| 1. | EXECUTIVE SUMMARY |
| 1.1. | The scope of this report |
| 1.2. | Who should read this report? |
| 1.3. | Research methodology |
| 1.4. | Clarifying terms: machine learning vs artificial intelligence |
| 1.5. | Inefficiencies of overuse |
| 1.6. | Under- and over-fitting |
| 1.7. | Challenges facing the rechargeable battery industry |
| 1.8. | How AI can be applied throughout the battery lifecycle |
| 1.9. | AI disruptions to the battery supply chain |
| 1.10. | Use-case benchmarking |
| 1.11. | Use-case maturity comparison |
| 1.12. | AI in batteries for EVs |
| 1.13. | AI in batteries for BESS |
| 1.14. | Interest by region |
| 1.15. | Scope of forecasts |
| 1.16. | Methodologies |
| 1.17. | Diagnostics by capacity served |
| 1.18. | Diagnostics by market value |
| 1.19. | On-edge AI: diagnostics |
| 1.20. | On-edge AI: performance enhancement |
| 1.21. | Cell testing by market value |
| 1.22. | Second-life assessment by market value |
| 1.23. | AI will see significant usage throughout the battery industry |
| 2. | MACHINE LEARNING APPROACHES: AN OVERVIEW |
| 2.1. | An introduction to AI - shifting goalposts |
| 2.2. | Machine learning as a subset of artificial intelligence |
| 2.3. | Machine learning approaches |
| 2.4. | The importance of data - quality and dimensionality |
| 2.5. | Standardizing data structures |
| 2.6. | Supervised learning |
| 2.7. | Unsupervised learning |
| 2.8. | Problem classes in supervised and unsupervised learning |
| 2.9. | Reinforcement learning |
| 2.10. | Semi-supervised and active learning |
| 2.11. | The ɛ parameter: exploitation vs. exploration |
| 2.12. | Neural networks - an introduction |
| 2.13. | An artificial neuron in the training process |
| 2.14. | Types of neural network |
| 2.15. | Support vector machines |
| 2.16. | Decision tree methods |
| 2.17. | k-nearest neighbor (kNN) |
| 2.18. | k-means clustering |
| 2.19. | Principal component analysis |
| 3. | MATERIAL DISCOVERY |
| 3.1. | Overview |
| 3.1.1. | Material discovery in batteries - the attraction of AI |
| 3.1.2. | Traditional material discovery and DFT |
| 3.1.3. | An introduction to Materials Informatics |
| 3.1.4. | Property prediction and material grouping |
| 3.1.5. | Datasets and descriptors |
| 3.1.6. | The golden grail - inverting the process |
| 3.1.7. | Informed selection vs. novel material formulation |
| 3.1.8. | Virtual screening |
| 3.1.9. | De novo design |
| 3.1.10. | Integration of LLM interface |
| 3.1.11. | Electrodes |
| 3.1.12. | Electrolytes |
| 3.1.13. | Problem and algorithm classes |
| 3.2. | Players in materials informatics for batteries |
| 3.2.1. | BIG-MAP |
| 3.2.2. | Microsoft Quantum - Azure Open AI |
| 3.2.3. | Umicore |
| 3.2.4. | Wildcat Discovery Technologies |
| 3.2.5. | Schrödinger - an overview |
| 3.2.6. | Schrödinger technical details |
| 3.2.7. | Eonix Energy |
| 3.2.8. | Citrine Informatics |
| 3.2.9. | Morrow Batteries |
| 3.2.10. | Chemix |
| 3.2.11. | Aionics |
| 3.2.12. | SES AI |
| 3.2.13. | SES AI batteries |
| 3.3. | Business analysis for AI in battery material discovery |
| 3.3.1. | Business models/partnerships |
| 3.3.2. | Existing client-supplier relationships |
| 3.3.3. | Differentiation |
| 3.3.4. | Challenges |
| 3.3.5. | Materials informatics will see increasing use in the battery industry over the next decade |
| 4. | CELL TESTING AND MODELLING |
| 4.1. | Overview |
| 4.1.1. | Traditional cell testing - shortcomings and challenges |
| 4.1.2. | AI for high-throughput automated testing |
| 4.1.3. | Data forms for cell modelling |
| 4.1.4. | AI for design of experiment (DoE) and anomalous data identification |
| 4.1.5. | AI for lifetime modelling |
| 4.1.6. | AI for degradation modelling |
| 4.1.7. | AI for temperature and pressure simulation |
| 4.1.8. | Data driven cell architecture optimization |
| 4.1.9. | Algorithmic approaches for different testing modes |
| 4.2. | Players in AI for cell testing |
| 4.2.1. | Stanford, MIT and Toyota Research Institute |
| 4.2.2. | StoreDot - a data-first approach |
| 4.2.3. | StoreDot's batteries |
| 4.2.4. | Safion |
| 4.2.5. | TWAICE |
| 4.2.6. | Oorja Energy |
| 4.2.7. | Addionics |
| 4.2.8. | Monolith AI |
| 4.2.9. | Speedgoat |
| 4.2.10. | DNV Energy Systems via Veracity |
| 4.2.11. | NOVONIX and SandboxAQ |
| 4.2.12. | Cell testing players summary |
