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| EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS | |
| 1. | INTRODUCTION |
| 2. | BACKPLANES |
| 2.1. | Pelikon remote control with iconic displays |
| 2.2. | Primero 6 Digit, 7-segment printed display module from Aveso. |
| 2.3. | Optical micrograph of TFT array processed using Digital Lithography.12 |
| 2.4. | Cross sectional view of printed multilayer pixel architechture from Plastic Logic.17 |
| 2.5. | All additive OTFT AM backplane on PEN |
| 2.6. | Readius rollable display by Polymer Vision |
| 3. | DISPLAY TECHNOLOGIES |
| 3.1. | Non Emissive |
| 3.1. | Selected electrical properties of metals |
| 3.1. | Acreo electrochromic display and structure |
| 3.1.1. | Electrochromic (EC) |
| 3.1.2. | Liquid Crystal (LCD) |
| 3.1.3. | Electrophoretic (EP) |
| 3.1.4. | Electrowetting (EW) |
| 3.1.5. | Thermochromic |
| 3.2. | Emissive |
| 3.2. | Custom displays, using Aveso electrochromic technology |
| 3.2.1. | Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) |
| 3.2.2. | Field Emission Display (FED) |
| 3.2.3. | Plasma Display (PDP) |
| 3.2.4. | Electroluminescent (EL) |
| 3.2.5. | Organic Light Emitting (OLED) |
| 3.3. | Side view of Aveso display |
| 3.4. | Chemistry of Aveso electrochromic display |
| 3.5. | Aveso inlays, showing battery, display, and switch |
| 3.6. | Siemens Electrochromic display |
| 3.7. | Structure of NTERA electrochromic display |
| 3.8. | Diagram of the construction and operation of a twisted nematic liquid crystal display (TN-LCD) |
| 3.9. | Structure of TFT-LCD |
| 3.10. | Structure and example of Printed OTFT TN LCD from Plastic Logic |
| 3.11. | 30 µm droplets of spacer ball droplets (3.1-4.5 µm diameter) before drying, deposited by ink jet |
| 3.12. | ChLC droplets prepared by membrane emulsification |
| 3.13. | Comparison of ChLC stacking structures a) Shared electrode b) conventional |
| 3.14. | ChLC displays produced by PIPS |
| 3.15. | Cholesteric Liquid Crystal Displays |
| 3.16. | Schematic cross section of FLC display pixel |
| 3.17. | Image of 3" FLC display from Dai Nippon Printing |
| 3.18. | Diagram of 1 and 2 particle electrophoretic display types |
| 3.19. | Diagram of EP display using 2 particles |
| 3.20. | Micrograph of E-ink display showing subcapsule addressing |
| 3.21. | Micrograph of RGBW pixel layout, and two color E-ink images |
| 3.22. | SiPix EP display |
| 3.23. | Optical micrograph of SiPix display showing sub microcup addressing |
| 3.24. | Grayscale rendition of SiPix EPD |
| 3.25. | SiPix display production process |
| 3.26. | Microcup filling and sealing processes |
| 3.27. | Dual Mode microcup operation and micrograph of color MicrocupTM array |
| 3.28. | Bridgestone liquid powder display |
| 3.29. | Operating principle of Liquid Powder display |
| 3.30. | Diagram of transmissive electrowetting display in the dark (a) and light (b) state |
| 3.31. | Step and wedge shaped Duracell thermochromic battery testers |
| 3.32. | Comparison of CRT and FED displays |
| 3.33. | SEM image of a) conventional metal (Spindt) tip and b) printable cathode FED |
| 3.34. | Cross section of a) first screen printed CNT FED, and diode FED (PED) |
| 3.35. | SEM images of CNT paste |
| 3.36. | Morphology of printed graphite cathode |
| 3.37. | Operation of Plasma Display |
| 3.38. | Typical EL lamp construction (not to scale) |
| 3.39. | Pelikon EL technologies |
| 3.40. | Pixellated EL matrix display from Pelikon |
| 3.41. | Cross sectional diagram of Quantum Paper (Nth Degree) EL display on paper |
| 3.42. | Production process (flowchart) for Quantum Paper (Nth degree) printed EL displays |
| 3.43. | Construction of iFire TDEL panels |
| 3.44. | Radisson SAS London Stansted Wine Tower |
| 3.45. | 100 m long printed EL poster for IBM at Heathrow airport |
| 3.46. | Over 100 m long advertising display (BNP Paribas) at London (Waterloo) train station |
| 3.47. | Interest in OLEDs |
