| 1. | EXECUTIVE SUMMARY |
| 1.1. | Overview |
| 1.2. | Structure of the report |
| 1.3. | Who should read this report? |
| 1.4. | Research methodology |
| 1.5. | Technologies included in the report |
| 1.6. | Technology benchmarking |
| 1.7. | Direction of Battery Development |
| 1.8. | Status of battery markets |
| 1.9. | Major drivers for the development of new form- and structural- factor batteries |
| 1.10. | Development roadmap of batteries |
| 1.11. | Application market roadmap |
| 1.12. | Overview of applications status |
| 1.13. | Business model |
| 1.14. | Battery design considerations |
| 1.15. | Status of flexible batteries |
| 1.16. | Value proposition |
| 1.17. | Price perspectives |
| 1.18. | Other challenges and difficulties |
| 1.19. | Strategies for battery providers focusing on flexibility |
| 1.20. | Market forecast assumptions and challenges |
| 1.21. | Market forecast 2025-2035 by technology (value) |
| 1.22. | Market forecast 2025-2035 by technology (unit) |
| 1.23. | Market forecast 2025-2035 by application (value) |
| 1.24. | Market forecast 2025-2035 by application (units) |
| 1.25. | Market size by technology 2025 vs 2035 |
| 1.26. | Market size by application 2025 vs 2035 |
| 1.27. | Analysis of battery technologies |
| 1.28. | Analysis of application markets |
| 1.29. | Analysis of application markets |
| 1.30. | Conclusions - the market |
| 1.31. | Conclusions - the technology |
| 1.32. | Access More With an IDTechEx Subscription |
| 2. | APPLICATIONS: SUPPLY AND DEMAND |
| 2.1.1. | Applications overview |
| 2.1.2. | Power range for electronic and electrical devices |
| 2.2. | Sensors/Internet of Things: Industry 4.0 takes over |
| 2.2.1. | Something new vs renamed world of mobile phones |
| 2.2.2. | Internet of Things |
| 2.2.3. | Challenges of power solutions in IoT and Industry 4.0 |
| 2.2.4. | Opportunities for flexible alternatives |
| 2.2.5. | Power supply options for WSN |
| 2.2.6. | IoT in consumer products - rod-shaped batteries |
| 2.2.7. | Thin, flexible batteries in novel IoT devices |
| 2.2.8. | Golf sensor patch powered by flexible, thin-film battery |
| 2.2.9. | Smart device powered by solid-state battery |
| 2.2.10. | Thin and flexible batteries in novel devices |
| 2.2.11. | Importance of differentiation |
| 2.2.12. | BeFC - differentiation through sustainability |
| 2.2.13. | Maintenance-free wireless power for IoT: ready or not? |
| 2.2.14. | Energy harvesting - problems become opportunities |
| 2.2.15. | Hybrid power solutions: Batteries in tandem with energy harvesting devices |
| 2.2.16. | RFID sensors/tags with thin batteries |
| 2.2.17. | Examples of thin batteries used in RFID tags/ sensors |
| 2.3. | Smart packaging: Smart labels for logistics |
| 2.3.1. | Smart packaging: An overview |
| 2.3.2. | Smart packaging for advertisement |
| 2.3.3. | Audio PaperTM and Toppan Printing |
| 2.3.4. | Case studies of power for smart packaging |
| 2.3.5. | Industry 4.0: Huge opportunities for printed batteries |
| 2.3.6. | Avery Dennison - TT Sensor Plus |
| 2.3.7. | Reducing waste |
| 2.4. | Healthcare and cosmetics: Skin patches and medical implants |
| 2.4.1. | Mobile healthcare: Limited opportunities |
| 2.4.2. | Cosmetic skin patches |
| 2.4.3. | Iontophoresis for cosmetics |
| 2.4.4. | Cardiovascular monitoring patch |
| 2.4.5. | Diabetes management - continuous glucose monitoring |
| 2.4.6. | Diabetes management - insulin patch pump |
| 2.4.7. | Temperature monitoring |
| 2.4.8. | Printed battery for COVID-19 monitoring |
| 2.4.9. | Skin patches: Summary |
| 2.4.10. | Medical implants: An introduction |
| 2.4.11. | Medical implants: Power sources |
| 2.4.12. | Medical implants: Flexible batteries in orthodontics |
| 2.5. | Wearables: A niche for tailored high-end goods |
| 2.5.1. | Wearables: An overview |
| 2.5.2. | The growth of wearables |
| 2.5.3. | Trend towards wearable devices |
| 2.5.4. | Wearables on the body |
| 2.5.5. | Smart textiles |
| 2.5.6. | Flexible batteries for e-textiles |
| 2.5.7. | Wearables for healthcare |
| 2.5.8. | Healthcare use-case examples |
| 2.5.9. | Wrist-worn wearables and fitness trackers |
| 2.5.10. | Smart eyewear and headwear |
| 2.5.11. | High-luxury wearables |
| 2.5.12. | Smart contact lenses - a high-luxury product |
