| 1. | EXECUTIVE SUMMARY |
| 1.1. | Analyst opinion - Materials for Quantum Technologies |
| 1.2. | Overview of the quantum technology market |
| 1.3. | Report motivation: Materials for quantum technologies |
| 1.4. | Report overview - quantum technology verticals and material platforms |
| 1.5. | Overview of the role of materials in quantum computing |
| 1.6. | Overview of materials opportunities in quantum computing |
| 1.7. | Overview of materials for quantum sensing |
| 1.8. | Roadmap for components in quantum sensing |
| 1.9. | Materials opportunities in quantum networking and communications |
| 1.10. | Superconductors in quantum technology |
| 1.11. | Critical temperature plays a key role in superconductor material choice for quantum technology |
| 1.12. | Summary of manufacturing processes for superconducting quantum chips |
| 1.13. | Fabricating superconducting chips: SQUIDs vs quantum computing chips |
| 1.14. | How have SNSPDs gained traction while KIDs and TESs remain in research? |
| 1.15. | Key takeaways for superconductors in quantum technology |
| 1.16. | Why are photonics so useful for quantum technologies? |
| 1.17. | Overview of photonics, silicon photonics and optics in quantum technology |
| 1.18. | The role of PICs in quantum technology |
| 1.19. | Surge in photonics company acquisitions by quantum technology developers |
| 1.20. | Opportunity for established silicon photonics platforms in quantum communications and networking |
| 1.21. | Trends in photonic packaging for quantum technologies - Alter Technology |
| 1.22. | Quantum PIC material platforms benchmarked |
| 1.23. | Conclusions for PICs for quantum applications |
| 1.24. | Early-stage use cases of nanomaterials and diamond for quantum applications |
| 1.25. | Overview of diamond in quantum technology |
| 1.26. | Forecast lines in this report & how they are organized |
| 1.27. | Overview of forecasting results |
| 1.28. | Market Size Forecast for Superconducting Chips for Quantum Technologies 2026-2046 |
| 1.29. | Market Size Forecast for PICs for Quantum Technologies 2026-2046 |
| 1.30. | Market Size Forecast for Diamond for Quantum Technologies 2026-2046 |
| 1.31. | Access more with an IDTechEx subscription |
| 2. | INTRODUCTION |
| 2.1. | Overview of the quantum technology market |
| 2.2. | Report motivation: Materials for quantum technologies |
| 2.3. | Material platforms for quantum technologies |
| 2.4. | Report overview - quantum technology verticals and material platforms |
| 2.5. | Report structure |
| 3. | QUANTUM TECHNOLOGY MARKETS |
| 3.1. | Quantum Computing: Market Overview |
| 3.1.1. | The quantum computing market 'at a glance' |
| 3.1.2. | Introduction to quantum computers |
| 3.1.3. | The quantum ecosystem is growing and covers a variety of approaches |
| 3.1.4. | Summarizing the promises and challenges of leading quantum hardware |
| 3.1.5. | Summarizing the promises and challenges of alternative quantum hardware |
| 3.1.6. | Quantum supremacy and qubit number |
| 3.1.7. | Comparing coherence times |
| 3.1.8. | Qubit fidelity and error rate |
| 3.1.9. | Noise effects on qubits |
| 3.1.10. | Additional Information Can Be Found in the IDTechEx Market Research Report "Quantum Computing Market 2026-2046: Technology, Trends, Players, Forecasts" |
| 3.2. | Materials for Quantum Computing |
| 3.2.1. | Overview of the role of materials in quantum computing |
| 3.2.2. | Hardware agnostic infrastructure platforms for quantum computing represent a new market for established technologies |
| 3.2.3. | Material imperfections are a leading source of noise |
| 3.2.4. | Overview of materials opportunities in quantum computing |
| 3.3. | Quantum Sensing: Market Overview |
| 3.3.1. | The quantum sensor market 'at a glance' |
| 3.3.2. | What are quantum sensors? |
| 3.3.3. | The value proposition of quantum sensors varies by hardware approach, application and competition |
