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Printed, Organic & Flexible Electronics Forecasts, Players & Opportunities 2014-2024
Market data; market and technology appraisal; case studies: the complete picture for printed, flexible and organic electronics
Brand new for August 2014
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Description
Contents, Table & Figures List
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This report provides the most comprehensive view of the topic, giving detailed ten year forecasts by device type. The market is analyzed by territory, printed vs non printed, rigid vs flexible, inorganic vs organic, cost of materials vs process cost and much more. Activities of over 1,000 leading companies are given, as is assessment of the winners and losers to come.
Impartial assessment
In the report IDTechEx appraises each enabling technology component by virtue of its market need - not technology push. We draw on ten years of knowledge tracking this sector and provide detailed, refined forecasts, strategic positioning and assessment of trends, "hot topics" and unmet opportunities.
The big picture
The report specifically addresses the big picture - including OLED displays and lighting, to thin film photovoltaics to flexible sensors and much more. Importantly, it includes not only electronics which are printed, organic and/or flexible now, but it also covers those that will be. Realistic timescales, case studies, existing products and the emergence of new products are given, as are impediments and opportunities for the years to come.
Over 3,000 organizations are pursuing printed, organic, flexible electronics, including printing, electronics, materials and packaging companies. While some of these technologies are in use now - indeed there are three sectors which have created billion dollar markets - others are commercially embryonic.
The benefits of these new electronics are numerous - ranging from lower cost, improved performance, flexibility, transparency, reliability, better environmental credentials and much more. Many of the applications will be newly created, and where existing electronic and electrical products are impacted, the extent will be varied.
This widely referenced IDTechEx report brings it all together, with particular focus on applications and quantative assessment of opportunities.
Market size from 2014 to 2024
IDTechEx find that the total market for printed, flexible and organic electronics will grow from $23.97 billion in 2014 to $70.39 billion in 2024. The majority of that is OLEDs (organic but not printed) and conductive ink used for a wide range of applications. On the other hand, stretchable electronics, logic and memory, thin film sensors are much smaller segments but with huge growth potential as they emerge from R&D.
Figure 1: Market forecast by component type in US$ billions*
*For the full forecast data please purchase this report
Source: IDTechEx
Lessons, successes and opportunities
The following components are assessed, and for each one ten year forecasts are given, along with companies and their activities, case studies, impediments to commercialization and timescales:
- Logic and memory
- OLED displays
- OLED lighting
- Electrophoretic and other bistable displays
- Electrochromic displays
- Electroluminescent displays
- Other displays
- Thin film batteries
- Photovoltaics
- Sensors
- Conductors
- Other
If you are looking to understand the big picture, the opportunity, the problems you can address, or how you can start to use these technologies and the implications involved, this report is a must. Researched by multilingual IDTechEx consultants based in four countries and three continents, this report builds on ten years of knowledge of the industry.
Access to raw data
In addition to the report - in PDF format - you will also receive a spreadsheet in Excel format giving you access to the key data contained in tables throughout the report.
Analyst access from IDTechEx
All report purchases include up to 30 minutes telephone time with an expert analyst who will help you link key findings in the report to the business issues you're addressing. This needs to be used within three months of purchasing the report.