| 3.48. | Typical structures of Small Molecule and Polymer OLEDs |
| 3.49. | Structure of Add-Vision's printed P-OLED |
| 4. | MATERIALS |
| 4.1. | Dimensional stability of selected substrate materials |
| 4.1. | Surface smoothness of PEN substrates |
| 4.1.1. | Substrates |
| 4.1.2. | Metals |
| 4.1.3. | Polymer films |
| 4.1.4. | Paper |
| 4.1.5. | Fabric or textiles |
| 4.2. | Encapsulation |
| 4.2. | Properties of polymer films |
| 4.2. | Chemical structures of PET and PEN |
| 4.2.2. | Vitex |
| 4.2.3. | GE |
| 4.2.4. | 3M |
| 4.2.5. | Others |
| 4.3. | Summary of properties for heat stabilized PET and PEN |
| 4.3. | Chemical structures of bisphenol A (monomer) and polycarbonate. |
| 4.4. | Schematic view of inkjet deposition of PEDOT:PSS along polyimide strip, and AFM image |
| 4.4. | Water vapor and oxygen transmission rates of various materials |
| 4.5. | Requirements of barrier materials |
| 4.5. | MVA fabrication process |
| 4.6. | Schematic cross section of a) MVA and b) transflective LCD's |
| 4.6. | Oxygen transmission rates of polypropylene with various coatings |
| 4.7. | Chemical structure of Polyethersulfone |
| 4.8. | Chemical structure of fluorene polyester |
| 4.9. | Optical transmission spectra of DuPont "Clear Plastic" and Kapton® E |
| 4.10. | Cross sectional structure of top emitting OLED on paper |
| 4.11. | ChLC displays on textiles |
| 4.12. | Preparation process and cross section of ChLC display on textiles |
| 4.13. | Schematic diagram showing electronic paper display made of hollow fibers |
| 4.14. | Schematic diagrams for encapsulated structures a) conventional b) laminated c) deposited in situ |
| 4.15. | Examples of PML surface planarization a) OLED cathode separator structure b) high aspect ratio test structure |
| 4.16. | Vitex multilayer deposition process |
| 4.17. | SEM cross section of Vitex Barix material with 4 dyads |
| 4.18. | Optical transmission of Vitex Barix coating |
| 4.19. | Edge seal barrier formation by deposition through shadow masks |
| 4.20. | Three dimensional barrier structure. Polymer is shown in red, and oxide (barrier) shown in blue |
| 4.21. | Schematic of cross section of graded barrier coating and complete barrier film structure |
| 5. | APPLICATIONS |
| 5.1. | Quotes from major book publishers about electronic publishing |
| 5.1. | (Smart) Cards |
| 5.1. | RSA SecurID one time password token |
| 5.1.1. | Secure financial cards |
| 5.1.2. | Stored value cards |
| 5.1.3. | Novelty |
| 5.2. | Mobile Devices/Consumer Electronics |
| 5.2. | Performance characteristics of SiPix E-book media |
| 5.2. | Token and software system for generating a One Time Password |
| 5.2.1. | Electronic Readers |
| 5.2.2. | Mobile Telephone |
| 5.2.3. | Dynamic Keypads |
| 5.2.4. | Watches |
| 5.2.5. | Storage |
| 5.2.6. | Wearable/conformable |
| 5.2.7. | Medical |
| 5.2.8. | Skins for mobile devices |
| 5.2.9. | Greeting Cards |
| 5.2.10. | Electronic Tablets |
| 5.2.11. | Others |
| 5.3. | Digital Signage |
| 5.3. | Automotive display requirements |
| 5.3. | Schematic diagram of the construction of a smart card (SiPix) |
| 5.3.2. | Smart Labels |
| 5.4. | Others |
| 5.4. | Concepts of smart cards which incorporate a printed display |
| 5.4.1. | Military/Security |
| 5.4.2. | Automotive |
| 5.4.3. | High quality displays |
| 5.4.4. | Transparent |
| 5.5. | Business card prototype with emissive scrolling logo display |
| 5.6. | Estimated annual sales of E-readers |
| 5.7. | E-book readers |
| 5.8. | Printed EL display backlight for a mobile telephone |
| 5.9. | Motorola Motofone with electrophoretic main display |
| 5.10. | Mobile telephone with ReadiusTM rollable electronic display |
| 5.11. | Printed OLED displays for mobile telephones |
| 5.12. | NTT DoCoMo Dynamic keypad using electrophoretic display |
| 5.13. | DD101 watch with printed EL display |
| 5.14. | o.d.m. watch using SiPix electrophoretic display. |
| 5.15. | The Seiko Electronic Ink watch |
