Batteries for Construction, Agriculture, & Mining Machines 2026-2036: Technologies, Players, Forecasts
10-year forecasts for batteries for construction, agriculture, & mining machines across US, China, Europe & RoW. Machine analysis, battery pack benchmarking, key players & future battery technologies. NMC, LFP, LTO, Na-ion, silicon anode, solid-state.
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IDTechEx's report "Batteries for Construction, Agriculture, & Mining Machines 2026-2036: Technologies, Players, Forecasts" provides a deep-dive into the fast-growing markets for electric machinery in the off-highway industries of construction, agriculture, and mining. This includes critical insights into battery requirements for the diverse range of machines, which technologies can meet these requirements, detailed supply chain analysis, and granular 10-year forecasts which outline the growth of off-highway battery demand to reach 45 GWh by 2036.
Global battery demand from construction, agriculture, and mining machines to reach 45 GWh by 2036, Source: IDTechEx
Why are off-highway industries adopting electric machines?
Electric machines across construction, agriculture, and mining are seeing increased interest and investment due to the environmental, financial, and operational benefits they can provide. The use of electricity instead of diesel allows for zero local greenhouse gas, NOx, and diesel particulate matter emissions. The result is a cleaner and safer workplace that also benefits from less heat, noise, and vibration from diesel engines. Crucially, the use of electricity over diesel leads to significant energy cost savings and lower OPEX, helping to provide total cost of ownership (TCO) benefits to machine operators.
This has led to significant investment from machine manufacturers around the world, including major OEMs such as Caterpillar, Komatsu, John Deere, and XCMG that are actively looking to bring electric machine models to market. The construction industry in particular has seen the greatest electrification to date, driven both by OEM investment and by governments looking to limit the emissions of city-based construction machines. While mining and especially agriculture remain further behind, the maturation of battery technology and a greater legislative push are expected to increase the rate of electrification moving forward.
Demand for battery technologies to fit machine requirements
Off-highway machinery comes in a wide variety of sizes with highly variable demands, applications, and usage profiles. For example, mini-excavators weigh under 6 tonnes and have daily runtimes of under 8 hours a day, while haul trucks in mining can weigh upwards of 200 tonnes and are required to operate nearly 24/7 while carrying heavy loads. As a result, successful electrification of off-highway machines will call for a wide range of battery sizes, performance parameters, and technologies in order to meet the needs of different machines.
Battery sizes currently used in machines can range from 10 kWh up to 2 MWh, but beyond capacity alone, batteries must also be optimized in terms of energy density, power output, voltage, charging rates, cycle life, and cost. These factors may need to be traded off against each other, as energy density and charging speed generally come at the cost of cycle life. The balance between these factors will differ among machine types and will influence which battery technologies they are each suited to.
The IDTechEx report provides detailed benchmarking of the requirements of various machine types and of commercially-available turnkey battery packs, providing clarity on how batteries and key battery players are meeting off-highway battery demand.
Off-highway EVs vary widely in operating weight, requiring a broad range of battery sizes for successful electrification across machine types, Source: IDTechEx
The role of future battery technologies
Up until now, the off-highway battery market has largely followed in the footsteps of the automotive market, with NMC and LFP technologies leading the way. These technologies are mature, readily available, and serve the needs of the general off-highway market. However, the diversity in off-highway battery requirements creates opportunities for emerging battery technologies outside of NMC and LFP to see greater use.
One example of such a technology is lithium titanate oxide (LTO) which is an alternative anode material that can be paired with NMC or LFP cathodes instead of graphite. LTO packs have far lower energy density than typical graphite-based packs, and their high lithium intensity also leads to much higher cost. However, LTO excels at fast-charging and can have very high cycle lives of up to 20,000 cycles. This makes it a good fit for the demands of mining machinery, where near-constant operation over many years means that electric machines will benefit from long cycle lives and faster charging which can reduce downtime.
Technologies such as silicon anodes, solid-state batteries, and Na-ion batteries will also play a role in the off-highway market. Unlike LTO, these technologies have not made their way to the market as of yet, but IDTechEx expects this will happen within the coming decade. The high energy density of silicon anode and solid-state batteries, as well as the low-cost potential and LFP-like performance of Na-ion batteries, create suitable market opportunities for their use in off-highway machinery.