Further information
If you have any questions about this report, please do not hesitate to contact our report team at research@IDTechEx.com or call one of our sales managers:
ASIA: +82 10 3896 6219
| 1. | EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS |
| 1.1. | Definitions |
| 1.1. | Description and analysis of the main technology components of printed and potentially printed electronics |
| 1.1. | 2014 market status by component type |
| 1.2. | Market forecast by component type for 2014-2024 in US $ billions, for printed and potentially printed electronics including organic, inorganic and composites |
| 1.2. | Current opportunity, market size and profitability |
| 1.2. | Market Potential and Profitability |
| 1.3. | Market in 2014 |
| 1.3. | Market forecast by component type for 2014-2024 in US $ billions, for printed and potentially printed electronics including organic, inorganic and composites |
| 1.3. | The printed electronics value chain |
| 1.4. | Spend on organic versus inorganic materials 2014-2024 US$ billion |
| 1.4. | The different states of readiness of organic and inorganic electronic technologies (semiconductors and conductors) |
| 1.4. | Total market size 2014 to 2024 |
| 1.5. | Value Chain and Investment |
| 1.5. | Spend on organic versus inorganic materials 2014-2024 US$ billion |
| 1.5. | Market value $ billions of only printed electronics 2014-2024 |
| 1.6. | Total market value of printed versus non-printed electronics 2014-2024 US$ billion |
| 1.6. | Split of material types by component |
| 1.6. | Organic versus inorganic electronics |
| 1.7. | Printed versus non-printed electronics |
| 1.7. | Market value $ billions of only printed electronics 2014-2024 |
| 1.7. | Market value $ billions of only flexible/conformal electronics 2014-2024 |
| 1.8. | Total market value of flexible versus non-flexible electronics 2014-2024 in US$ billion |
| 1.8. | Total market value of printed versus non-printed electronics 2014-2024 US$ billion |
| 1.8. | Flexible/conformal versus rigid electronics |
| 1.9. | Market by territory |
| 1.9. | Market value $ billions of only flexible/conformal electronics 2014-2024 |
| 1.9. | Market by Territory 2014-2024 in US$ billion |
| 1.10. | Examples of organic and inorganic electronics and electrics potentially tackling different technologies and applications |
| 1.10. | Total market value of flexible/conformal versus rigid electronics 2014-2024 in US$ billion |
| 1.10. | The long term view |
| 1.11. | The value chain and unmet needs |
| 1.11. | The market for printed and potentially printed electronics by territory in $ billion 2014-2035 |
| 1.11. | The potential annual global sales of each type by 2024 in US$ billions and percentage |
| 1.12. | The potential annual global sales of each type by 2035 in US$ billions |
| 1.12. | Possible breakdown of the market for printed and potentially printed electronics in 2035 by numbers and value |
| 1.12. | Go to Market Strategies |
| 1.13. | Printed electronics needs new design rules |
| 1.13. | Success and failures |
| 1.13. | The emerging value chain is unbalanced |
| 1.14. | Those going to market first move right |
| 1.14. | What End Users want - results from 20 end user surveys |
| 1.15. | Successes, failures and repositioners |
| 1.15. | Examples of printed electronics creating new products |
| 2. | INTRODUCTION |
| 2.1. | Ten year forecasts of unusual breadth |
| 2.1. | Market forecasts for 2035 in US$ billion |
| 2.1. | Market forecasts for 2035 in US$ billion |
| 2.2. | Leading market drivers 2024 |
| 2.2. | End user markets relevant to printed electronics |
| 2.2. | Terminology and definitions |
| 2.3. | Scope for printed electronics and electrics |
| 2.3. | Leading market drivers 2024 |
| 2.3. | Giant industries collaborate for the first time |
| 2.4. | The 3,000 organisations tackling printed and potentially printed devices and their materials |
| 2.4. | Some potential benefits of printed and partly printed organic and inorganic electronics and electrics over conventional devices and non-electronic printing in various applications |