| 3.3.4. | Quantum sensing technologies covered in IDTechEx market research |
| 3.3.5. | Key industries for quantum sensors |
| 3.3.6. | Key technology platforms for quantum sensing |
| 3.3.7. | Additional information can be found in the IDTechEx market research report "Quantum Sensors Market 2026-2046: Technology, Trends, Players, Forecasts" |
| 3.4. | Materials for Quantum Sensing |
| 3.4.1. | Overview of materials for quantum sensing |
| 3.4.2. | Specialized components for atomic and diamond-based quantum sensing |
| 3.4.3. | Key players in components for quantum sensing technologies |
| 3.4.4. | Roadmap for components in quantum sensing |
| 3.4.5. | Roadmap for quantum sensing components and their applications |
| 3.4.6. | Setting up "quantum foundries" is key to scaling up the manufacture of miniaturized components for chip-scale quantum sensors |
| 3.5. | Quantum Communications: Market Overview |
| 3.5.1. | The quantum communication market 'at a glance' |
| 3.5.2. | The quantum threat to data security |
| 3.5.3. | 'Hack Now Decrypt Later' (HNDL) and preparing for Q-Day/Y2Q |
| 3.5.4. | The quantum solution to data security |
| 3.5.5. | Principle of operation of optical QRNG technology |
| 3.5.6. | What is the main value proposition of QRNG compared to incumbents? |
| 3.5.7. | Key players developing QRNG products segmented by hardware approach |
| 3.5.8. | Applications of quantum random number generators (QRNG) |
| 3.5.9. | Why is QKD more secure than other key exchange mechanisms? |
| 3.5.10. | Overview of key players developing QKD technology (1) |
| 3.5.11. | Overview of key players developing QKD technology (2) |
| 3.5.12. | What is a quantum network? |
| 3.5.13. | Building quantum networks as a dual commercial strategy - Cisco |
| 3.5.14. | Additional information can be found in the IDTechEx market research report "Quantum Communication Market 2024-2034: Technology, Trends, Players, Forecasts" |
| 3.6. | Materials for Quantum Communications |
| 3.6.1. | What are the main form-factor approaches for QRNG devices? |
| 3.6.2. | The components of an optical QRNG device |
| 3.6.3. | The basic principle and components of a QKD system |
| 3.6.4. | The role of trusted nodes and trusted relays |
| 3.6.5. | Entanglement swapping and optical switches |
| 3.6.6. | Chip-Scale QKD efforts will benefit from the growth of the PIC industry |
| 3.6.7. | Materials opportunities in quantum networking and communications |
| 4. | SUPERCONDUCTORS |
| 4.1. | Superconducting Materials for Quantum Technology |
| 4.1.1. | Chapter overview: Superconductors in quantum technology |
| 4.1.2. | Applications of superconductors in quantum technology |
| 4.1.3. | Critical temperature plays a key role in superconductor material choice for quantum technology |
| 4.1.4. | Critical material supply chain considerations for superconducting materials |
| 4.1.5. | Overview of the superconductor value chain in quantum technology |
| 4.1.6. | Room temperature superconductors - and why they won't necessarily unlock the quantum technology market |
| 4.2. | Superconducting Quantum Circuits: Fabrication, Packaging, Testing |
| 4.2.1. | Introduction to superconducting qubits: Motivation and overview |
| 4.2.2. | Introduction to superconducting qubits: Anharmonic oscillators and the 'transmon' qubit |
| 4.2.3. | Transmon superconducting qubits: Structure, materials, and fabrication |
| 4.2.4. | Fabricating superconducting qubits using industrial processes |
| 4.2.5. | Defects and sources of noise for superconducting quantum circuits |
| 4.2.6. | Trade-off between quality & scalability in fabricating superconducting qubits |
| 4.2.7. | Longer coherence times of superconducting qubits are achieved by improving fabrication and packaging methods |
| 4.2.8. | Through silicon vias and flip-chip bonding for superconducting chips |