The IDTechEx report provides detailed appraisals of current and emerging battery technologies, including on their state of technological readiness, value propositions, and properties they can offer to off-highway equipment, benchmarking each for their compatibility with different machine types.
Market trends, forecasts, and player profiles
IDTechEx's report brings together all of the above trends and more, accounting for key performance, economic, regulatory, and other technical and market factors in its analysis. Key machine OEMs and battery manufacturers, along with their respective products, are benchmarked in detail - providing in-depth understanding of how current and emerging battery technologies can meet the needs of machines.
10-year granular forecasts are provided for global off-highway battery demand (in GWh) and battery revenue (in US$ billion). Forecasts are segmented by off-highway segment (construction, agriculture, mining), machine type, region (US, China, Europe, Rest of the World), and battery technology (NMC, LFP, LTO, silicon anode, solid-state, and Na-ion).
This IDTechEx report provides access to 56 company profiles, including electric machine OEMs, battery pack suppliers, and charging providers, allowing greater insight into the market.
Key Aspects
This report provides the following critical information:
- Analysis of the global off-highway machines market across construction, agriculture, and mining, including global machine markets, electric machine development, key models, and case studies.
- Detailed breakdowns of battery requirements for current electric off-highway machines, including in terms of battery size, power, voltage, charging and discharging rates, cycle life, and cost.
- Benchmarking of turnkey battery packs for the off-highway market, analyzing regional trends and performance parameters including energy and power density for their applicability to electric machine technologies. Includes comprehensive discussion of thermal management, packaging trends, and charging requirements for machines and packs.
- Key supply chain relationships encompassing electric machine OEMs, battery packs suppliers, and cell suppliers. Includes detailed case studies of pack manufacturers and their products as well as acquisitions, spinouts, and liquidations of suppliers.
- Comprehensive overview of current and future battery technologies - including NMC, LFP, LTO, silicon anode, solid-state, and Na-ion - covering technological development, performance characteristics, and applicability of technologies to individual off-highway machine types.
- 10-year granular forecasts for off-highway battery demand (in GWh) and revenue (in US$ billion) out to 2036, segmented by segment (construction, agriculture, mining), machine type, region (US, China, Europe, Rest of the World), and battery technology (NMC, LFP, LTO, silicon anode, solid-state, Na-ion).
- 56 company profiles of major off-highway EV players, including OEMs, battery suppliers, and charging providers.
| Report Metrics | Details |
|---|---|
| Historic Data | 2024 - 2025 |
| CAGR | The off-highway battery market will grow with a CAGR of 21.6% between 2026 and 2036. |
| Forecast Period | 2026 - 2036 |
| Forecast Units | Battery demand (GWh), Battery revenue (US$ billion) |
| Regions Covered | United States, China, Europe, Worldwide |
| Segments Covered | construction, agriculture, mining; NMC, LFP, LTO, silicon anode, solid-state, Na-ion |
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| 1. | EXECUTIVE SUMMARY |
| 1.1. | Key report findings |
| 1.2. | Key advantages and drivers for off-highway electrification |
