
2.1.8. | Connecting form factors, sensors and metrics |
2.1.9. | How is wearable sensor data used? |
2.1.10. | Definitions of sensors within devices |
2.2. | Market outlook by form-factor |
2.2.1. | Trends in wearable sensor innovations by form-factor |
2.2.2. | Roadmap of market trends for wrist-worn wearables broken down by sector (consumer, sport, medical and enterprise) |
2.2.3. | Outlook and conclusions for wrist-worn wearables |
2.2.4. | Roadmap of market trends for hearables broken down by sector (consumer, sport, medical and enterprise) |
2.2.5. | Outlook and conclusions for hearables |
2.2.6. | AR headsets as a replacement for other smart devices |
2.2.7. | AR Outlook and conclusions: AR success remains tough to achieve |
2.2.8. | Roadmap of market trends for skin-patches broken down by sector (consumer, sport, medical and enterprise) |
2.2.9. | Outlook and conclusions for skin patches |
2.2.10. | Roadmap of market trends for smart clothing and accessories broken down by sector (consumer, sport, medical and enterprise) |
2.2.11. | Conclusions for smart clothing: biometric monitoring |
2.2.12. | Conclusions for wearable accessories |
2.3. | Global mega-trends impacting the wearable sensor market |
2.3.1. | Key drivers and global-trends impacting the sensor market |
2.3.2. | Overview of key for future markets for wearable sensors |
2.3.3. | Global sensor market roadmap shows wearable sensor market disruption potential is wide-spread |
2.3.4. | Wearables for Digital Health |
2.4. | Wearables for Future Mobility |
2.4.1. | What are the mega trends in future mobility? |
2.4.2. | Summary and outlook for sensors in future mobility applications |
2.4.3. | Interior Monitoring System (IMS), Driver-MS and Occupant-MS |
2.4.4. | Evolution of DMS Sensor Suite from SAE Level 1 to Level 4 |
2.4.5. | IMS Sensing Technologies: Passive and Active |
2.4.6. | Software-Defined Vehicle Level Guide |
2.4.7. | Solar powered wearables offering months of wear time suited to driver monitoring applications |
2.4.8. | Demand for driver monitoring is anticipated to grow, creating an opportunity for wearables and gas sensors (1) |
2.4.9. | In-Cabin Sensing Technology Overview |
2.4.10. | Wearables for XR |
2.4.11. | Wearable gesture sensors for XR |
2.4.12. | Wearables for Industrial IoT and Worker Safety |
2.4.13. | Edge sensing and AI |
3. | MARKET FORECASTS |
3.1. | Forecasting: introduction and definitions |
3.2. | Definitions and categorisation for sensor types |
3.3. | Wearable Sensors, Overall Annual Revenue Forecast (USD, M), 2025-2035 (1) |
3.4. | Wearable Sensors, Overall Annual Revenue Forecast (USD, M), 2025-2035 (2) |
3.5. | Wearable Sensors, Overall Annual Revenue Forecast (USD, M), 2025-2035 (excluding disposable electrodes) |
3.6. | Wearable Sensors, Sales Volume Forecast (units, millions), 2025-2035 |
4. | MOTION SENSORS |
4.1. | Introduction to Wearable Motion Sensors |
4.1.1. | Introduction to wearable motion sensors |
4.2. | Wearables Motion Sensors: Technology (Inertial Measurement Units) |
4.2.1. | Inertial Measurement Units (IMUs): An introduction |
4.2.2. | MEMS: The manufacturing method for IMUs |
4.2.3. | IMU packages: MEMs accelerometers |
4.2.4. | IMU Packages: MEMS Gyroscopes |
4.2.5. | IMUs for smart-watches: major players and industry dynamic |
4.2.6. | Limitations and common errors with MEMS sensors |
4.2.7. | MEMS IMUs are becoming a commodity |
4.2.8. | Impact of the chip shortage on MEMS |
4.2.9. | IMU Packages: magnetometers (digital compasses) |
4.2.10. | IMU Packages: magnetometer types |
4.2.11. | Magnetometer suppliers and industry dynamic |
4.2.12. | Introduction to tunneling magnetoresistance sensors (TMR) |
4.2.13. | Operating principle and advantages of tunneling magnetoresistance sensors (TMR) |
4.2.14. | Commercial applications and market opportunities for TMRs include within wearables |
4.2.15. | TMR sensors primarily adopted for 'wake-up' functions as opposed to motion detection or navigation |
4.2.16. | TMRs: SWOT analysis |
4.3. | Wearable Motion Sensors: Applications and Market Trends |
