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1. | EXECUTIVE SUMMARY |
1.1. | IDTechEx Autonomous Car Report |
1.2. | The Components of Autonomy |
1.3. | SAE Levels of Automation in Cars |
1.4. | Mixed Impact of COVID-19 in Autonomous Vehicles |
1.5. | Impact of COVID-19 on the Automotive Market |
1.6. | Legislative Barriers for Private Autonomous Vehicles |
1.7. | Legislation Breakdown by Region |
1.8. | Forecasting Adoption of Level 3 and 4 Technology |
1.9. | Sensor Requirements for Different Levels of Autonomy |
1.10. | Important Trends in the Sensor Holy Trinity |
1.11. | Autonomy Will Bring Unparalleled Road Safety |
1.12. | Autonomous MaaS has Arrived |
1.13. | MaaS Market Entry by Region |
1.14. | MaaS Adoption Forecast |
1.15. | Car Sales Will Peak in the Early 2030s |
1.16. | Forecasted Car Sales by Region 2022- 2042 |
1.17. | Car Sales Broken Down by SAE Level |
1.18. | How Will Level 4 Progress to level 5? |
1.19. | Sensors Market Revenue ($) Forecast |
1.20. | MaaS Global Market Revenue ($) Forecast: 2021-2041 |
1.21. | Conclusions |
1.22. | 14 IDTechEx Portal Profiles |
2. | INTRODUCTION |
2.1. | Why Automate Cars? |
2.2. | The Automation Levels in Detail |
2.3. | Functions of Autonomous Driving at Different Levels |
2.4. | Roadmap of Autonomous Driving Functions |
2.5. | Typical Sensor Suite for Autonomous Cars |
2.6. | Sensors and their Purpose |
2.7. | Evolution of Sensor Suite from Level 1 to Level 4 |
2.8. | Two Development Paths Towards Autonomous Driving |
2.9. | Autonomy is Changing the Automotive Supply Chain |
2.10. | Future Mobility Scenarios: Autonomous and Shared |
2.11. | Privately Owned Autonomous Vehicles |
2.12. | Mobility as a Service |
2.13. | COVID-19 as a Driver for Autonomy in MaaS |
2.14. | Semiconductor Content Increase in AVs |
2.15. | Semiconductor Content Increase in EVs |
2.16. | COVID-19 as a Barrier to Autonomy |
3. | REGULATORY & LEGISLATIVE PROGRESS |
3.1. | EU Mandating Level 2 Autonomy from July 2022 |
3.2. | Privately owned Autonomous Vehicles |
3.3. | Legislation and Autonomy |
3.4. | Level 3, Legislation, UK, Europe and Japan |
3.5. | The European Commission's Roadmap to Autonomy |
3.6. | Level 3, Legislation, US |
3.7. | Level 3, Legislation, China |
3.8. | The Autonomous Legal Race |
4. | PRIVATE AUTONOMOUS VEHICLES |
4.1. | Emerging Level 2+ Terminology. |
4.2. | Sensor Suite Disclaimer |
4.3. | Audi |
4.4. | Audi A8 - Sensor suite |
4.5. | Honda |
4.6. | Honda Legend - Sensor suite |
4.7. | Tesla |
4.8. | Tesla Autopilot - Sensor suite |
4.9. | General Motors (GM) |
4.10. | Cadillac Escalade - Sensor suite |
4.11. | General Motors - Precise GNSS localisation |
4.12. | Daimler/Mercedes |
4.13. | Mercedes S-class - Sensor Suite |
4.14. | Daimler/Bosch Autonomous Parking |
4.15. | BMW |
4.16. | BMW iX - Sensor Suite. |
4.17. | Ford **Ford skipping level 3** |
4.18. | Ford/Argo AI - Sensor suite |
4.19. | Volkswagen **Skipping level 3** |