| 2.4. | There is a bigger picture |
| 2.5. | The potential significance of organic and printed inorganic electronics |
| 2.5. | Types of printed/thin film photovoltaics beyond silicon compared, with examples of suppliers |
| 2.5. | Smart iontophoretic skin patches |
| 2.6. | Esquire magazine with animated display September 2008 |
| 2.6. | Primary assumptions of organic electronics in full production 2013-2035 |
| 2.6. | 3,000 organisations active in the field |
| 2.7. | Printed electronics products today |
| 2.7. | T-equaliser animated t-shirt |
| 2.8. | OLED TV from LG |
| 2.8. | Highest volume products with no silicon chip |
| 2.9. | Printed electronics with silicon chips/hybrid electronics |
| 2.9. | How printed electronics is being applied to products |
| 2.9.1. | Electronic apparel |
| 2.9.2. | Display and lighting |
| 2.9.3. | Stretchable electronic products for sale |
| 2.10. | Displays are the main sector for now |
| 2.10. | Printed Electronics Applications |
| 2.11. | Typical price breaks for high volume electronics and examples of potential advances |
| 2.11. | Photovoltaics beyond conventional silicon are the second largest market |
| 2.12. | How printed electronics is being applied |
| 2.12. | Some of the potential markets |
| 2.12.1. | Markets in 2014 |
| 2.12.2. | Surprisingly poor progress with low cost electronics so far |
| 2.13. | Threat - silicon chips keep getting cheaper |
| 2.14. | Challenging conventional electronics |
| 2.15. | Flexible is a big market |
| 2.16. | Assumptions for forecasts |
| 3. | LOGIC AND MEMORY |
| 3.1. | Logic and memory market forecasts 2014-2024 |
| 3.1. | Global market for printed electronics logic and memory 2014-2024 in billions of dollars, with % printed and % flexible |
| 3.1. | Global market for printed electronics logic and memory 2014-2024 |
| 3.2. | Traditional geometry for a field effect transistor |
| 3.2. | Logic and memory application - unit numbers millions 2014-2024 |
| 3.2. | Logic and memory forecast by application 2014-2024 |
| 3.3. | Impact on silicon |
| 3.3. | Logic and memory - average cost US dollar 2014-2024 |
| 3.3. | Semiconductor options |
| 3.4. | The market space for display backplanes that is likely to be filled by oxide semiconductor thin film transistors |
| 3.4. | Logic and memory - total value 2014-2024 |
| 3.4. | Fools underestimate silicon |
| 3.5. | Transistor design |
| 3.5. | Scope for printed TFTCs to create new markets or replace silicon chips |
| 3.5. | Road map |
| 3.6. | Demonstrator with various components from Thinfilm, PARC, Acreo and PST Sensors |
| 3.6. | Advantages of printed and thin film transistors and memory vs traditional silicon |
| 3.6. | The main options for semiconductors |
| 3.6.1. | What reads to most of the potential strengths of printed transistors |
| 3.6.2. | Primary market focus of developers |
| 3.6.3. | Shakeout of organic transistor developers |
| 3.6.4. | Oxide Semiconductors |
| 3.6.5. | Carbon Nanotube and Graphene |
| 3.6.6. | Company strategy and value chain |
| 3.7. | Memory |
| 3.7. | Key parameters of thin-film deposition techniques |
| 3.7. | Thinfilm memory compared with the much more complex DRAM in silicon |
| 3.8. | Structure of Thinfilm memory |
| 3.8. | Flexible memristor |
| 4. | DISPLAYS |
| 4.1. | Market drivers |
| 4.1. | Some new and established display technologies compared |
| 4.1. | How major trends have driven technology innovation in the display industry at different eras |
| 4.2. | Timeline of activity in the OLED space in terms of joint ventures, partnerships and collaborations |
| 4.2. | Comparison of the features of various technologies for advertising and signage |
| 4.2. | OLED Displays |
| 4.2.1. | OLED Development timeline |
| 4.2.2. | Current OLED Products |
| 4.2.3. | OLEDs and the beginning of the end for LCDs |
| 4.2.4. | OLEDs - a rapidly growing market |
| 4.2.5. | Current Technical Approaches for OLED TV |
| 4.2.6. | OLED investment |
| 4.2.7. | Potential Scenarios for OLED TV |
| 4.2.8. | OLED production capacity |
| 4.2.9. | OLED market forecasts 2014-2024 |
| 4.2.10. | Unmet technical needs for OLEDs |