| 1.3. | Key barriers and challenges for off-highway electrification |
| 1.4. | Electrification drivers differ between off-highway segments |
| 1.5. | Construction machines overview |
| 1.6. | Key agriculture machines for electrification |
| 1.7. | Key agriculture machines for electrification |
| 1.8. | Off-highway machine benchmarking: Battery size |
| 1.9. | Off-highway machine benchmarking: Voltage |
| 1.10. | Machine size impacts battery chemistry selection |
| 1.11. | Lifetime of machines vs batteries |
| 1.12. | Battery pack requirements by machine type |
| 1.13. | Cost requirements for off-highway electrification |
| 1.14. | Turnkey battery packs for off-highway: Chemistry and cell format trends |
| 1.15. | Turnkey battery packs for off-highway: Voltage |
| 1.16. | Turnkey battery packs for off-highway: Discharge C-rates |
| 1.17. | Tradeoffs between cycle life and energy density |
| 1.18. | Applications of BESS for machine charging |
| 1.19. | Turnkey manufacturers for off-highway machines |
| 1.20. | Turnkey manufacturers: Summary of acquisition & spinout activity |
| 1.21. | Applications of future battery technology in off-highway machines |
| 1.22. | Comparison of current & future battery technologies |
| 1.23. | Compatibility of battery technologies for off-highway machines |
| 1.24. | Global off-highway battery demand (GWh) 2024-2036 by segment |
| 1.25. | Global off-highway battery demand (GWh) 2024-2036 by region |
| 1.26. | Global off-highway battery demand (GWh) 2024-2036 by technology |
| 1.27. | Global off-highway battery revenue (US$ billion) 2024-2036 by segment |
| 1.28. | Global off-highway battery revenue (US$ billion) 2024-2036 by region |
| 1.29. | Global off-highway battery revenue (US$ billion) 2024-2036 by technology |
| 1.30. | Access more with an IDTechEx subscription |
| 2. | INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRIC OFF-HIGHWAY MACHINES |
| 2.1. | Electrification overview |
| 2.1.1. | Advantages of & barriers to machine electrification |
| 2.1.2. | Key electrification drivers in construction, agriculture, and mining |
| 2.2. | Electric construction machines |
| 2.2.1. | Key construction machines for electrification |
| 2.2.2. | Electrification activity of major construction OEMs |
| 2.2.3. | Mini-excavators |
| 2.2.4. | Excavators |
| 2.2.5. | Compact loaders (1) |
| 2.2.6. | Compact loaders (2) |
| 2.2.7. | Backhoes |
| 2.2.8. | Wheel loaders |
| 2.2.9. | Telehandlers |
| 2.2.10. | Mobile cranes |
| 2.2.11. | Cement trucks |
| 2.2.12. | Rollers |
| 2.2.13. | Other construction machines |
| 2.3. | Electric agriculture machines |
| 2.3.1. | Key agriculture machines for electrification |
| 2.3.2. | Electrification activity of major agriculture OEMs |
| 2.3.3. | Sub-compact tractors |
| 2.3.4. | Compact tractors |
| 2.3.5. | Utility tractors |
| 2.3.6. | Other agriculture machines |
| 2.4. | Electric mining machines |
| 2.4.1. | Key agriculture machines for electrification |
| 2.4.2. | Electrification activity of major agriculture OEMs |
| 2.4.3. | Haul trucks |
| 2.4.4. | Dump trucks |
| 2.4.5. | Wheel loaders |
| 2.4.6. | Underground loaders |
| 2.4.7. | Underground trucks |
| 2.4.8. | Mining light vehicles |
| 2.4.9. | Other mining machines |
| 3. | BATTERY REQUIREMENTS OF ELECTRIC OFF-HIGHWAY MACHINES |
| 3.1. | Key takeaways - battery performance requirements |
| 3.2. | Battery sizing |
| 3.3. | Battery sizing for machines under 50 tonnes |
| 3.4. | Battery size breakdown |
| 3.5. | Normalized battery sizing |
| 3.6. | Battery power requirements |
| 3.7. | Power requirements by industry |
| 3.8. | Battery discharge rate |
| 3.9. | Battery charging rates |