| 2.5.13. | Conclusions: Great potential |
| 2.5.14. | Conclusions: Continuing challenges |
| 2.6. | Smart cards: A limited market |
| 2.6.1. | Powered smart cards: An overview |
| 2.6.2. | Challenges for the industry |
| 2.6.3. | Batteries in smart cards |
| 2.6.4. | Battery alternative solution |
| 2.6.5. | Dynamics - the last hurrah of smart credit cards |
| 2.7. | Consumer electronics: Flexible demand |
| 2.7.1. | The future of batteries for consumer electronics |
| 2.7.2. | Flexibility: interest among giants |
| 2.7.3. | The case for flexibility |
| 2.7.4. | Foldable vs flexible phones |
| 2.7.5. | Battery requirements: a sobering reminder |
| 2.7.6. | Thinness is an important factor even in rigid devices |
| 2.7.7. | Slim, low-power consumer electronics |
| 2.7.8. | Thin batteries in power cases |
| 2.7.9. | SoftBank battery case |
| 2.7.10. | Thin and flexible supercapacitors for consumer electronics |
| 3. | TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW: PATHS TO FLEXIBILITY |
| 3.1.1. | Context: flexible electronics |
| 3.1.2. | Three paths to mechanical flexibility |
| 3.2. | Thinness-derived flexibility |
| 3.2.1. | Mechanics of stress generation during flexing |
| 3.2.2. | Mechanics of stress generation during flexing |
| 3.2.3. | Metrics for thin battery analysis |
| 3.2.4. | Shortcomings of thin batteries |
| 3.3. | Material-derived flexibility |
| 3.3.1. | Comparison of a flexible LIB with a traditional one |
| 3.3.2. | Material choices for different battery components |
| 3.4. | Efforts on the electrolyte/separator |
| 3.4.1. | Solid-state electrolyte |
| 3.4.2. | Safety of solid-state batteries |
| 3.4.3. | Improvement of solid-state battery |
| 3.4.4. | Comparison of organic and inorganic solid-state electrolyte |
| 3.4.5. | Polymer-based electrolytes |
| 3.4.6. | Bendable lithium-based battery |
| 3.4.7. | Lionrock Batteries |
| 3.4.8. | Highly conductive polymer gel electrolyte and lamination processes for roll-to-roll Li-ion cell production |
| 3.4.9. | BrightVolt batteries |
| 3.4.10. | BrightVolt product matrix |
| 3.4.11. | Electrolyte |
| 3.4.12. | Toes Opto-Mechatronics |
| 3.4.13. | Hitachi Zosen's solid-state electrolyte |
| 3.4.14. | Maxell |
| 3.4.15. | Lithium ion conducting glass-ceramic by Ohara |
| 3.4.16. | LICGCTM PW-01 for cathode additives |
| 3.4.17. | Ohara's products for solid state batteries |
| 3.4.18. | Application of LICGC for all solid state batteries |
| 3.4.19. | Properties of multilayer all solid-state lithium-ion battery using LICGC as electrolyte |
| 3.4.20. | Manufacturing process of Ohara glass |
| 3.4.21. | PolyPlus |
| 3.4.22. | Planar Energy |
| 3.4.23. | ProLogium - the move to EV |
| 3.4.24. | ProLogium: Solid-state lithium ceramic battery |
| 3.4.25. | ProLogium Innovations |
| 3.4.26. | Ampcera |
| 3.4.27. | LiPON: The first successful thin-film electrolyte |
| 3.4.28. | Players using LiPON thin-film technology |
| 3.4.29. | Ilika: An overview |
| 3.4.30. | Ilika's stacked solid-state micro-battery |
| 3.4.31. | Ilika Stereax M300 |
| 3.4.32. | Goliath range |
| 3.4.33. | Thin film vs bulk solid-state batteries |
| 3.5. | Efforts on the electrodes |
| 3.5.1. | Innovative electrode |
| 3.5.2. | From electrode innovation to flexible batteries |
| 3.5.3. | Fraunhofer IFAM - printed electrodes at LOPEC 2024 |
| 3.6. | Efforts on the current collectors |
| 3.6.1. | Carbon materials for current collectors |
| 3.6.2. | Thin and flexible alkaline battery developed by New Jersey Institute of Technology |
| 3.6.3. | Flexible battery achieved by anode materials |
| 3.6.4. | Stretchable fabric-based current collectors from University of Houston |
| 3.7. | Efforts on the packaging |
| 3.7.1. | Lithium-polymer pouch cells |
| 3.7.2. | Techniques to fabricate aluminium laminated sheets |
| 3.7.3. | Packaging procedures for pouch cells 1 |
| 3.7.4. | Packaging procedures for pouch cells 2 |
| 3.7.5. | GM Battery - thin film and curved polymer batteries |
| 3.7.6. | GM Battery - primary CP batteries |
| 3.7.7. | Resonac Packaging |
| 3.7.8. | Flexible lithium-ion battery from QinetiQ |
| 3.7.9. | Semiconductor Energy Laboratory |
| 3.7.10. | Flexible and foldable batteries: Still working after being washed by the washing machine |