4.3.1. | Wearable Motion Sensors for Consumer Electronics |
4.3.2. | Wearable Motion Sensors for Healthcare |
4.4. | Wearable Motion Sensors: Summary |
4.4.1. | MEMS-based IMUs for wearable motion sensing: SWOT |
4.4.2. | Wearable motion sensors: Conclusions |
5. | OPTICAL SENSORS |
5.1. | Introduction to Optical Sensors |
5.1.1. | Optical sensors: introduction |
5.2. | Optical Sensors: PPG and Spectroscopy |
5.2.1. | Sensing principle of photoplethysmography (PPG) |
5.2.2. | Leading manufacturers of optical components for wearables |
5.2.3. | Applications of photoplethysmography (PPG) |
5.2.4. | Pros and cons of transmission and reflectance modes |
5.2.5. | Key players in PPG hardware and algorithm development |
5.2.6. | SWOT: PPG sensors |
5.2.7. | Introduction to wearable spectroscopy |
5.2.8. | Near-infrared spectroscopy faces challenges from overlapping bands |
5.2.9. | Key players and potential customers for wearable spectroscopy as 'clinic on the wrist' |
5.2.10. | Brief introduction to PICs and Silicon Photonics? |
5.2.11. | Wearable Spectroscopy is one example of many emerging Photonic Integrated Circuits Applications |
5.2.12. | The growth of the PIC industry for data-center demand could aid adoption into wearables applications |
5.2.13. | Printed photodetectors in healthcare and wearables |
5.2.14. | Market overview and commercial maturity of printed photodetector applications |
5.2.15. | Readiness level snapshot of printed photodetectors |
5.3. | Optical Sensors: Heart Rate |
5.3.1. | How is heart rate obtained from optical PPG sensors? |
5.3.2. | Wearable heart-rate: Use cases, opportunities and sample players |
5.3.3. | Comparing the remaining opportunities for wearable heart-rate between insurers, clinicians and consumers |
5.3.4. | Specific opportunity for integrated heart-rate sensors within the prosumer market |
5.3.5. | A closer look at wearable heart-rate in clinical trials |
5.3.6. | Roadmap for wearable optical heart-rate sensors |
5.3.7. | Wearable heart-rate sensors (optical): SWOT |
5.3.8. | Wearable heart-rate sensors (optical): key conclusions |
5.4. | Optical Sensors: Pulse Oximetry |
5.4.1. | Obtaining blood oxygen from PPG |
5.4.2. | Differences in wellness and medical applications of wearable blood oxygen |
5.4.3. | Early adopters of pulse-oximetry in smart-watches |
5.4.4. | Impact of COVID-19 on interest in blood oxygen |
5.4.5. | In 2024 most popular consumer wearables integrate pulse oximetry as standard - with some now FDA cleared for sleep apnea detection |
5.4.6. | Blood oxygen contributing to 'in-house' metrics on performance and sleep |
5.4.7. | Wearable pulse oximetry can offer less invasive monitoring of babies and children |
5.4.8. | Future of pulse oximetry could come in the form of skin patches |
5.4.9. | Wearable blood oxygen sensors: conclusions and SWOT |
5.5. | Optical Sensors: Blood Pressure |
5.5.1. | Many health conditions are associated with blood pressure generating a large total addressable market |
5.5.2. | Classifying blood pressure |
5.5.3. | Breakdown of wearable brands used for cardiovascular clinical research |
5.5.4. | How do requirements vary for stakeholders in wearable blood pressure technology |
5.5.5. | Incumbent sensor technology: blood pressure cuffs and the oscillometric method |
5.5.6. | Combining pulse metrics to access blood pressure using wearable PPG and ECG |
5.5.7. | PPG Waveform/Pulse Wave Analysis |
5.5.8. | Progress of non-invasive blood pressure sensing |
5.5.9. | Overview of technologies for cuff-less blood pressure |
5.5.10. | Case Study: Valencell - cuff-less, cal-free blood pressure |
5.5.11. | Advantages and limitations for bless pressure hearables. |
5.5.12. | Market outlook and technology readiness of wearable blood pressure |
5.5.13. | Outlook from Valencell: no FDA cleared solution yet offers an alternative to the auto-cuff. |
5.5.14. | Wearable blood pressure : SWOT Analysis |
5.5.15. | Wearable blood pressure : key conclusions |
5.6. | Optical Sensors: Non-Invasive Glucose Monitoring |
5.6.1. | Scale of the diabetes management industry continues to incentivize development of optical glucose sensors |