| 3.10. | Battery voltage (1) |
| 3.11. | Battery voltage (2) |
| 3.12. | Battery voltages under 100V |
| 3.13. | Battery chemistry and machine size |
| 3.14. | Chemistry choices in different off-highway industries |
| 3.15. | Regional chemistry choices |
| 3.16. | Battery lifetime requirements |
| 3.17. | Overall battery pack requirements by machine type |
| 3.18. | Cost requirements |
| 4. | TURNKEY BATTERY TECHNOLOGIES & BENCHMARKING |
| 4.1. | Introduction to turnkey technologies |
| 4.1.1. | Introduction to turnkey battery suppliers |
| 4.2. | Regional availability of turnkey packs |
| 4.2.1. | Turnkey pack providers in each region |
| 4.2.2. | Regional availability of different chemistries |
| 4.2.3. | Regional availability of cell formats |
| 4.3. | Performance benchmarking of turnkey packs |
| 4.3.1. | Key takeaways - turnkey battery characteristics for off-highway |
| 4.3.2. | Comparing turnkey pack sizes with machine requirements |
| 4.3.3. | Battery dimensions and form factor |
| 4.3.4. | Battery voltage distribution |
| 4.3.5. | Ragone plot (gravimetric power vs energy density) by chemistry |
| 4.3.6. | Ragone plot by cell format |
| 4.3.7. | Turnkey battery discharge C-rates |
| 4.3.8. | Charging C-rates of turnkey packs |
| 4.3.9. | Tradeoffs between cycle life and energy density |
| 4.3.10. | Volumetric vs gravimetric energy density |
| 4.4. | Thermal management strategies |
| 4.4.1. | Thermal management overview |
| 4.4.2. | Air cooling |
| 4.4.3. | Liquid Cooling |
| 4.4.4. | Immersion Cooling |
| 4.4.5. | Thermal management benchmarking |
| 4.4.6. | Thermal management & charging performance of turnkey packs |
| 4.4.7. | IDTechEx reports on thermal management for batteries |
| 4.5. | Cell-to-pack & cell-to-body in off-highway batteries |
| 4.5.1. | What is cell-to-pack |
| 4.5.2. | Drivers & challenges of CTP |
| 4.5.3. | CATL CTP batteries |
| 4.5.4. | CATL CTP 3.0 |
| 4.5.5. | Cell-to-body |
| 4.5.6. | BYD CTB batteries |
| 4.5.7. | CTP & CTB in off-highway signalling a continued shift in the market |
| 4.5.8. | Emergence of electrode-to-pack |
| 4.5.9. | IDTechEx reports on CTP & CTB |
| 4.6. | Charging for off-highway machinery |
| 4.6.1. | Charging solutions in construction, agriculture, and mining |
| 4.6.2. | BESS for off-highway charging: Liebherr |
| 4.6.3. | BESS for off-highway charging: Volvo & Caterpillar |
| 4.6.4. | BESS for off-highway charging: Turntide |
| 4.6.5. | BESS for off-highway charging: AMPD |
| 4.6.6. | IDTechEx reports on BESS for off-highway charging |
| 5. | BATTERY SUPPLIERS & CASE STUDIES |
| 5.1. | Turnkey battery manufacturers |
| 5.1.1. | Turnkey manufacturers by region |
| 5.1.2. | Turnkey manufacturers by chemistry |
| 5.1.3. | Turnkey manufacturers by cell format |
| 5.1.4. | Turnkey manufacturers by thermal management |
| 5.1.5. | Microvast |
| 5.1.6. | Forsee Power |
| 5.1.7. | BorgWarner |
| 5.1.8. | Webasto |
| 5.1.9. | Leclanche |
| 5.1.10. | ABB |
| 5.1.11. | Kreisel Electric |
| 5.1.12. | Proventia |
| 5.1.13. | IMPACT Clean Power Technology |
| 5.1.14. | American Battery Solutions (subsidiary of Komatsu) |
| 5.1.15. | Develon (Hyundai) |
| 5.2. | LTO packs for hybrid applications |
| 5.2.1. | LTO packs and applications in hybrids |
| 5.2.2. | Forsee Power and Kubota - micro-hybrid engine |
| 5.2.3. | Proventia low-voltage batteries |
| 5.2.4. | Hyliion battery module for hybrids |
| 5.3. | Acquisitions, spinouts, and liquidations of battery suppliers |
| 5.3.1. | Summary and key takeaways |
| 5.3.2. | Summary of activity |
| 5.3.3. | Proterra acquired by Volvo |
| 5.3.4. | American Battery Solutions acquired by Komatsu |