| 5.16. | Art Technology digital watch using E-Ink electrophoretic display technology |
| 5.17. | Lexar JumpDrive Mercury and Secure II Plus flash drives with electrophoretic "gas gauge" |
| 5.18. | SmartDisk Firelite Xpress portable USB hard drive |
| 5.19. | Hypercolor T-shirt incorporating thermochromic dye |
| 5.20. | Jay Maynard, a.k.a. "The TRON guy" wearing EL display |
| 5.21. | Concept of a diagnostic temperature sensing patch with display |
| 5.22. | Concept of eGo color changing skins |
| 5.23. | Greeting card produced for Marks & Spencer with electrochromic display |
| 5.24. | Electronic tablets from Kent Displays |
| 5.25. | Q2 remote from Qwizdom |
| 5.26. | Examples of printed electrophoretic displays for digital signage (courtesy SiPix) |
| 5.27. | Smart label with printed electronic display showing suitability for product use |
| 5.28. | Digital Alert Display Device with printed electrochromic display (Aveso) |
| 5.29. | Printed P-OLED wearable patch |
| 5.30. | Integrated display with solar-assisted power |
| 5.31. | Automotive dashboard printed with DuPont Luxprint® EL ink |
| 5.32. | Automotive dashboard with printed OLED display |
| 5.33. | Automotive application for low information content display |
| 5.34. | Active matrix display image |
| 5.35. | Transparent display from PolyDisplay |
| 6. | PATTERNING TECHNIQUES |
| 6.1. | Printing processes and the physical phenomena they are based upon |
| 6.1. | Physical phenomena |
| 6.1. | Schematic diagram of different types of printing processes |
| 6.2. | Taxonomy of printing processes |
| 6.2. | Printing/patterning process taxonomy |
| 6.2. | Printing process parameter and issue comparison |
| 6.3. | Advantages and disadvantages of flexographic printing for functional materials. |
| 6.3. | Printing process considerations |
| 6.3. | Throughput vs. Resolution of Different Kinds of Printing Processes |
| 6.3.1. | Physical (size) requirements |
| 6.3.2. | Material requirements |
| 6.3.3. | Economic considerations |
| 6.3.4. | Other considerations |
| 6.4. | Advantages and disadvantages of microcontact printing |
| 6.4. | Printing Processes |
| 6.4. | Illustration of how flexible printing plates conform to substrate surfaces |
| 6.4.1. | Flexography |
| 6.4.2. | Letterpress |
| 6.4.3. | Soft Lithography |
| 6.4.4. | Gravure |
| 6.4.5. | Gravure Offset (Pad) |
| 6.4.6. | Offset Lithography |
| 6.4.7. | Screen |
| 6.4.8. | Ink-jet |
| 6.4.9. | Thermal/ablation |
| 6.4.10. | Aerosol Jet |
| 6.4.11. | Liquid dispensing |
| 6.5. | Comparison of flexography with microcontact printing |
| 6.5. | Diagram of flexographic printing process |
| 6.6. | Flexographic printing process. |
| 6.6. | Summary of gravure printing features. |
| 6.7. | Summary of pad printing characteristics |
| 6.7. | Diagram of anilox roller. |
| 6.8. | Image of text printed with flexographic printing. |
| 6.8. | Offset lithography capability summary |
| 6.9. | Screen printing capability comparison |
| 6.9. | Letterpress printing process. |
| 6.10. | Diagram of the microcontact printing process. |
| 6.10. | Summary of ink-jet printing features |
| 6.11. | Thermal transfer printing feature summary |
| 6.11. | Microcontact printing stamping process |
| 6.12. | Microcontact printing processes using cylindrical stamps |
| 6.13. | Gravure printing process |
| 6.14. | Micrograph of gravure printing cylinder |
| 6.15. | Pad printing process |
| 6.16. | Offset lithographic printing. |
| 6.17. | Screen printing process |
| 6.18. | Rotary screen printing process |
| 6.19. | Ink-jet deposition mechanisms. Thermal (left), piezo (right) |
| 6.20. | Drop placement errors at 1 mm standoff distance for Dimatix SX-128 print head |
| 6.21. | 3D profile of a coffee-stain formed by ink-jet printing |
| 6.22. | The effect of drying condition on thickness and photoluminescence |
| 6.23. | Surface energy patterning to constrain spreading of ink-jet drops, cross sectional structure of printed transistor, and AFM image of channel region |