5.6.2. | FDA requirements for glucose monitoring |
5.6.3. | Near-Infrared Spectroscopy - Recent academic studies on glucose monitoring |
5.6.4. | Alternative optical approaches to non-invasive glucose monitoring: Mid Infrared and Terahertz Spectroscopy |
5.6.5. | Alternative optical approaches to non-invasive glucose monitoring: Raman spectroscopy and optical rotation |
5.6.6. | Alternative optical approaches to non-invasive glucose monitoring: Dielectric spectroscopy |
5.6.7. | Non-invasive glucose monitoring: approaches |
5.6.8. | Notable Quotes on Non-Invasive Glucose Monitoring |
5.6.9. | Optical glucose sensors: SWOT |
5.6.10. | A niche form of quantum imaging for glucose monitoring is in the early stages of commercialization |
5.6.11. | Optical glucose sensors: conclusions |
5.7. | Optical Sensors: fNIRS |
5.7.1. | Background and context of functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) |
5.7.2. | Basic principles of fNIRS (1) |
5.7.3. | Basic principles of fNIRS (2) |
5.7.4. | fNIRS: Disruption or coexistence with EEG? |
5.7.5. | Key players in fNIRS |
5.7.6. | NIRS application areas, BCI in context |
5.7.7. | How can fNIRS be utilized for brain computer interfacing |
5.7.8. | Comparing fNIRS to other non-invasive brain imaging methods |
5.7.9. | fNIRS: SWOT analysis |
5.7.10. | Summary and outlook for wearable fNIRS in BCI applications |
6. | ELECTRODES |
6.1. | Introduction to wearable electrodes |
6.1.1. | Introduction to wearable electrodes |
6.2. | Wearable electrodes: overview and key players |
6.2.1. | Overview of wearable electrode types |
6.2.2. | Applications and product types |
6.2.3. | Key requirements of wearable electrodes |
6.2.4. | Key players in wearable electrodes |
6.2.5. | Skin patch and e-textile electrode supply chain |
6.2.6. | Material suppliers collaboration has enabled large scale trials of wearable skin patches |
6.2.7. | Supplier overview: printed electrodes for skin patches and e-textiles (I) |
6.2.8. | Supplier overview: printed electrodes for skin patches and e-textiles (2) |
6.3. | Wearable electrodes: overview and key players |
6.3.1. | Wet vs dry electrodes |
6.3.2. | Wet electrodes: The incumbent technology |
6.3.3. | The role of adhesive in wet electrodes |
6.3.4. | Dry electrodes: A more durable emerging solution |
6.3.5. | Skin patches use both wet and dry electrodes depending on the use-case |
6.3.6. | E-textiles integrate dry electrodes and conductive inks |
6.3.7. | Key players in wearable electrodes in e-textiles, skin patches and watches |
6.3.8. | Material innovations in dry electrodes for EEG |
6.3.9. | SWOT analysis and key conclusions for wet and dry electrodes |
6.4. | Wearable electrodes: Microneedles |
6.4.1. | Microneedle electrodes |
6.4.2. | Evaluating materials and manufacturing methods for microneedle electrode arrays |
6.4.3. | Researchers are investigating microneedle manufacture via micromolding |
6.4.4. | Flexible microneedle arrays possible with PET substrates |
6.4.5. | Microneedle electrodes less susceptible to noise |
6.4.6. | Global distribution of microneedle array patch developers |
6.4.7. | Outlook for microneedle electrodes |
6.5. | Wearable electrodes: Electronic Skins |
6.5.1. | Electronic skins (also known as 'epidermal electronics') |
6.5.2. | Materials and manufacturing approaches to electronic skins |
6.5.3. | Skin-inspired electronics in academia (Stanford University) |
6.5.4. | Skin-inspired electronics in academia (VTT/Tampere University) |
6.5.5. | Skin-inspired electronics in academia (Northwestern University) |
6.5.6. | Skin-inspired electronics in academia (University of Tokyo) (I) |
6.5.7. | Skin-inspired electronics in academia (University of Tokyo) (II) |
6.5.8. | Outlook for electronic skins |
6.6. | Wearable electrodes: Application Trends |
6.6.1. | Wearable electrodes: Applications and product types |
6.6.2. | Wearable electrodes: Application Trends - ECG |
6.6.3. | Wearable electrodes: Application Trends - EEG |
6.6.4. | Wearable electrodes: Application Trends - EMG |