| 5.3.5. | Kreisel acquired by John Deere |
| 5.3.6. | Yanmar acquisition of Eleo |
| 5.3.7. | Hyperdrive acquired by Turntide |
| 5.3.8. | XALT Energy acquired by Freudenberg |
| 5.3.9. | Accelera - spinout from Cummins |
| 5.3.10. | ZQuip - spinout from Moog |
| 5.3.11. | Northvolt bankruptcy and acquisition by Scania |
| 5.3.12. | Other activities: Xerotech and Akasol |
| 5.4. | Battery supplier & OEM relationships |
| 5.4.1. | Overview of OEM-battery supplier relationships |
| 5.4.2. | Battery supply relationships (1) |
| 5.4.3. | Battery supply relationships (2) |
| 5.4.4. | Battery supply relationships (3) |
| 5.4.5. | Battery supply relationships (4) |
| 5.4.6. | Battery supply relationships (5) |
| 6. | FUTURE BATTERY TECHNOLOGIES FOR ELECTRIC OFF-HIGHWAY MACHINES |
| 6.1. | Overview of future battery technologies |
| 6.1.1. | Introduction to future battery technologies |
| 6.1.2. | Key differences between battery technologies |
| 6.1.3. | IDTechEx reports on future battery technologies |
| 6.2. | NMC & LFP |
| 6.2.1. | Lithium battery chemistries |
| 6.2.2. | Benchmarking typical Li-ion battery options |
| 6.2.3. | Li-ion cathode materials - LCO and LFP |
| 6.2.4. | Li-ion cathode materials - NMC, NCA and LMO |
| 6.2.5. | Moving to high-nickel layered oxides |
| 6.2.6. | High-manganese cathodes |
| 6.2.7. | Comparing NMC 811 with high-manganese cathodes |
| 6.2.8. | Li-ion innovations for off-highway applications |
| 6.3. | LTO & niobates |
| 6.3.1. | Introduction to lithium titanate oxide (LTO) |
| 6.3.2. | Comparing LTO and graphite anodes |
| 6.3.3. | LTO for off-highway machines |
| 6.3.4. | Emergence of niobates |
| 6.3.5. | Nb-based anodes: Nyobolt |
| 6.3.6. | Nb-based anodes: Echion |
| 6.4. | Silicon anodes |
| 6.4.1. | Si-anode definitions |
| 6.4.2. | Advantages of Si-anode cells |
| 6.4.3. | Challenges of Si-anode cells |
| 6.4.4. | Value proposition of high silicon content anodes |
| 6.4.5. | Applications of Si-anode for off-highway |
| 6.5. | Lithium-metal |
| 6.5.1. | Overview of lithium-metal (Li-metal) anodes |
| 6.5.2. | Challenges of Li-metal batteries |
| 6.5.3. | Enabling Li-metal batteries without solid electrolytes |
| 6.5.4. | Comparing Li-metal vs Li-ion on energy density |
| 6.5.5. | Anode-less Li-metal cell designs |
| 6.5.6. | Li-metal batteries for off-highway applications |
| 6.6. | Solid-state batteries |
| 6.6.1. | Overview of solid-state batteries (SSBs) |
| 6.6.2. | Analyzing benefits and drawbacks of SSBs |
| 6.6.3. | Energy density improvement of SSBs |
| 6.6.4. | Pack considerations for SSBs |
| 6.6.5. | SSBs for off-highway applications |
| 6.7. | Lithium-sulphur |
| 6.7.1. | Introduction to lithium-sulphur (Li-S) |
| 6.7.2. | Advantages of Li-S batteries |
| 6.7.3. | Challenges of Li-S batteries |
| 6.7.4. | Li-S for off-highway applications |
| 6.8. | Sodium-ion |
| 6.8.1. | Introduction to sodium-ion (Na-ion) |
| 6.8.2. | Na-ion vs Li-ion |
| 6.8.3. | Cathode materials for Na-ion |
| 6.8.4. | Anode materials for Na-ion |
| 6.8.5. | Na-ion battery characteristics |
| 6.8.6. | Value proposition of Na-ion batteries |
| 6.8.7. | Na-ion for off-highway applications |
| 6.9. | Zinc-based batteries |
| 6.9.1. | Introduction to zinc-based (Zn-based batteries) |
| 6.9.2. | Benefits & drawbacks of Zn-based batteries |
| 6.9.3. | Zn-based batteries for off-highway applications |
| 6.10. | Summary of battery technologies & applicability to off-highway |
| 6.10.1. | Battery technology comparison |
| 6.10.2. | Battery technology compatibility: Construction (1) |
| 6.10.3. | Battery technology compatibility: Construction (2) |
| 6.10.4. | Battery technology compatibility: Mining |