| 4.3. | Electrophoretic and other bi-stable displays |
| 4.3. | Announced and exiting production plans of major companies |
| 4.3. | Examples of key OLED display products on the market. The products include cameras, tablets, music players, mobile phones, TVs, etc and the producers include Nokia, Sony, Samsung, LG, HTC, Microsoft, Motorola, etc. |
| 4.3.1. | Applications of E-paper displays |
| 4.3.2. | Ubiquity or obsolescence: how is E Ink's success story going to end? |
| 4.3.3. | Electrowetting displays |
| 4.3.4. | Electrophoretic and Bi-Stable displays market forecasts 2014-2024 |
| 4.4. | Electrochromic |
| 4.4. | Market forecasts for OLED panel displays 2014-2024 |
| 4.4. | Volume production (in units) for different companies in the OLED display space for 2008, 2009, 2010 and 2011 |
| 4.4.1. | Electrochromic displays market forecasts 2014-2024 |
| 4.5. | AC Electroluminescent |
| 4.5. | Electrophoretic and Bi-stable displays market forecasts 2014-2024 |
| 4.5. | Market forecasts for OLED panel displays 2014-2024 |
| 4.5.1. | Electroluminescent displays market forecasts 2014-2024 |
| 4.6. | Other display technologies |
| 4.6. | Electrochromic displays market forecasts 2014-2024 |
| 4.6. | Principle of operation of electrophoretic displays |
| 4.6.1. | Thermochromic |
| 4.6.2. | Flexible LCDs |
| 4.7. | Electroluminescent displays market forecasts 2014-2024 |
| 4.7. | E-paper displays on a magazine sold in the US in October 2008 |
| 4.8. | Secondary display on a cell phone |
| 4.9. | Amazon Kindle 2, launched in the US in February 2009 |
| 4.10. | White state reflectance % |
| 4.11. | Competitive analysis of E Ink (Pearl) vs. Liquavista and Mirasol displays |
| 4.12. | Global electrophoretic e-readers sales (in million units) |
| 4.13. | Droplet contracting and relaxing from Liquavista |
| 4.14. | Electrophoretic and Bi-stable displays market forecasts 2014-2024 |
| 4.15. | Electrochromic display on a Valentine's card sold by Marks and Spencer in the UK in 2004 and electrochromic display with drive circuits in a laminate for smart cards |
| 4.16. | Electrochromic displays market forecasts 2014-2024 |
| 4.17. | Boardroom lighting in Alcatel France that switches to various modes |
| 4.18. | Animated EL artwork in a two meter suspended ball for event lighting |
| 4.19. | Coyopa rum with four segment sequentially switched pictures |
| 4.20. | TV controller |
| 4.21. | Electroluminescent displays market forecasts 2014-2024 |
| 4.22. | Duracell battery tester |
| 4.23. | Interactive game on a beer package by VTT Technologies in Finland |
| 4.24. | Color LCD by photo alignment |
| 4.25. | Color printable flexible LCD |
| 5. | OLED AND LED LIGHTING |
| 5.1. | Value proposition of OLED vs. LED lighting |
| 5.1. | OLED Lighting market forecasts 2014-2024 |
| 5.1. | Comparing the attributes of OLED and LED lighting using a radar chart |
| 5.2. | Market growth of LEDs in the backlighting, automotive and general lighting sectors between 2013 and 2023* |
| 5.2. | LED Market - a detailed overview |
| 5.2.1. | The LED Market - Backlighting |
| 5.2.2. | The LED Market - Automotive |
| 5.2.3. | The LED Market - General Lighting |
| 5.2.4. | The LED Market - Market Figures |
| 5.3. | OLED Lighting - market analysis |
| 5.3. | OLED Lighting market forecasts 2014-2024 |
| 5.3.1. | Cost projection |
| 5.3.2. | OLED Market penetration |
| 5.3.3. | OLED Value Chain |
| 5.3.4. | OLED market forecast |
| 6. | PHOTOVOLTAICS |
| 6.1. | Crystalline Silicon |
| 6.1. | Photovoltaics forecast breakdown US$ billion 2014-2024 |
| 6.1. | Applied Baccini Pegaso printer |
| 6.2. | Roadmap for the reduction of silver utilization |
| 6.2. | Thin Film Photovoltaics |
| 6.2.1. | Amorphous Silicon |
| 6.2.2. | CdTe |
| 6.2.3. | CIGS |
| 6.2.4. | DSSCs |
| 6.2.5. | Organic PV |
| 6.3. | Examples of a-Si PV |
| 6.3. | Market trends and Forecasts |
| 6.3.1. | Crystalline Silicon |
| 6.3.2. | Thin films |
| 6.4. | Applications of CIGS technology |
| 6.5. | Current and envisaged future products incorporating dye sensitized solar cells |
| 6.6. | Illustrations of organic photovoltaics |