4.20. | Volkswagen ID.Buzz - Sensor Suite |
4.21. | Toyota/Lexus |
4.22. | Lexus LS and Toyota Mirai |
4.23. | Renault/Nissan/Mitsubishi alliance |
4.24. | Nissan ProPilot 2.0 - Sensor Suite |
4.25. | Hyundai/Kia |
4.26. | PSA |
4.27. | PSA's self driving sensor suite |
4.28. | FCA, Fiat Chrysler Automobiles |
4.29. | Huawei and Arcfox |
4.30. | Arcfox Alpha S - Sensor suite |
4.31. | Xpeng |
4.32. | Xpeng P5 - Sensor suite |
4.33. | BYD |
4.34. | BYD Han - Sensor suite |
4.35. | Geely (parent company of Volvo) |
4.36. | Geely Xing Yue L - Sensor suite |
4.37. | Changan |
4.38. | Changan UNI-T - Sensor suite |
4.39. | Leaders |
4.40. | Sensor suite meta-data |
4.41. | Sensors in privately owned autonomous vehicles |
4.42. | Summary of Privately Owned Autonomous Vehicles |
5. | MOBILITY AS A SERVICE (MAAS) |
5.1. | MaaS Level 4 is Different From Privately Owned Level 4 |
5.2. | Robotaxis & Robot Shuttles |
5.3. | When Will Level 4 MaaS Be Ready? |
5.4. | Who Are The Top 3 Performers? |
5.5. | Testing - Impact From COVID-19 |
5.6. | Testing |
5.7. | Best Performers In 2020 By Disengagements (US) |
5.8. | DMV Collision Report Analysis |
5.9. | Driverless Testing Timeline |
5.10. | Waymo |
5.11. | Waymo Sensor Suite |
5.12. | Waymo - Covid Response |
5.13. | Waymo's Strategic Partnerships |
5.14. | Cruise |
5.15. | Cruise Sensor Suite. |
5.16. | Cruise - Covid Response |
5.17. | AutoX |
5.18. | AutoX Sensor Suite |
5.19. | AutoX - Covid Response |
5.20. | Baidu/Apollo |
5.21. | Baidu/Apollo Sensor Suite |
5.22. | Baidu - Covid Response |
5.23. | Pony.ai |
5.24. | Pony.ai Sensor Suite |
5.25. | Pony.ai - Covid Response |
5.26. | WeRide |
5.27. | WeRide Sensor Suite |
5.28. | DiDi |
5.29. | DiDi Sensor Suite |
5.30. | Aurora |
5.31. | Aurora Sensor Suite |
5.32. | Aurora - Covid Response |
5.33. | Zoox |
5.34. | Zoox Sensor Suite |
5.35. | Zoox - Covid Response |
5.36. | Motional, Aptiv & Lyft |
5.37. | Motional & Aptiv Sensor Suite |
5.38. | Yandex Launched Robotaxi Service in Russia |
5.39. | Motional/Aptiv/Lyft - Covid Response |
5.40. | Others |
5.41. | Company Maturity |
5.42. | MaaS Sensor Analysis |
5.43. | MaaS Sensor Suite Analysis. |
5.44. | Level 4 or level 5? |
6. | ENABLING TECHNOLOGIES: LIDAR, RADAR, CAMERAS, INFRARED, HD MAPPING, TELEOPERATION, 5G AND V2X |
6.1.1. | Connected vehicles |
6.1.2. | Localisation |
6.1.3. | AI and Training |
6.1.4. | Teleoperation |
6.1.5. | Cyber security |
6.2. | Autonomous Vehicle Sensors |
6.2.1. | The Sensor Trifactor |
6.2.2. | How Many Sensors are Needed? |
6.2.3. | Sensor Performance and Trends |
6.2.4. | Robustness to Adverse Weather |
6.2.5. | Evolution of Sensor Suite From Level 1 to Level 4 |
6.2.6. | What is Sensor Fusion? |
6.2.7. | Autonomous Driving Requires Different Validation System |
6.2.8. | Sensor Fusion Technology Trends for Applications |
6.2.9. | Hybrid AI for Sensor Fusion |
6.2.10. | Autonomy and Electric Vehicles |
6.2.11. | EV Range Reduction |