| 4.2.9. | Limitations to scalability from current circuit architecture and packaging |
| 4.2.10. | 3D packaging and chiplets to solve scalability limitations - QuantWare |
| 4.2.11. | A chiplet architecture for quantum computing - Rigetti |
| 4.2.12. | Superconducting caps for quantum circuits - Rigetti |
| 4.2.13. | Introduction to quantum chip testing |
| 4.2.14. | What needs to be tested in a quantum chip? |
| 4.2.15. | Automated quantum chip testing systems - Orange Quantum Systems |
| 4.2.16. | Summary of manufacturing processes for superconducting quantum chips |
| 4.3. | Superconducting Quantum Interference Devices (SQUIDs) |
| 4.3.1. | Operating principle of SQUIDs |
| 4.3.2. | SQUID fabrication services are offered by specialist foundries |
| 4.3.3. | Applications of SQUIDs |
| 4.3.4. | Commercial applications and market opportunities for SQUIDs |
| 4.3.5. | Fabricating superconducting chips: SQUIDs vs quantum computing chips |
| 4.3.6. | SWOT analysis: Superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs) |
| 4.4. | Superconducting Nanowire Single Photon Detectors (SNSPDs) |
| 4.4.1. | Superconducting nanowire single photon detectors (SNSPDs) |
| 4.4.2. | SNSPDs as components in quantum computing and communications |
| 4.4.3. | Advancements in superconducting materials drives SNSPD development |
| 4.4.4. | SNSPDs in a photonic quantum computing chipset - PsiQuantum |
| 4.4.5. | Research in scaling SNSPD arrays beyond kilopixel - NIST |
| 4.4.6. | Fabrication of SNSPDs and SNSPD arrays |
| 4.4.7. | Comparison of commercial SNSPD players |
| 4.4.8. | SWOT analysis: Superconducting nanowire single photon detectors (SNSPDs) |
| 4.5. | Kinetic Inductance Detectors (KIDs) and Transition Edge Sensors (TESs) |
| 4.5.1. | Kinetic inductance detectors (KIDs) |
| 4.5.2. | Transition edge sensors (TES) |
| 4.5.3. | How have SNSPDs gained traction while KIDs and TESs remain in research? |
| 4.5.4. | Comparison of single photon detector technology |
| 4.6. | Chapter Summary: Superconductors in Quantum Technology |
| 4.6.1. | Uses of superconductors in quantum technology |
| 4.6.2. | Key takeaways for superconductors in quantum technology |
| 5. | PHOTONICS |
| 5.1. | Overview of photonics, silicon photonics and optics in quantum technology |
| 5.1.1. | Why are photonics so useful for quantum technologies? |
| 5.1.2. | Chapter overview: Photonics in quantum technologies |
| 5.2. | Introduction to Photonic Integrated Circuits (PICs) for Quantum Technology |
| 5.2.1. | What are photonic integrated circuits (PICs)? |
| 5.2.2. | General advantages and challenges of photonic integrated circuits |
| 5.2.3. | Integration schemes of PICs |
| 5.2.4. | The role of PICs in quantum technology |
| 5.2.5. | Photonic integrated circuits vs optical tables and fixed optics |
| 5.2.6. | Advantages of photonic integrated circuits for quantum technologies |
| 5.2.7. | Surge in photonics company acquisitions by quantum technology developers |
| 5.2.8. | Operational frequency windows of optical materials |
| 5.2.9. | Quantum PIC material platforms benchmarked |
| 5.2.10. | SiN, TFLN, and BTO foundries |
| 5.2.11. | Which material platform for quantum PICs? |
| 5.2.12. | Future PIC requirements of the quantum industry from SPIE Photonics West |
| 5.2.13. | Overview of photonic integrated circuits in quantum technologies |
| 5.3. | Photonic Integrated Circuits (PICs) for Photonic Quantum Computing |
| 5.3.1. | Overview of the photonic platform for quantum computing |
| 5.3.2. | Initialization, manipulation, and readout of photonic quantum computers |
| 5.3.3. | Commercializing SiN photonic quantum processors - QuiX Quantum |
| 5.3.4. | A photonic chipset for quantum computing - PsiQuantum |
| 5.3.5. | Single photon detectors, electro-optical materials, and alternatives to standard silicon required for photonic quantum computing - PsiQuantum |
