1. | EXECUTIVE SUMMARY |
1.1. | IDTechEx Air Taxis: Electric Vertical Take-Off and Landing Aircraft Report |
1.2. | Flying Cars: The Dream Becoming A Reality |
1.3. | What Is An eVTOL Aircraft? |
1.4. | eVTOL Architectures |
1.5. | Why eVTOL Aircraft? |
1.6. | eVTOL Getting Off The Ground |
1.7. | Conclusions on Air Taxi Time Saving |
1.8. | Huge Companies Are Already Investing In eVTOL |
1.9. | Exciting Start-Ups Are Attracting Large Funding |
1.10. | When will the First eVTOL Air Taxis Launch? |
1.11. | Air Taxi Services |
1.12. | eVTOL As An Urban Mass Mobility Solution? |
1.13. | Where Is The eVTOL Air Taxi Advantage? |
1.14. | The Value of Autonomous Flight |
1.15. | eVTOL: Summary of Enabling Technologies |
1.16. | The Need for Component Improvements |
1.17. | eVTOL Battery Requirements |
1.18. | Lithium-based Batteries Beyond Li-ion |
1.19. | Li-ion Chemistry Snapshot: 2020, 2025, 2030 |
1.20. | eVTOL Motor / Powertrain Requirements |
1.21. | eVTOL Composite Material Requirements |
1.22. | eVTOL Infrastructure Requirements |
1.23. | Forecast Summary |
1.24. | eVTOL Air Taxi Sales Forecast (Units) |
1.25. | eVTOL Air Taxi Battery Demand Forecast (MWh) |
1.26. | eVTOL Battery Market Revenue Forecast ($USD million) |
1.27. | eVTOL Air Taxi Market Revenue Forecast ($USD billion) |
2. | INTRODUCTION |
2.1. | What is an eVTOL Aircraft? |
2.2. | Distributed Electric Propulsion |
2.3. | The Dream of Urban Air Mobility |
2.4. | Advantages of UAM Networks |
2.5. | Advanced Air Mobility |
2.6. | eVTOL Applications |
2.7. | Air Taxi Services |
2.8. | Current General Aviation Aircraft |
2.9. | Why Helicopters are not Suitable for UAM |
2.10. | Range and Endurance Limitations of eVTOL |
2.11. | GAMA General Aviation Helicopter Sales and Market |
2.12. | Worldwide Helicopter Fleet |
2.13. | Helicopter OEMs |
2.14. | GAMA General Aviation Airplane Sales and Market Size |
2.15. | Top 5 General Aviation OEMs By Airplane Type |
2.16. | What is making eVTOL possible? |
2.17. | Why eVTOL Aircraft? |
2.18. | eVTOL Air Taxis: Much More Than New Aircraft |
2.19. | Huge Companies are Investing in eVTOL Development |
2.20. | eVTOL Start-Up Investment |
2.21. | Market Outlook |
2.22. | Significant Challenges |
2.23. | Numerous Opportunities |
2.24. | NASA: UAM Challenges and Constraints |
2.25. | Key Issues for eVTOL Air Taxis |
3. | AEROSPACE SUPPLIERS EVTOL AIRCRAFT ACTIVITY |
3.1. | Top 5 Aerospace Suppliers by Revenue |
3.2. | Raytheon Technologies Corp. |
3.3. | General Electric |
3.4. | SAFRAN |
3.5. | Rolls-Royce |
3.6. | Honeywell |
4. | JOURNEY USE-CASES & OPTIMIZATION: WHERE EVTOL HAS AN ADVANTAGE |
4.1. | Will eVTOL Taxis Reduce Journey Time? |
4.2. | eVTOL Multicopter vs Robotaxi: 10km Journey |
4.3. | eVTOL vs Robotaxi: Example 10km Journey |
4.4. | eVTOL Multicopter vs Robotaxi: 40km Journey |
4.5. | eVTOL vs Robotaxi: Example 40km Journey |
4.6. | Multicopter eVTOL vs Robotaxi: 100km Journey |
4.7. | Vectored Thrust eVTOL vs Robotaxi: 100km Journey |
4.8. | eVTOL vs Robotaxi: Example 100km Journey |
4.9. | Important Factors for an Air Taxi Time Advantage |
4.10. | Conclusions on Air Taxi Time Saving |
5. | IDTECHEX COST ANALYSIS |
5.1. | TCO Analysis: eVTOL Taxi $/50km Trip (Base Case) |