6.2.12. | The Vulnerable Road User Challenge in City Traffic |
6.2.13. | Pedestrian Risk Detection |
6.2.14. | Multi-Layered Security Needed For Vehicle System |
6.2.15. | The Coming Flood of Data in Autonomous Vehicles |
6.2.16. | Autonomous Vehicle = Electric Vehicle? |
6.2.17. | Horizon Robotics: the Chinese Embedded AI Chip Unicorn |
6.3. | IDTechEx sensor suite top choices |
6.3.1. | What Sensors and Features are Needed for Each Level? |
6.3.2. | Level 2: The Trifactor |
6.3.3. | Level 2: Extras |
6.3.4. | Level 3: The Trifactor |
6.3.5. | Level 3: Extras |
6.3.6. | Level 4 private: The Trifactor |
6.3.7. | Level 4 private: Extras |
6.3.8. | Level 4 MaaS: The Trifactor |
6.3.9. | Level 4 MaaS: Extras |
6.4. | Cameras |
6.4.1. | RGB/Visible light camera |
6.4.2. | Camera Requirements Level 1-4 |
6.4.3. | CMOS image sensors vs CCD cameras |
6.4.4. | Key Components of CMOS |
6.4.5. | Front vs backside illumination |
6.4.6. | Reducing Cross-talk |
6.4.7. | Global vs Rolling Shutter |
6.4.8. | TPSCo: leading foundry for global shutter |
6.4.9. | Sony: CMOS Breakthrough? |
6.4.10. | Sony: BSI global shutter CMOS with stacked ADC |
6.4.11. | OmniVision: 2.µm global shutter CMOS for automotive |
6.4.12. | Hybrid organic-Si global shutter CMOS |
6.4.13. | Event-based Vision: a New Sensor Type |
6.4.14. | What is Event-based Sensing? |
6.4.15. | General event-based sensing: Pros and cons |
6.4.16. | What is Event-based Vision? |
6.4.17. | What does event-based vision data look like? |
6.4.18. | Event Based Vision in Autonomy? |
6.5. | IR Cameras |
6.5.1. | Segmenting the Electromagnetic Spectrum |
6.5.2. | IR Cameras |
6.5.3. | The Need for NIR |
6.5.4. | OmniVision: Making Silicon CMOS Sensitive to NIR |
6.5.5. | Motivation For Short-Wave Infra-Red (SWIR) Imaging |
6.5.6. | Why SWIR in Autonomous Mobility |
6.5.7. | Other SWIR Benefits: Better On-Road Hazard Detection |
6.5.8. | SWIR Sensitivity of Materials |
6.5.9. | SWIR Imaging: Incumbent and Emerging Technology Options |
6.5.10. | The Challenge of High Resolution, Low Cost IR Sensors |
6.5.11. | Silicon Based SWIR Detection - TriEye. |
6.6. | Quantum Dots as Optical Sensor Materials for IR, NIR, SWIR |
6.6.1. | Quantum Dots as Optical Sensor Materials |
6.6.2. | Quantum Dots: Choice of the Material System |
6.6.3. | Other Ongoing Challenges |
6.6.4. | Advantage of Solution Processing |
6.6.5. | QD-Si CMOS at IR and NIR |
6.6.6. | Hybrid QD-Si Global Shutter CMOS at IR and NIR |
6.6.7. | Emberion: QD-Graphene SWIR Sensor |
6.6.8. | Emberion: QD-Graphene-Si Broadrange SWIR sensor |
6.6.9. | SWIR Vision Sensors: First QD-Si Cameras and/or an Alternative to InVisage? |
6.6.10. | QD-ROIC Si-CMOS integration examples (IMEC) |
6.6.11. | QD-ROIC Si-CMOS Integration Examples (RTI International) |
6.6.12. | QD-ROIC Si-CMOS Integration Examples (ICFO) |
6.6.13. | QD-ROIC Si-CMOS Integration Examples (ICFO) |
6.7. | Radar |
6.7.1. | Radar |
6.7.2. | Radar - Radio Detection And Ranging |