| 6.24. | Schematic diagram of self-aligned printing process |
| 6.25. | Schematic diagram of thermal transfer printing process |
| 6.26. | Image of Graciela Blanchet holding an array organic transistors, printed using thermal transfer |
| 6.27. | Atomization (aerosol) generation techniques. (a) Ultrasonic (b) Pneumatic |
| 6.28. | (a) Diagram of aerosol jet focusing (b) Image of actual aerosol jet |
| 6.29. | Writing a bar code on a curved surface |
| 6.30. | Ohmcraft's Micropen system, and image of writing a 75 μm line |
| 6.31. | 3D profile and cross sections of lines patterned using MicroPen |
| 7. | COMPANIES |
| 7.1. | OLED: Materials & Licensing |
| 7.1. | Solution Processing for OLED Fabrication |
| 7.1.1. | Cambridge Display Technology (CDT) - Sumation™ |
| 7.1.2. | DuPont |
| 7.1.3. | Kodak |
| 7.1.4. | Novaled |
| 7.1.5. | OLED-T |
| 7.2. | OLED Displays |
| 7.2. | KODAK Elite Vision AMOLED TV |
| 7.2.1. | LG |
| 7.2.2. | Pioneer |
| 7.2.3. | RiTdisplay |
| 7.2.4. | Samsung SDI |
| 7.2.5. | Seiko Epson |
| 7.2.6. | SONY |
| 7.2.7. | TDK |
| 7.2.8. | Toshiba Matsushita Display Technology (TMD) |
| 7.2.9. | Universal Display Corporation |
| 7.2.10. | Beijing Visionox Technology Company ltd. |
| 7.3. | OLED lighting |
| 7.3. | Novaled's PIN OLEDTM structure |
| 7.3.1. | Add-vision Inc. (AVI) |
| 7.3.2. | General Electric (GE) |
| 7.3.3. | Lumiotec Inc. |
| 7.3.4. | OSRAM Opto Semiconductors |
| 7.3.5. | PHILIPS |
| 7.4. | E-paper displays |
| 7.4. | LG.Philips 4-inch flexible active matrix OLED |
| 7.4.2. | LG |
| 7.4.3. | Nemoptic |
| 7.4.4. | Plastic Logic |
| 7.4.5. | Polymer Vision |
| 7.4.6. | The four basic steps in making Polymer Vision's rollable display |
| 7.5. | Inorganic Electroluminescent (EL) |
| 7.5. | Manufacturing process for small molecule OLEDs and polymer OLEDs at RiTdisplay |
| 7.5.1. | Elumin8 |
| 7.5.2. | Luminous Media |
| 7.5.3. | Pelikon |
| 7.5.4. | Rogers Corporation |
| 7.5.5. | Schreiner VarioLight |
| 7.6. | Research groups |
| 7.6. | 1.5inch 128xRGBx128 OLED display by RiTdisplay |
| 7.6.1. | USA |
| 7.6.2. | Asia |
| 7.6.3. | Europe |
| 7.7. | Manufacturers |
| 7.7. | Samsung 31'' active matrix flat screen TV |
| 7.8. | Inkjet-printing of an OLED display |
| 7.8. | Chemicals |
| 7.9. | Epson's 40 inch full-color OLED display |
| 7.10. | Epson's "ultimate black" OLED display |
| 7.11. | SONY's 11'' 3mm thick OLED TV |
| 7.12. | SONY 2.5 inch flexible display featuring a resolution of 120×RGB×160 pixel and 0.3mm thickness of the panel. |
| 7.13. | Structural comparison between an LCD and an OLED display |
| 7.14. | PHOLED™ |
| 7.15. | TOLED® |
| 7.16. | General Electric's roll of OLED panels |
| 7.17. | Lumiotec white OLEDs |
| 7.18. | Transparent white OLED |
| 7.19. | In the OLLA project, this 15 cm x 15 cm demonstrator based on light-emitting polymer materials was produced jointly with Siemens and other partners |
| 7.20. | "Flying Future" and "Early Future" by Ingo Mauer |
| 7.21. | Siemens mobile phone with an OLED display |
| 7.22. | White OLED developed by PHILIPS |
| 7.23. | e-book readers currently available |
| 7.24. | e-paper displays by Samsung and EPSON, showcased at SID 2008 |
| 7.25. | A4 size Flexible Color e-paper |
| 7.26. | Cross section of LG's e-paper display |
| 7.27. | BiNem® Modules |
| 7.28. | BiNem® principle of operation |
| 7.29. | Plastic Logic "take anywhere, read anywhere" display using E Ink® Imaging Film |
| 7.30. | The Readius ® by Polymer Vision |
| 7.31. | Display Procesisng Steps |
| 7.32. | The interior lighting design of the Ford Iosis and the Jaguar CFX, by elumin8 |
| 7.33. | EL lamps from Rogers Corporation |
| 7.34. | Schreiner VarioLight's EL systems for the automotive industry |
| 8 | APPENDIX 1: REFERENCES |
| 9 | APPENDIX 2: IDTECHEX PUBLICATIONS |
| TABLES | |
| FIGURES |
| Pages | 248 |
|---|---|
| Tables | 24 |
| Figures | 185 |
| Companies | 40+ |
| Forecasts to | 2019 |