5.2. | eVTOL vs Helicopter Operating Cost |
5.3. | eVTOL Aircraft Upfront Cost |
5.4. | eVTOL Operational Fuel Cost Savings |
5.5. | The Value of Autonomous Flight |
5.6. | TCO vs Helicopters Uber Air $/mile |
5.7. | Sensitivity to Battery Cost and Performance |
5.8. | Sensitivity to Upfront / Infrastructure Cost |
5.9. | Sensitivity to Average Trip Length |
5.10. | TCO Analysis: $/15km Trip: Multicopter eVTOL Design |
5.11. | TCO $/15km Autonomous Trip: Multicopter vs Base case |
6. | EVTOL ARCHITECTURES |
6.1. | World eVTOL Aircraft Directory |
6.2. | Geographical Distribution of eVTOL Projects |
6.3. | Key Players: eVTOL Air Taxi |
6.4. | Main eVTOL Architectures |
6.5. | eVTOL Architecture Choice |
6.6. | eVTOL Multicopter / Rotorcraft |
6.7. | Multicopter: Flight Modes |
6.8. | Multicopter / Rotorcraft: Key Players Specifications |
6.9. | Benefits / Drawbacks of Multicopters |
6.10. | eVTOL Lift + Cruise |
6.11. | Lift + Cruise: Flight Modes |
6.12. | Lift + Cruise: Key Players Specifications |
6.13. | Benefits / Drawbacks of Lift + Cruise |
6.14. | Vectored Thrust eVTOL |
6.15. | Vectored Thrust: Flight Modes |
6.16. | eVTOL Vectored Thrust: Tiltwing |
6.17. | Tiltwing: Key Player Specifications |
6.18. | Benefits / Drawbacks of Tiltwing |
6.19. | eVTOL Vectored Thrust: Tiltrotor |
6.20. | Tiltrotor: Key Player Specifications |
6.21. | Benefits / Drawbacks of Tiltrotor |
6.22. | When will the First eVTOL Air Taxis Launch? |
6.23. | Manned Air Taxi eVTOL Test Flights |
6.24. | Unmanned Air Taxi eVTOL Model Test Flights |
6.25. | Range and Cruise Speed: Electric eVTOL Designs |
6.26. | Hover Lift Efficiency and Disc Loading |
6.27. | Hover and Cruise Efficiency by eVTOL Architecture |
6.28. | Complexity, Criticality & Cruise Performance |
6.29. | Comparison of eVTOL Architectures |
7. | PROGRAMS SUPPORTING EVTOL DEVELOPMENT |
7.1. | Uber Elevate - Joby Aviation |
7.2. | Driving Air Taxi Progress: Uber Elevate |
7.3. | Uber Elevate: Strategic OEM Vehicle Partnerships |
7.4. | Uber Air Vehicle Requirements |
7.5. | Uber Air Mission Profile |
7.6. | U.S. Airforce eVTOL Support - Agility Prime |
7.7. | US Airforce - Agility Prime |
7.8. | Agility Prime: Advance Air Mobility Ecosystem |
7.9. | Agility Prime: Advance Air Mobility Ecosystem |
7.10. | NASA: Advanced Air Mobility National Campaign |
7.11. | Groupe ADP eVTOL Test Area |
7.12. | China's Unmanned Civil Aviation Zones |
7.13. | UK's Future Flight Challenge |
7.14. | Varon Vehicles: UAM in Latin America |
8. | OEM MARKET PLAYERS |
8.1. | Airbus |
8.2. | Airbus A3 (Acubed): Vahana |
8.3. | Vahana Controls and Redundancy |
8.4. | Airbus Helicopters: CityAirbus |
8.5. | Airbus eVTOL Projects |
8.6. | Archer Aviation |
8.7. | Bell Textron |
8.8. | Bell Textron: Nexus |
8.9. | Bell Textron: Experimental eVTOL Concepts |
8.10. | Bell Textron |
8.11. | Bell Textron - Key eVTOL Partnerships |
8.12. | BETA Technologies |
8.13. | EHang 216 |
8.14. | EHang |
8.15. | Embraer: Eve (EmbraerX) |
8.16. | Hyundai: S-A1 |
8.17. | Jaunt Air Mobility: Journey Air Taxi |
8.18. | Jaunt Air Mobility |
8.19. | Jaunt Air Mobility - Key Partners |
8.20. | Joby Aviation |
8.21. | Lilium |
8.22. | Moog: SureFly |
8.23. | SkyDrive: SD-XX |
8.24. | Volocopter: VoloCity |