6.6.5. | Wearable electrodes: Application Trends - Bioimpedance |
6.7. | Wearable electrodes: Conclusions |
6.7.1. | Consolidated SWOT of wearable electrodes |
6.7.2. | Wearable electrodes: conclusions and outlook |
7. | FORCE AND STRAIN SENSORS |
7.1. | Introduction to wearable force and strain sensing |
7.2. | Force Sensors |
7.2.1. | Force sensing with piezoresistive materials |
7.2.2. | Thin film pressure sensor architectures |
7.2.3. | Smart insoles are the main application for printed pressure sensors |
7.2.4. | Smart insoles target both fitness and medical applications |
7.2.5. | Movesole outlines durability challenges for smart insoles |
7.2.6. | Sensoria integrates pressure sensors into a sock rather than an insole |
7.2.7. | Medical market roadmap for printed piezoresistive sensors |
7.2.8. | More medical applications of printed FSR sensors |
7.2.9. | Other applications in industrial markets for FSRs include wearable exoskeletons |
7.2.10. | Key players |
7.2.11. | Force sensing with piezoelectric materials |
7.2.12. | Piezoelectric pressure sensors restricted to niche applications |
7.2.13. | Alternative piezoelectric polymers |
7.2.14. | Wearable and in-cabin monitoring applications for piezoelectric sensors |
7.2.15. | Key players |
7.2.16. | Novel wearable pressure sensor technologies struggle to gain traction |
7.2.17. | Intervention pathways depend on temperature sensors and RPM integration |
7.2.18. | Mapping the wearable force sensor landscape |
7.2.19. | Outlook for wearable force/pressure sensors |
7.3. | Strain Sensors |
7.3.1. | Capacitive strain sensors |
7.3.2. | Use of dielectric electroactive polymers (EAPs) |
7.3.3. | Emerging opportunities for strain sensors in motion capture for AR/VR |
7.3.4. | Emerging applications for strain sensors in healthcare |
7.3.5. | SWOT analysis of printed strain sensors |
7.3.6. | Key players |
7.3.7. | Outlook for wearable strain sensors |
7.3.8. | Two main roles for temperature sensors in wearables |
7.3.9. | Incumbent methods for measuring core body temperature are invasive |
7.3.10. | Key players, form factors and applications for wearable body temperature sensors |
7.3.11. | Types of temperature sensor |
7.3.12. | Success for wearable temperature requires both accuracy and continuous monitoring capabilities. |
7.3.13. | Emerging approaches utilising NIR spectroscopy |
7.3.14. | Printed temperature monitors in wearables struggle to compete with incumbent sensing technologies |
7.3.15. | Conclusions for printed and flexible temperature sensors |
7.3.16. | Wearable temperature sensor utilized as route to market for flexible batteries |
7.3.17. | Printed temperature sensors: overall market outlook |
7.3.18. | Technology readiness level snapshot of printed temperature sensors |
7.3.19. | Mapping the wearable temperature sensor landscape |
7.3.20. | Wearable temperature sensors: SWOT analysis |
7.3.21. | Summary of key conclusions for wearable temperature sensors |
8. | CHEMICAL SENSORS |
8.1. | Introduction to Chemical Sensors |
8.1.1. | Chemical sensors: Chapter overview |
8.1.2. | Chemical sensing: An introduction |
8.1.3. | Selectivity and signal transduction |
8.1.4. | Analyte selection and availability |
8.1.5. | Optical chemical sensors |
8.2. | Chemical Sensors: Continuous Glucose Monitoring (Interstitial CGM) |
8.2.1. | Introduction to diabetes |
8.2.2. | Diabetes is on the rise |
8.2.3. | Continuous glucose monitoring |
8.2.4. | Anatomy of a typical CGM device |
8.2.5. | CGM technology |
8.2.6. | CGM sensor chemistry: Abbott, Dexcom, Medtronic |
8.2.7. | Sensing principle of commercial CGM |
8.2.8. | CGM sensor anatomy and manufacturing |
8.2.9. | CGM sensor filament structure |
8.2.10. | Foreign body response to CGM devices |
8.2.11. | CGMs move to factory calibration |
8.2.12. | Interference of medication with CGM accuracy |
8.2.13. | Comparison of recently launched CGM devices |
8.2.14. | CGM: overview of key players |
8.2.15. | Accuracy of CGM devices over time |
8.2.16. | SWOT analysis of interstitial sensors for CGM |
8.3. | Chemical Sensors: Interstitial alternatives |
8.3.1. | Measuring glucose in sweat (1) |