6.7.3. | Safety Mandated Features Driving Wider Radar Adoption. |
6.7.4. | Occupant Detection |
6.7.5. | SRR, MRR and LRR: Different Functions |
6.7.6. | Range Requirements Progressing From ADAS to AV |
6.7.7. | Automotive Radars: Frequency Trends |
6.7.8. | Radar: Which Parameters Limit the Achievable KPIs |
6.7.9. | Impact of Frequency and Bandwidth on Angular Resolution |
6.7.10. | Radar's Fatal Flaw |
6.7.11. | Imaging Radar |
6.7.12. | Continental ARS540 - Product |
6.7.13. | ZF |
6.7.14. | Mobileye |
6.7.15. | Arbe |
6.7.16. | Others |
6.7.17. | Towards Autonomy: Increasing Semiconductor Use |
6.7.18. | Lunewave - Chip Manufacturer |
6.7.19. | Unhder - Chip Developer |
6.7.20. | Vayyar - Chip Manufacturer |
6.7.21. | The Choice of the Semiconductor Technology |
6.7.22. | Benchmarking of Semiconductor Technologies for mm Wave Radars |
6.7.23. | Radar Aesthetics, Form and Function |
6.8. | LiDAR |
6.8.1. | Automotive Lidar: SWOT Analysis |
6.8.2. | 3D Lidar: Market Segments & Applications |
6.8.3. | 3D Lidar: Four Important Technology Choices |
6.8.4. | Comparison of Lidar, Radar, Camera & Ultrasonic sensors |
6.8.5. | Automotive Lidar: Operating Process & Requirements |
6.8.6. | Emerging Technology Trends |
6.8.7. | Comparison of TOF & FMCW Lidar |
6.8.8. | Laser Technology Choices |
6.8.9. | Comparison of Common Laser type & Wavelength Options |
6.8.10. | Beam Steering Technology Choices |
6.8.11. | Comparison of Common Beam Steering Options |
6.8.12. | Photodetector Technology Choices |
6.8.13. | Comparison of Common Photodetectors & Materials |
6.8.14. | 106 Lidar Players by Geography |
6.8.15. | Lidar Hardware Supply Chain for L3+ Vehicles |
6.8.16. | Beam Steering Technology |
6.8.17. | Mechanical Lidar Players, Rotating & Non-Rotating |
6.8.18. | Micromechanical Lidar Players, MEMS & other |
6.8.19. | Pure Solid-State Lidar Players, OPA & Liquid Crystal |
6.8.20. | Pure Solid-State Lidar Players, 3D Flash |
6.8.21. | Lidars per Vehicle by Technology & Common Configurations |
6.8.22. | Lidar configuration diagrams: L3, L4 & L5 vehicles |
6.8.23. | Average Lidar Cost per Vehicle by Technology |
6.9. | Mapping and Localisation |
6.9.1. | What is Localisation? |
6.9.2. | Localization: Absolute vs Relative |
6.9.3. | Lane Models: Uses and Shortcomings |
6.9.4. | HD Mapping Assets: From ADAS Map to Full Maps for Level-5 Autonomy |
6.9.5. | Many Layers of an HD Map for Autonomous Driving |
6.9.6. | HD Map as a Service |
6.9.7. | Who are the Players? |
6.9.8. | Mapping Business Models |
6.9.9. | Vertically Integrated Mappers |
6.9.10. | HD Mapping with Cameras |
6.9.11. | HD Mapping with Cameras |
6.9.12. | DeepMap |
6.9.13. | Civil Maps |
6.9.14. | Semi- or Fully Automating the Data-to-Map Process |
6.9.15. | Radar Mapping |
6.9.16. | Radar Localisation: Navtech |
6.9.17. | Radar Localisation: WaveSense |
6.10. | Teleoperation |
6.10.1. | Enabling Autonomous MaaS |
6.10.2. | 3 Levels of Teleoperation |