| 5.3.6. | CEA Leti's goals for quantum PICs |
| 5.3.7. | Quantum photonic building blocks - imec |
| 5.3.8. | New TFLN foundries with potential interest for quantum PICs |
| 5.3.9. | SWOT Analysis: PICs for photonic quantum computing |
| 5.4. | Photonic Integrated Circuits (PICs) for Trapped Ion and Neutral Atom Quantum Computing |
| 5.4.1. | Introduction to trapped ion and neutral atom quantum computers |
| 5.4.2. | Initialization, manipulation, and readout for trapped ion quantum computers |
| 5.4.3. | Materials challenges for a fully integrated trapped-ion chip |
| 5.4.4. | PICs for trapped ion quantum computing |
| 5.4.5. | Trapped ion quantum computing leaders partner with Infineon |
| 5.4.6. | SiNQ: a silicon nitride PDK for 33 quantum-relevant wavelengths - Wave Photonics |
| 5.4.7. | Initialization, manipulation and readout for neutral-atom quantum computers |
| 5.4.8. | PICs for neutral atom quantum computers - Pasqal acquires AEPONYX |
| 5.4.9. | SiN waveguides with AlN piezoelectric actuators for high-speed quantum control of neutral atom qubits - QuEra |
| 5.4.10. | PICs at the center of commercializing atomic clocks, RF sensors, and quantum computers - Infleqtion (1/2) |
| 5.4.11. | Photonic materials for atomic sensing and computing - Infleqtion (2/2) |
| 5.4.12. | SWOT Analysis: PICs for trapped ion and neutral atom quantum computing |
| 5.5. | Photonics for Quantum Networks & Quantum Communications |
| 5.5.1. | Entanglement as a resource |
| 5.5.2. | Other components for quantum networks: Frequency conversion & switches |
| 5.5.3. | An opportunity for better optical fiber and quantum interconnects materials |
| 5.5.4. | Entangled photon sources for quantum networks - Lumino Technologies |
| 5.5.5. | Novel GaAs single photon sources for quantum communications - Photarix |
| 5.5.6. | Limitations in photonics for quantum communications and networking |
| 5.5.7. | Opportunity for established silicon photonics platforms in quantum communications and networking |
| 5.6. | Photonic Packaging Trends for Quantum Technologies |
| 5.6.1. | Trends in photonic packaging for quantum technologies - Alter Technology |
| 5.6.2. | Integrated photonic and semiconductor products for quantum are developing but not yet unlocking the mass market |
| 5.6.3. | Example applications of photonic packaging in quantum technologies |
| 5.6.4. | Specialized control electronics and optics packages needed to enable the high performance of quantum sensors |
| 5.6.5. | Hardware challenges for quantum to integrate into established photonics |
| 5.7. | VCSELs for Quantum Sensing |
| 5.7.1. | VCSELs: Background and context |
| 5.7.2. | VCSELs enable miniaturization of quantum sensors and components |
| 5.7.3. | Comparing key players in VCSELs for quantum sensing |
| 5.7.4. | SWOT analysis: VCSELs for quantum sensors |
| 5.8. | 5.8 Vapor Cells for Atomic Quantum Technologies |
| 5.8.1. | Vapor cells: Background and context |
| 5.8.2. | Innovation in commercial manufacture of vapor cells in quantum sensing |
| 5.8.3. | Alkali azides used to overcome high-vacuum fabrication requirements of vapor cells for quantum sensing |
| 5.8.4. | Comparing key players in chip-scale vapor cell development |
| 5.8.5. | SWOT analysis: Miniaturized vapor cells |
| 5.9. | Semiconductor Single Photon Detectors |
| 5.9.1. | Introduction to semiconductor photon detectors |
| 5.9.2. | Operating principles of SPADs: Avalanche photodiode (APD) basics |
| 5.9.3. | Operating principles of single-photon avalanche diodes (SPADs) |
| 5.9.4. | Arrays of SPADs in series can form silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) as a solid-state alternative to traditional PMTs |
| 5.9.5. | Innovation in the next generation of SPADs |
| 5.9.6. | Key players and innovators in the next generation of SPADs |
| 5.9.7. | Applications of SPADs formed in a trade-off of resolution and performance |