| 6.10.5. | Battery technology compatibility: Agriculture |
| 7. | FORECASTS |
| 7.1. | Overview of forecasts provided |
| 7.2. | Forecasts summary & commentary |
| 7.3. | Forecast methodology (1): Addressable market & off-highway EV sales |
| 7.4. | Global off-highway EV sales by segment (1000s of unit sales) 2024-2036 |
| 7.5. | Forecast methodology (2): Battery demand, technologies, and revenue |
| 7.6. | Forecast assumptions |
| 7.7. | Battery pack price assumptions (US$/kWh) |
| 7.8. | Global off-highway battery demand by segment (GWh) 2024-2036 |
| 7.9. | Global off-highway battery demand by region (GWh) 2024-2036 |
| 7.10. | Global off-highway battery demand by machine type (GWh) 2024-2036 (1) |
| 7.11. | Global off-highway battery demand by machine type (GWh) 2024-2036 (2) |
| 7.12. | Global off-highway battery demand by technology (GWh) 2024-2036 (1) |
| 7.13. | Global off-highway battery demand by technology (GWh) 2024-2036 (2) |
| 7.14. | Global off-highway battery revenue by segment (US$ billion) 2024-2036 |
| 7.15. | Global off-highway battery revenue by region (US$ billion) 2024-2036 |
| 7.16. | Global off-highway battery revenue by technology (US$ billion) 2024-2036 |
| 7.17. | Global construction battery demand by technology (GWh) 2024-2036 |
| 7.18. | Global agriculture battery demand by technology (GWh) 2024-2036 |
| 7.19. | Global mining battery demand by technology (GWh) 2024-2036 |
| 8. | COMPANY PROFILES |
| 8.1. | ABB: Batteries & Drivetrains for Off-Highway |
| 8.2. | ABB: Electrification of Mining |
| 8.3. | AMPD |
| 8.4. | AutoNXT |
| 8.5. | BatteryOne |
| 8.6. | BluVein |
| 8.7. | Bobcat: Fully Electric Skid Steer Loader |
| 8.8. | Briggs & Stratton |
| 8.9. | Carrar: Immersion Cooling |
| 8.10. | Caterpillar |
| 8.11. | Caterpillar: Electric Construction Machines |
| 8.12. | Caterpillar: Hybrid Wheel Loader |
| 8.13. | Cavotec |
| 8.14. | CNH Industrial |
| 8.15. | Develon |
| 8.16. | Dieci: Electric Telehandler |
| 8.17. | Epiroc |
| 8.18. | First Mode |
| 8.19. | Genie |
| 8.20. | Hitachi CM: Electric Haul Truck |
| 8.21. | Hixal: Charging for Off-Highway Machines |
| 8.22. | HYDAC: Electrification of Off-Highway Machines |
| 8.23. | Hyundai Construction Equipment |
| 8.24. | Jakob Mining Vehicles |
| 8.25. | Jama Mining Machines |
| 8.26. | John Deere: Electric & Autonomous Tractors |
| 8.27. | John Deere: Electric Construction Machines |
| 8.28. | Kato: Electric Mini-Excavators |
| 8.29. | Kobelco |
| 8.30. | Komatsu: Electrification of Construction Machines |
| 8.31. | Kovatera |
| 8.32. | Kreisel Electric |
| 8.33. | Kubota |
| 8.34. | L-Charge |
| 8.35. | LiuGong |
| 8.36. | Normet: SmartDrive |
| 8.37. | PowerCharge: Charging for Electric Off-Highway |
| 8.38. | Rokion |
| 8.39. | Sandvik |
| 8.40. | SANY: Electric Mobile Cranes |
| 8.41. | Scania: Electric Trucks for Mining |
| 8.42. | Sinoboom |
| 8.43. | Snorkel |
| 8.44. | Solectrac |
| 8.45. | Sunward |
| 8.46. | Sunward: Electric Excavators |
| 8.47. | Tonly |
| 8.48. | Tritium: Charging for Mining Electric Vehicles |
| 8.49. | Turntide |
| 8.50. | Volvo CE |
| 8.51. | WAE Technologies |
| 8.52. | WATTALPS: Batteries for Off-Highway Machines |
| 8.53. | XCMG: Electric & Autonomous Mining Vehicles |
| 8.54. | Yanmar |
| 8.55. | Zoomlion: Electric Mining Vehicles |
| 8.56. | ZQuip: Batteries for Construction Machines |
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Battery demand for off-highway machines will reach 45 GWh by 2036.
レポート概要
| スライド | 264 |
|---|---|
| 企業数 | 56 |
| フォーキャスト | 2036 |
| 発行日 | Mar 2026 |
コンテンツのプレビュー
 Sample pages
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