6.10.3. | How remote assistance works - Zoox |
6.10.4. | Remote assistance |
6.10.5. | Remote Control |
6.10.6. | Where is teleoperation currently used? |
6.10.7. | Players |
6.10.8. | MaaS vs Independent solution providers |
6.10.9. | Ottopia's Advanced Teleoperation |
6.10.10. | Business Model of Ottopia |
6.10.11. | Phantom Auto's Teleoperation as Back-Up for AVs |
6.10.12. | Phantom Auto Gaining Momentum in Logistics |
6.10.13. | Halo - Skipping the Tedious Mucking About With Autonomy |
6.11. | Connectivity: WiFi, 5G, 6G, LiFi |
6.11.1. | Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) |
6.11.2. | Why V2X Matters for Autonomy |
6.11.3. | Wi-Fi vs Cellular |
6.11.4. | Why V2X Matters for Autonomy |
6.11.5. | Comparison of Wi-Fi and Cellular based V2X |
6.11.6. | Regulatory: Wi-Fi based vs Cellular V2X |
6.11.7. | Standards for Communication |
6.11.8. | V2X Technologies Across the World |
6.11.9. | OEM Applications of Connected Technologies |
6.11.10. | Cellular V2X Via Base Station or Direct Communication |
6.11.11. | Cellular V2X Via Base Station |
6.11.12. | Direct Communication for Cellular V2X |
6.11.13. | Use Cases and Applications of Cellular V2X Overview |
6.11.14. | Cellular V2X for Automated Driving Use Case |
6.11.15. | Use Cases of 5G NR Cellular V2X for Autonomous Driving |
6.11.16. | Cellular V2X for Automated Driving Use Case |
6.11.17. | Case Study: Cellular V2X Testing at Millbrook Proving Ground in the UK |
6.11.18. | Case study: 5G to Provide Comprehensive View for Autonomous Driving |
6.11.19. | Case study: 5G to Support HD Content and Driver Assistance System |
6.11.20. | Ford Cellular V2X from 2022 |
6.11.21. | Progress so Far |
6.11.22. | Landscape of Supply Chain |
6.11.23. | 5G for Autonomous Vehicles: 5GAA |
6.11.24. | 6G - The Next Generation of Communications |
6.11.25. | LiFi - Too little, Too late? |
7. | FORECASTS |
7.1. | MaaS market entry by region |
7.2. | Method: Growth seed and addressable market |
7.3. | Global MaaS adoption forecast 2022-2042 |
7.4. | Shared and Private AV Forecast 2022-2042 |
7.5. | Adoption of autonomous MaaS by region 2022-2042 |
7.6. | Comparison to housing market |
7.7. | Methodology for Forecasting Car Sales |
7.8. | Car Sales Forecast 2015-2042, Peak Car |
7.9. | Car Sales by Region Forecast 2015-2042 |
7.10. | Private and Shared Car Sales Forecast by Region |
7.11. | Private and Shared car sales by region (tabulated) |
7.12. | Forecasting adoption of level 3 and level 4 technology |
7.13. | Car Sales Forecast by SAE Level, 2015-2042 |
7.14. | Car Sales Forecast by SAE Level, 2022-2042 |
7.15. | Private Level 4 Sales Revenue Forecast 2022-2042 |
7.16. | Sensors forecast - Radar |
7.17. | Sensors market revenue ($) forecast |
7.18. | Method - Mobility as a service revenue forecast |
7.19. | MaaS global market revenue ($) forecast: 2021-2041 |
スライド | 364 |
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フォーキャスト | 2042 |