| 3.7.11. | Flexible pouch cells |
| 3.7.12. | LiBEST |
| 3.7.13. | LiBEST at CES 2023 and 2024 |
| 3.7.14. | LIBEST's flexible battery specifications |
| 3.7.15. | Panasonic's flexible batteries |
| 3.7.16. | Panasonic 2016 patent |
| 3.8. | Combinations of flexible components |
| 3.8.1. | Improvements of multiple components by BattFlex |
| 3.8.2. | Nano and Advanced Materials Institute Limited & Compass Technology Company Limited |
| 3.8.3. | AMO's flexible and bendable batteries: innovations |
| 3.8.4. | AMO's flexible and bendable batteries: specifications |
| 3.8.5. | AMO's flexible and bendable batteries: Safety test |
| 3.8.6. | AMO's flexible and bendable batteries: Product flow chart |
| 3.8.7. | ETHZ - a fully flexible battery prototype |
| 3.9. | Device-design-derived flexibility |
| 3.9.1. | Cable-type batteries |
| 3.9.2. | Cable-type battery developed by LG Chem |
| 3.9.3. | Battery on wire |
| 3.9.4. | Huineng (Tianjin) Technology Development |
| 3.9.5. | Foldable Kirigami lithium-ion battery developed by Arizona State University |
| 3.9.6. | KIMM snake-scale inspired stretchable battery structure |
| 3.9.7. | Flexible electrode assembly |
| 3.9.8. | MIT - world's longest fiber-type battery |
| 3.9.9. | Stretchable batteries that stick to the skin like a band-aid |
| 4. | PRINTED BATTERIES: OVERVIEW |
| 4.1.1. | Printed battery chemistries |
| 4.1.2. | Zinc-based printed batteries |
| 4.1.3. | Printed battery layout |
| 4.1.4. | Component options for printed batteries |
| 4.1.5. | Materials/compositions for printed batteries in research |
| 4.1.6. | Typical construction and chemistry of printed disposable battery |
| 4.1.7. | Players in printed battery industry |
| 4.1.8. | Research strategy for development of printed batteries |
| 4.2. | Printed battery case studies |
| 4.2.1. | Printed batteries from Fraunhofer ENAS |
| 4.2.2. | Fraunhofer ENAS' printed batteries |
| 4.2.3. | Varta Micro-battery/Varta Storage |
| 4.2.4. | SoftBattery® from Enfucell |
| 4.2.5. | Blue Spark batteries |
| 4.2.6. | FlexEL LLC |
| 4.2.7. | Printed battery from Printed Energy |
| 4.2.8. | Paper batteries from Rocket Electric |
| 4.2.9. | Zinergy |
| 4.2.10. | CEA-Liten and CEA-Leti: Printed and micro- battery |
| 4.2.11. | CCL Design (acquisition of Imprint Energy) |
| 4.2.12. | Flexographically printed Zn/MnO2 battery |
| 4.2.13. | Screen printed secondary NMH batteries |
| 4.3. | Printed batteries: Manufacturing technologies |
| 4.3.1. | Printing: An introduction |
| 4.3.2. | Printing techniques |
| 4.3.3. | Blade coating/doctor blade printing |
| 4.3.4. | Screen and stencil printing |
| 4.3.5. | Spray and flexographic printing |
| 4.3.6. | Inkjet and dispenser printing |
| 4.3.7. | Comparison of printing techniques |
| 4.3.8. | Throughput vs feature size for typical printing processes |
| 4.3.9. | Advantages and disadvantages of printing techniques used for printed battery fabrication |
| 4.3.10. | Examples of production facilities |
| 5. | THIN-FILM SOLID-STATE BATTERIES: MANUFACTURING METHODS |
| 5.1.1. | Introduction |
| 5.1.2. | Summary of main fabrication technique for thin film batteries |
| 5.1.3. | PVD processes for thin-film batteries 1 |
| 5.1.4. | PVD processes for thin-film batteries 2 |
| 5.1.5. | PVD processes for thin-film batteries 3 |
| 5.1.6. | Direct vapor deposition for thin-film batteries |
| 5.1.7. | Thin-film battery property potentials |
| 6. | MICRO-BATTERIES: AN OVERVIEW |
| 6.1.1. | Introduction to micro-batteries |
| 6.1.2. | Micro-battery architectures |
| 6.1.3. | 3D printed lithium-ion micro-batteries |
| 6.1.4. | Primary Li/CFx micro-battery |
| 6.1.5. | Ensurge Micropower ASA |
| 7. | PATENT ANALYSIS |
| 7.1.1. | Flexible battery patent application and publication trend |
| 7.1.2. | Top application assignees |
| 7.1.3. | Top assignees: An overview |
| 8. | LESSONS FROM THE PAST: UPDATES AND FAILURES |
| 8.1. | Market development: Too slow for many |
| 8.2. | KalpTree Energy/Adavolt |
| 8.3. | BrightVolt |
| 8.4. | FrontEdge Technologies/KLA |
| 8.5. | FlexEL LLC |
| 8.6. | Pod Group (Giesecke and Devrient subsidiary) |
| 8.7. | STMicroelectronics |
| 8.8. | Imprint Energy/CCL Design |
| 9. | COMPANY PROFILES |
| 9.1. | Company Profiles |