8.3.2. | Measuring glucose in sweat (2) |
8.3.3. | Measuring glucose in tears |
8.3.4. | Measuring glucose in saliva |
8.3.5. | Measuring glucose in breath |
8.3.6. | Measuring glucose in urine |
8.3.7. | SWOT analysis of chemical sensors: interstitial alternatives |
9. | NOVEL BIOSENSORS |
9.1. | Introduction to novel biometrics and methods |
9.2. | Novel Biosensors: Emerging Biometrics |
9.3. | Use-cases, stakeholders, key players and SWOT analysis of wearable alcohol sensors |
9.4. | Use-cases, stakeholders, key players and SWOT analysis of wearable lactate/lactic acid sensors |
9.5. | Use-cases, stakeholders, key players and SWOT analysis of wearable hydration sensors |
9.6. | Novel Biosensors: Emerging Sensing Methods |
9.7. | Urine sensors in smart diapers seeking orders from elderly care providers |
9.8. | Ultrasound imaging could provide longer term competition to optical imaging. |
9.9. | Wearable sensing potential of microneedles for fluid sampling depends on scale up of manufacturing methods |
9.10. | 'Clinic on the Wrist' and 'Lab on Skin' competing to replace multiple diagnostic tests and monitor vital signs |
9.11. | Novel Biosensors: Conclusions |
9.12. | Market readiness of wearable sensors for novel biometrics |
9.13. | Conclusions and outlook: Wearable sensors for novel biometrics |
10. | WEARABLE QUANTUM SENSORS |
10.1. | Wearable Quantum Sensors: Chapter Overview |
10.2. | Magnetometry |
10.2.1. | Quantum magnetic field sensors offer very high-sensitivity with applications in biomagnetic imaging |
10.2.2. | Operating principles of Optically Pumped Magnetometers (OPMs) |
10.2.3. | Fabricating miniaturized OPMs for wearables (1) |
10.2.4. | Fabricating miniaturized OPMs for wearables (2) |
10.2.5. | Applications of wearable OPMs: MEG |
10.2.6. | Summary of key players developing wearable OPM hardware |
10.2.7. | Conclusions and Outlook for Wearable OPMs |
10.2.8. | Introduction to tunneling magnetoresistance sensors (TMR) |
10.2.9. | Operating principle and advantages of tunneling magnetoresistance sensors (TMR) |
10.2.10. | Commercial applications and market opportunities for TMRs |
10.2.11. | TMR sensors for 'wake-up' function in wearables |
10.2.12. | TMR manufacturers are supplying in high volumes to the diabetes management market |
10.2.13. | Conclusions and Outlook for Wearable TMR sensors |
10.3. | Chip-scale atomic clocks |
10.3.1. | Atomic clocks offer more precise timing |
10.3.2. | More accurate clocks = more accurate navigation |
10.3.3. | Atomic clocks self-calibrate for clock drift |
10.3.4. | Chip Scale Atomic Clocks for portable precision time-keeping |
10.3.5. | A challenge remains to miniaturize atomic clocks without compromising on accuracy, stability and cost |
10.3.6. | Drivers for growth? |
10.3.7. | Conclusions and Outlook for Wearable Chip-Scale Atomic Clocks |
10.3.8. | Wearable Quantum Sensors: Conclusions and Outlook |
11. | COMPANY PROFILES |
11.1. | Abbott Diabetes Care |
11.2. | Artinis Medical Systems |
11.3. | Biobeat Technologies |
11.4. | Biosency |
11.5. | Bosch Sensortec (Wearable Sensors) |
11.6. | Cerca Magnetics |
11.7. | Cosinuss |
11.8. | Datwyler (Dry Electrodes) |
11.9. | Dexcom |
11.10. | Doublepoint |
11.11. | EarSwitch (2023) |
11.12. | EarSwitch (2024) |
11.13. | Emteq Limited |
11.14. | Epicore Biosystems |
11.15. | Equivital |
11.16. | Ferroperm Piezoceramics |
11.17. | IDUN Technologies |
11.18. | Infi-Tex |
11.19. | Know Labs |
11.20. | Kokoon |
11.21. | Liquid Wire |
11.22. | Mateligent GmbH |
11.23. | Nanoleq |
11.24. | Nanusens |
11.25. | NeuroFusion |
11.26. | NIQS Technology Ltd |
11.27. | Orpyx |
11.28. | PKVitality |
11.29. | PragmatIC |
11.30. | PROPHESEE |
11.31. | Raynergy Tek |
11.32. | Rhaeos Inc |
11.33. | Sefar |
11.34. | Segotia |
11.35. | STMicroelectronics and Augmented Reality |
11.36. | StretchSense |
11.37. | Tacterion |
11.38. | Teveri |
11.39. | Valencell |
11.40. | Vitality |
11.41. | Wearable Devices Ltd. |
11.42. | WHOOP |
11.43. | Wisear |
11.44. | Withings Health Solutions |
11.45. | XSensio |
11.46. | Zimmer and Peacock |