| 6.7. | Total photovoltaics market forecasts 2014-2024 |
| 7. | BATTERIES AND FLEXIBLE SUPERCAPACITORS |
| 7.1. | Shapes of battery for small RFID tags advantages and disadvantages |
| 7.1. | Batteries forecasts 2014-2024 |
| 7.1.1. | Importance of laminar batteries |
| 7.1.2. | Choices of laminar battery |
| 7.2. | Printed batteries forecasts 2014-2024 |
| 7.2. | Estee Lauder smart skin patch which delivers cosmetics using the iontophoretic effect |
| 7.2. | Advantages and disadvantages of some options for supplying electricity to small devices |
| 7.2.1. | Laminar batteries - missing the big opportunity? |
| 7.3. | Batteries forecasts 2014-2024 |
| 8. | SENSORS AND OTHER ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS |
| 8.1. | Sensor forecasts 2014-2024 |
| 8.1. | Definitions |
| 8.1. | Rigid, printed and flexible substrates |
| 8.2. | Sensor forecasts 2014-2024 |
| 8.2. | Printed and flexible sensors forecasts 2014-2024 |
| 8.2.1. | Biomedical sensors |
| 8.2.2. | Touch sensors |
| 8.2.3. | Force and pressure sensors |
| 8.2.4. | Light/image sensors |
| 8.2.5. | Gas sensors |
| 8.2.6. | Temperature sensors |
| 8.2.7. | Consumer |
| 8.3. | Printed and flexible sensor forecasts by application in 2014 |
| 8.3. | Main drivers for adoption of printed and flexible sensors |
| 8.4. | Market for printed sensors in 2014 |
| 9. | MARKET BY TERRITORY, COMPONENTS, MATERIALS, OPPORTUNITIES |
| 9.1. | The market for printed and potentially printed electronics by territory in $ billion 2014-2035 |
| 9.1. | Organisations involved in printed and potentially printed electronics across the world, by type of interest |
| 9.1. | Market by territory |
| 9.1.1. | Number of active organisations globally in this field |
| 9.1.2. | Geographical split 2014-2035 |
| 9.1.3. | Giant corporations of the world and their progress with printed electronics |
| 9.2. | The total market opportunity by component |
| 9.2. | Primary devices being developed |
| 9.2. | Examples of giant corporations intending to make the printed and potentially printed devices with the largest market potential, showing East Asia dominant. |
| 9.3. | Examples of giant corporations, making or intending to make materials for printed and potentially printed electronics |
| 9.3. | Market by Territory 2014-2023 in US$ billion |
| 9.3. | Organic versus Inorganic |
| 9.4. | Printed versus non-printed electronics |
| 9.4. | Number of printed electronics products by country |
| 9.4. | Summary of the trends by territory |
| 9.5. | Market forecast by component type for 2014-2024 in US$ billions, for printed and potentially printed electronics including organic, inorganic and composites |
| 9.5. | Market forecast by component type for 2014-2024 in US$ billions, for printed and potentially printed electronics including organic, inorganic and composites |
| 9.5. | Flexible/conformal versus rigid electronics |
| 9.6. | Market forecasts for materials 2014-2024 |
| 9.6. | Market forecasts for 2035 in US$ billion |
| 9.6. | Market forecasts for 2035 in US$ billion |
| 9.7. | Spend on organic versus inorganic materials 2014-2024 US$ billion |
| 9.7. | Spend on organic versus inorganic materials 2014-2024 US$ billion |
| 9.7. | Impact of printed electronics on conventional markets |
| 9.7.1. | Impact on end-use markets |
| 9.7.2. | Potential markets |
| 9.8. | Market value $ billions of only printed electronics 2014-2024 |
| 9.8. | Split of material types by component |
| 9.9. | Market value $ billions of only printed electronics 2014-2024 |
| 9.9. | Market value $ billions of only flexible/conformal electronics 2014-2024 |
| 9.10. | Relative investments from the key areas of printed electronics development |
| 9.10. | Market value $ billions of only flexible/conformal electronics 2014-2024 |
| 9.11. | Materials market forecasts 2014-2024 US$ billion |
| 9.11. | Materials market forecast 2013-2023 US$ billion |
| 9.12. | Examples of organic and inorganic electronics and electrics potentially tackling different technologies and applications |
| 9.12. | End user markets relevant to printed and potentially printed electronics |