8.25. | Volocopter |
8.26. | Wisk Aero |
8.27. | IDTechEx Portal Company Profiles - OEM |
9. | BATTERIES FOR EVTOL |
9.1. | What is a Li-ion Battery? |
9.2. | Electrochemistry Definitions |
9.3. | The Battery Trilemma |
9.4. | Battery Wish List for an eVTOL |
9.5. | More Than One Type of Li-ion Battery |
9.6. | eVTOL Battery Requirements |
9.7. | Airbus Minimum Battery Requirement |
9.8. | eVTOL Battery Range Calculation |
9.9. | Aerospace Battery Pack Sizing |
9.10. | Importance of Battery Pack Energy Density |
9.11. | Importance of eVTOL Lift/Drag to Range |
9.12. | Uber Air Proposed Battery Requirements |
9.13. | Battery Size |
9.14. | Batteries Packs: More than Just Cells |
9.15. | Eliminating the Battery Module |
9.16. | eVTOL Batteries: Specific Energy Vs Discharge Rates |
9.17. | Battery500 |
9.18. | E-One Moli Energy Corp. |
9.19. | Electric Power Systems (EPS): Li-ion Batteries |
9.20. | Electric Power Systems (EPS) |
9.21. | Amprius Inc: Silicon Anode |
9.22. | Leclanche Energy Density Targets |
9.23. | Moving on from Li-ion? |
9.24. | Lithium-based Batteries Beyond Li-ion |
9.25. | Li-ion Chemistry Snapshot: 2020, 2025, 2030 |
9.26. | Lithium-Sulfur Batteries (Li-S) |
9.27. | Advantages of LSBs |
9.28. | Li-sulfur energy density |
9.29. | OXIS Energy: Lithium-Sulfur Batteries |
9.30. | Lithium-Metal and Solid-State Batteries (SSB) |
9.31. | Solid Energy Systems - Solid State Batteries |
9.32. | Sion Power Corporation: Lithium-Metal Battery |
9.33. | Sion Power Corporation: Lithium-Metal Battery |
9.34. | Cuberg: Lithium-Metal Batteries |
9.35. | Battery Chemistry Comparison for eVTOL |
9.36. | Battery Fast Charging |
9.37. | Battery Swapping |
9.38. | Distributed Battery Modules |
9.39. | eVTOL Battery Cost |
9.40. | Development Focus for eVTOL Batteries |
10. | FUEL CELL EVTOL |
10.1. | Fuel Cell eVTOL |
10.2. | Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells |
10.3. | Grey Hydrogen |
10.4. | Conclusions for Hydrogen Fuel Cell eVTOL |
11. | HYBRID EVTOL |
11.1. | Electric Propulsion System |
11.2. | Conventional Propulsion Systems |
11.3. | Hybrid Propulsion Systems |
11.4. | Hybrid Systems Optimisation |
11.5. | All-Electric Range vs Fuel Cell and Hybrid Powertrains |
11.6. | Hybrid Propulsion: Turbines and Piston Engines |
11.7. | Conclusions for Hybrid eVTOL |
12. | ELECTRIC MOTORS |
12.1. | eVTOL Motor / Powertrain Requirements |
12.2. | eVTOL Aircraft Motor Power Sizing |
12.3. | eVTOL Power Requirement: kW Estimate |
12.4. | eVTOL Power Requirement |
12.5. | eVTOL Power Requirement: kW Estimate |
12.6. | Electric Motors and Distributed Electric Propulsion |
12.7. | eVTOL Number of Electric Motors |
12.8. | Motor Sizing |
12.9. | Electric Motors Designs |
12.10. | Comparison of Motor Construction and Merits |
12.11. | Brushless DC Motors (BLDC) |
12.12. | BLDC Motors: Advantages, Disadvantages |
12.13. | BLDC: Benchmarking |
12.14. | Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors (PMSM) |
12.15. | PMSM: Advantages, Disadvantages |
12.16. | PMSM: Benchmarking |
12.17. | Axial Flux Motors |
12.18. | Why Axial Flux Motors in eVTOL? |
12.19. | Yoked or Yokeless Axial Flux |
12.20. | Axial Flux Motors - Interesting Players |
12.21. | List of Axial Flux Motor Players |