| 5.9.8. | Development trends for groups of key SPAD players |
| 5.9.9. | Advanced semiconductor packaging techniques enabling higher pixel counts and timing functionality for SPAD arrays |
| 5.9.10. | Alternative semiconductor SPADs unlock infrared wavelengths beyond the range of silicon (1) |
| 5.9.11. | Alternative semiconductor SPADs unlock infrared wavelengths beyond the range of silicon (2) |
| 5.9.12. | Competition or cooperation for SPADs and SNSPDs in quantum communications and computing? |
| 5.9.13. | Emerging SPADs: SWOT analysis |
| 5.10. | Chapter Summary: Photonics for Quantum Technology |
| 5.10.1. | PIC materials used by quantum technology companies |
| 5.10.2. | Conclusions for PICs for quantum applications |
| 6. | NANOMATERIALS AND DIAMOND |
| 6.1. | Nanomaterials (CNTs, quantum dots, 2D/2.5D materials, MOFs) |
| 6.1.1. | Chapter Overview |
| 6.1.2. | Introduction to 2D Materials for Quantum Technology |
| 6.1.3. | Interest in TMD based quantum dots as single photon sources for quantum networking |
| 6.1.4. | Research interest in graphene membranes for RAM memory in quantum computers |
| 6.1.5. | 2.5D Materials pitches as solution to quantum information storage |
| 6.1.6. | Single Walled Carbon Nanotubes for Quantum Computers |
| 6.1.7. | Long term potential in the quantum materials market for Boron Nitride Nanotubes (BNNT) |
| 6.1.8. | Snapshot of market readiness levels of CNT applications - quantum only at PoC stage |
| 6.1.9. | Chromophore integrated MOFs can stabilize qubits at room temperature for quantum computing |
| 6.2. | Artificial Diamond |
| 6.2.1. | Overview of diamond in quantum technology |
| 6.2.2. | Material advantages and disadvantages of diamond for quantum applications |
| 6.2.3. | Element Six are leaders in scaling up manufacturing of diamond for quantum applications using chemical vapor deposition (CVD) |
| 6.2.4. | Supply chain and materials for diamond-based quantum computers |
| 6.2.5. | Overview of the synthetic diamond value chain in quantum technology |
| 6.2.6. | Quantum grade diamond benchmarked |
| 6.2.7. | IonQ, Element Six & AWS develop silicon-vacancy in diamond quantum memory |
| 7. | FORECASTS |
| 7.1. | Forecasting overview |
| 7.2. | Forecasting methodology |
| 7.3. | Forecast lines in this report & how they are organized |
| 7.4. | Overview of forecasting results |
| 7.5. | Superconducting chips vary in complexity and market direction |
| 7.6. | Market Size Forecast for Superconducting Chips for Quantum Technologies 2026-2046 |
| 7.7. | Market Size Forecast for PICs for Quantum Technologies 2026-2046 |
| 7.8. | Market Size Forecast for Diamond for Quantum Technologies 2026-2046 |
| 7.9. | Forecast Summary: Materials for Quantum Technologies 2026-2046 |
| 8. | COMPANY PROFILES |
| 8.1. | Alter Technology UK (quantum photonics) |
| 8.2. | Artilux Inc |
| 8.3. | Cisco Quantum Research |
| 8.4. | Covesion Ltd |
| 8.5. | CPI EDB (Quantum Sensing) |
| 8.6. | Diatope |
| 8.7. | Duality Quantum Photonics |
| 8.8. | Fraunhofer CAP |
| 8.9. | ID Quantique (Single Photon Detectors) |
| 8.10. | Infleqtion (Cold Quanta) |
| 8.11. | IonQ |
| 8.12. | IQM |
| 8.13. | Lumino Technologies |
| 8.14. | Microsoft Quantum |
| 8.15. | Neuranics |
| 8.16. | Orange Quantum Systems |
| 8.17. | ORCA Computing |
| 8.18. | Oxford Ionics |
| 8.19. | Pasqal |
| 8.20. | Photarix |
| 8.21. | Photon Force |
| 8.22. | PsiQuantum |
| 8.23. | Q-CTRL (quantum navigation) |
| 8.24. | Q.ANT (quantum sensing) |
| 8.25. | Qilimanjaro Quantum Tech |
| 8.26. | Quantinuum |
| 8.27. | Quantum Economic Development Consortium (QED-C) |
| 8.28. | QuantWare |
| 8.29. | QuiX Quantum |
| 8.30. | Rigetti |
| 8.31. | Rigetti (qubit fabrication and packaging) |
| 8.32. | SandboxAQ (Quantum Sensing) |
| 8.33. | Single Quantum |
| 8.34. | TE Connectivity: Connectors for Quantum Computing |
| 8.35. | Wave Photonics |