| 9.13. | Possible breakdown of the market for printed and potentially printed electronics in 2035 by numbers and value |
| 9.13. | The potential annual global sales of each type by 2024 in US$ billions and percentage |
| 9.14. | The potential annual global sales of each type by 2035 in US$ billions |
| 9.15. | Some of the potential markets |
| 10. | UNMET NEEDS, HOT TOPICS, OPPORTUNITIES AND PROGRESS |
| 10.1. | Water vapour and oxygen transmission rates of various materials. |
| 10.1. | The price of indium has been fluctuating over the years, creating uncertainty for end users |
| 10.1. | Rare materials and the effect of commodity material prices on driving innovation in printed, organic and flexible electronics |
| 10.1.1. | Indium |
| 10.1.2. | Silver and Copper ink |
| 10.2. | Requirements of barrier materials |
| 10.2. | Need for better flexible, transparent, low cost barriers |
| 10.2. | The price of silver (shown in $/oz) has spiked in recent years, largely due to the global economic downturn |
| 10.2.1. | Encapsulation technologies |
| 10.2.2. | Dyads |
| 10.2.3. | Flexible glass |
| 10.2.4. | Flexible barriers forecasts |
| 10.3. | Market share of transparent conductive films |
| 10.3. | Schematic diagrams for encapsulated structures a) conventional b) laminated c) deposited in situ |
| 10.3. | Transparent Conductive Films and touch surfaces |
| 10.4. | Lack of standardized benchmarking |
| 10.4. | A percentage breakdown of the market by applications for flexible barrier films in 2013 |
| 10.5. | Progress of confirmed research-scale photovoltaic device efficiencies, under AM 1.5 simulated solar illumination, for a variety of technologies |
| 10.5. | Urgent need for creative product design |
| 10.5.1. | Smart packaging |
| 10.6. | Innovative product designers/ sellers are in short supply |
| 11. | COMPANY PROFILES |
| 11.1. | Agfa Materials |
| 11.1. | Other players in the value chain |
| 11.1. | Semiconductor development at Evonik |
| 11.2. | Target range for mobility and processing temperature of semiconductors |
| 11.2. | AGC Asahi Glass |
| 11.3. | BASF |
| 11.3. | Transfer characteristics of gen3 semiconductor system |
| 11.4. | Current efficiency of a Novaled PIN OLEDTM stack on an inkjet printed, transparent conductive ITO anode |
| 11.4. | Bayer MaterialScience AG |
| 11.5. | Cambrios Technologies Corp |
| 11.5. | A flexible display sample |
| 11.6. | Printed electronics samples |
| 11.6. | Coatema Coating Machinery |
| 11.7. | Corning |
| 11.7. | New electronics targets physical space |
| 11.8. | Large-area electronics |
| 11.8. | Dai Nippon Printing |
| 11.9. | DuPont Microcircuit Materials |
| 11.9. | 32" pressure sensor matrix |
| 11.10. | Wireless power transmission sheet |
| 11.10. | E Ink Holdings |
| 11.11. | Evonik |
| 11.11. | Device structure |
| 11.12. | Organic transistors |
| 11.12. | Fujifilm Dimatix |
| 11.13. | GSI Technologies LLC |
| 11.13. | Organic transistor 3D ICs |
| 11.14. | Scanner with no moving parts |
| 11.14. | Heliatek GmbH |
| 11.15. | Henkel |
| 11.15. | Scanning a wine bottle label |
| 11.16. | Stretchable electronics |
| 11.16. | Heraeus GmbH |
| 11.17. | Hewlett Packard |
| 11.18. | InkTec Co Ltd |
| 11.19. | ITRI Taiwan |
| 11.20. | Kovio Inc |
| 11.21. | Kunshan Hisense Electronics |
| 11.22. | Merck KGaA |
| 11.23. | NovaCentrix |
| 11.24. | Optomec |
| 11.25. | Peratech Ltd |
| 11.26. | Philips Corporate Technologies |
| 11.27. | Plastic Logic |
| 11.28. | Plextronics Inc |
| 11.29. | PolyIC |
| 11.30. | Printechnologics |
| 11.31. | Samsung |
| 11.32. | Showa Denko |
| 11.33. | Soligie |
| 11.34. | Thin Film Electronics |
| 11.35. | TNO Holst Centre |
| 11.36. | Toppan Forms |
| 11.37. | Toppan Printing |
| 11.38. | University of Tokyo |
| 11.39. | VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland |
| 11.40. | Other players in this value chain |
| APPENDIX 1: MATRIX OF PRINTED ELECTRONICS SUPPLIERS AND ACTIVITIES | |
| IDTECHEX RESEARCH REPORTS AND CONSULTANCY | |
| TABLES | |
| FIGURES |
Report Statistics
| Pages | 325 |
|---|---|
| Tables | 56 |
| Figures | 113 |
| Forecasts to | 2024 |