12.22. | YASA |
12.23. | Rolls-Royce / Siemens |
12.24. | EMRAX |
12.25. | ePropelled |
12.26. | H3X |
12.27. | MAGicALL |
12.28. | Magnix |
12.29. | MGM COMPRO |
12.30. | SAFRAN |
12.31. | Case-studies |
13. | COMPOSITE MATERIALS & LIGHTWEIGHTING |
13.1. | Composite Materials - Lightweighting |
13.2. | What is Lightweighting? |
13.3. | Lightweight Material Drivers |
13.4. | Comparison of Lightweight Materials |
13.5. | Lightweight Material Candidates |
13.6. | Introduction to Composites |
13.7. | Introduction to Composite Materials |
13.8. | Comparison of Relative Fiber Properties |
13.9. | Cost Adjusted Fiber Properties |
13.10. | Supply Chain for Composite Manufacturers |
13.11. | Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) |
13.12. | Glass Fibres |
13.13. | FRP/PMC Introduction |
13.14. | Resins - Overview and Property Comparison |
13.15. | Thermoplastics for Composites - Overview |
13.16. | Thermosetting Resins - Key Resins |
13.17. | Key Challenges for Composites |
13.18. | CFRP Automation Case Study |
13.19. | eVTOL Composite Material Requirements |
13.20. | Composite Materials - Toray / Joby Aviation |
13.21. | Composite Materials - Toray / Lilium |
13.22. | Composite Materials - BFT / Beta |
13.23. | Composite Materials - Triumph / Jaunt |
13.24. | Composite Materials - Aria Group / Hyundai |
13.25. | Composite Materials - GKN Aerospace / Bell |
13.26. | Composite Materials - Hexcel |
14. | REGULATION |
14.1. | eVTOL Certification |
14.2. | eVTOL Regulation |
14.3. | European Union Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) |
14.4. | EASA Special Condition: SC-VTOL |
14.5. | EASA Certification Categories |
14.6. | EASA EUROCAE Working Groups |
14.7. | European Union Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) |
14.8. | U.S. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) |
14.9. | Civil Aviation Authority of China (CAAC) |
15. | VERTIPORT INFRASTRUCTURE FOR EVTOL |
15.1. | eVTOL Infrastructure Requirements |
15.2. | Skyport / Vertiports |
15.3. | Vertiport Nodal Network |
15.4. | CORGAN |
15.5. | CORGAN: Meeting Operational Demand |
15.6. | CORGAN: Stacked Skyports |
15.7. | CORGAN's Mega Skyport |
15.8. | CORGAN Uber Skyport Mobility Hub |
15.9. | MVRDV |
15.10. | Hyundai Future Mobility Vision |
15.11. | Groupe ADP |
15.12. | Lilium Scalable Vertiports |
15.13. | Skyports |
15.14. | VoloPort |
15.15. | Beta Technologies Recharge Pad |
15.16. | EHang E-Port |
15.17. | Uber Air Mega Skyport Concepts 2018 |
15.18. | Uber Air Skyport Mobility Hub Concepts 2019 |
15.19. | eVTOL Urban Air Traffic Management (UATM) |
15.20. | UAM Traffic Management |
16. | FORECASTS |
16.1. | Forecast Summary |
16.2. | Global eVTOL Sales Forecast 2021-2041: Methodology |
16.3. | Global eVTOL Sales Forecast 2021-2041: Methodology |
16.4. | eVTOL Air Taxi Sales Forecast (Units) |
16.5. | eVTOL Air Taxi Sales Forecast by World Bank Country Wealth Definition and Economy Size (Units) |
16.6. | eVTOL Air Taxi Battery Demand Forecast (MWh) |
16.7. | eVTOL Battery Market Revenue Forecast ($USD million) |
16.8. | eVTOL forecast: Average eVTOL Battery Size 2018-2041 |
16.9. | eVTOL Air Taxi Market Revenue Forecast ($USD billion) |
16.10. | eVTOL forecast: Average eVTOL Price 2018-2041 |