| 4.3. | Business analysis for AI in cell testing |
| 4.3.1. | Typical business models |
| 4.3.2. | Differentiation |
| 4.3.3. | Challenges |
| 4.3.4. | AI is well-placed to revolutionize the cell testing process for battery development, but it will take time |
| 5. | CELL ASSEMBLY AND MANUFACTURING |
| 5.1. | Overview |
| 5.1.1. | Overview of traditional manufacturing process |
| 5.1.2. | Data quality challenges |
| 5.1.3. | Data acquisition challenges in industrial settings |
| 5.1.4. | AI for defect detection and quality control |
| 5.1.5. | AI for manufacturing process efficiency |
| 5.1.6. | Algorithmic approaches in manufacturing and cell assembly |
| 5.1.7. | Digital twins |
| 5.1.8. | FAT/SAT |
| 5.2. | Smart battery manufacturing players |
| 5.2.1. | CATL - smart factories |
| 5.2.2. | CATL - manufacturing process optimization |
| 5.2.3. | Siemens Xcelerator |
| 5.2.4. | Samsung Robotic Laboratory: ASTRAL |
| 5.2.5. | Voltaiq |
| 5.2.6. | BMW Group and University of Zagreb |
| 5.2.7. | EthonAI |
| 5.2.8. | Elisa IndustrIQ |
| 5.2.9. | Smart battery manufacturing players summary |
| 5.3. | Business analysis for smart battery manufacturing |
| 5.3.1. | Types of smart battery manufacturing players |
| 5.3.2. | Challenges |
| 5.3.3. | Smart factories could become standard for larger players, but startups will struggle to adopt |
| 6. | BATTERY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM ANALYTICS |
| 6.1. | Overview |
| 6.1.1. | Battery management in mobility and ESS - the need for accurate diagnostics |
| 6.1.2. | Management of multi-cell battery packs - a basic example |
| 6.1.3. | The purpose of a BMS |
| 6.1.4. | The data pipeline - from BMS to AI |
| 6.1.5. | Data structures and forms for diagnostics |
| 6.1.6. | Fault detection and analysis |
| 6.1.7. | SoH and SoC determination for lifetime optimization |
| 6.1.8. | The genesis of 'prescriptive' AI |
| 6.1.9. | Algorithmic approaches to battery system management |
| 6.1.10. | The Battery Passport |
| 6.2. | Players in AI for battery diagnostics and management |
| 6.2.1. | ACCURE Battery Intelligence |
| 6.2.2. | TWAICE |
| 6.2.3. | BattGenie |
| 6.2.4. | volytica diagnostics |
| 6.2.5. | On-edge AI |
| 6.2.6. | Samsung: Battery AI in S25 |
| 6.2.7. | Eatron and Syntient |
| 6.2.8. | LG Energy Solution and Qualcomm |
| 6.2.9. | Tesla BMS: optimization over a journey |
| 6.2.10. | Cell diagnostics players summary |
| 6.3. | Business analysis for AI-assisted battery diagnostics and management |
| 6.3.1. | Business models |
| 6.3.2. | Differentiation |
| 6.3.3. | Challenges |
| 6.3.4. | Data-focused battery analytics will take off in Europe and see growth in the wider mobility industry |
| 7. | SECOND LIFE ASSESSMENT |
| 7.1. | Overview |
| 7.1.1. | Second-life batteries: an overview |
| 7.1.2. | Determining the second-life stream |
| 7.1.3. | Safety concerns and regulations |
| 7.1.4. | The battery passport |
| 7.1.5. | The use of AI |
| 7.1.6. | Algorithmic approaches and data inputs/outputs |
| 7.2. | Players in AI for second-life battery assessment |
| 7.2.1. | ReJoule |
| 7.2.2. | volytica diagnostics and Cling Systems |
| 7.2.3. | NOVUM |
| 7.2.4. | DellCon |
| 7.2.5. | Second-life assessment player summary |
| 7.3. | Business analysis for AI-assisted second-life assessment |
| 7.3.1. | Revenue streams - somewhat ambiguous |
| 7.3.2. | Types of players |
| 7.3.3. | Differentiation |
| 7.3.4. | Challenges |
| 7.3.5. | AI for second-life assessment in batteries will become the norm in Europe |
| 8. | FORECASTS |
| 8.1. | Diagnostics by capacity served |
| 8.2. | Diagnostics by market value |
| 8.3. | Cell testing by market value |
| 8.4. | Second-life assessment by market value |
| 9. | COMPANY PROFILES |
| 9.1. | ACCURE |
| 9.2. | Addionics |
| 9.3. | Aionics Inc. |
| 9.4. | BattGenie Inc. |
| 9.5. | Chemix |
| 9.6. | Eatron Technologies |
| 9.7. | Elisa IndustrIQ |
| 9.8. | Eonix Energy |
| 9.9. | EthonAI |
| 9.10. | Monolith AI |
| 9.11. | Oorja Energy |
| 9.12. | ReJoule |
| 9.13. | Safion GmbH |
| 9.14. | Schrödinger Update |
| 9.15. | SES AI |
| 9.16. | Silver Power Systems |
| 9.17. | StoreDot |
| 9.18. | TWAICE |
| 9.19. | Voltaiq |
| 9.20. | volytica diagnostics |
| 9.21. | Wildcat Discovery Technologies |
| 10. | APPENDIX A: DATA CENTRES DRIVING BATTERY DEMAND |
| 10.1. | A note on battery demand |