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1. | WHY ELECTRIC VEHICLES? |
1.1. | Human sources of carbon dioxide (CO2) |
1.2. | Carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuel combustion |
1.3. | Measures to reduce transport CO2 emissions |
1.4. | Targets for transport vehicle CO2 emissions |
1.5. | Industry transition to diesel- and petrol- free vehicles |
1.6. | Drivers for the adoption of Electric Vehicles |
1.7. | Why are electric buses more exciting? |
1.8. | Electric buses: future urban mobility |
1.9. | Carbon dioxide emissions in transportation |
1.10. | Transport of people 2010-2025 |
1.11. | Definitions and Terminologies - xEV |
1.12. | Electrochemistry definitions |
1.13. | Basic Terms of Battery Performance and Characterisation |
1.14. | Useful charts for performance comparison |
1.15. | What does 1 kilowatthour (kWh) look like? |
1.16. | Differences between cell, module, and pack |
2. | TYPES OF ELECTRIC BUSES AND BATTERIES |
2.1. | Types of pure electric bus |
2.2. | What is a battery? |
2.3. | Different applications of batteries |
2.4. | Why Li-ion batteries (LIB)? |
2.5. | Qualitative comparison of current major automotive battery technology groups |
2.6. | LIB market forecasts 2018-2028 (in $B/year) - buses, trucks, and vans |
2.7. | LIB cell cost ($/kWh) forecasts according to IDTechEx |
2.8. | Comparison of specific energy and energy density of various battery systems |
2.9. | Advantages of Li-ion Batteries |
2.10. | Disadvantages of Li-ion Batteries |
2.11. | The battery trilemma |
2.12. | Battery requirements for electric buses |
2.13. | Battery cell construction |
2.14. | Basic operation of a Li-ion cell |
2.15. | The main components of a battery cell |
2.16. | Potential and capacity of different anode materials |
2.17. | Commercial battery packaging technologies |
2.18. | Cylindrical Li-ion cells |
2.19. | Prismatic Li-ion cells |
2.20. | Pouch Li-ion cells (also called Lithium-polymer) |
2.21. | Comparison of commercial battery packaging technologies |
3. | EXAMPLES OF LI-ION VARIANTS |
3.1. | Lithium variants |
3.2. | Lithium Cobalt Oxide (LiCoO2) |
3.3. | Lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) |
3.4. | Switch away from LFP - the new Chinese EV mandate |
3.5. | Lithium Nickel manganese cobalt (LiNiMnCoO2) |
3.6. | Lithium Manganese Oxide Spinel (LiMn2O4) |
3.7. | Lithium Nickel Oxide (LiNiO2) and variants like NCA |
3.8. | Comparison of main lithium variants |
3.9. | Thermal stability of different cathodes |
3.10. | Cost of cathode metals |
3.11. | Anodes for Li-ion batteries |
3.12. | Li-ion batteries by cathode type |
3.13. | Li-ion batteries by anode type |
3.14. | Key parameters for automotive Li-ion variants |
3.15. | Some of the main Li-ion battery manufacturers |
3.16. | Cost analysis for automotive Li-ion cells |
3.17. | Cost analysis for automotive Li-ion batteries |
3.18. | Li-ion battery price forecast |
3.19. | Mapping: Top electric bus manufacturers and Li-ion battery pack suppliers |
3.20. | Examples of top electric buses, battery type and performance |
3.21. | Li-ion battery manufacturers by location |
3.22. | Electric bus manufacturers by location |
4. | COMPANY PROFILES: KEY ELECTRIC BUS MANUFACTURERS |
4.1. | Yutong |
4.2. | BYD |
4.3. | Ankai |
4.4. | King Long |
4.5. | CSR Times Electric Vehicle Co., Ltd. |
4.6. | Dongfeng Motor Corporation |
4.7. | Sunwin Bus Corporation |
4.8. | Zhongtong |
4.9. | Hengtong |
4.10. | Proterra |
4.11. | Solaris |
4.12. | Ebusco |
4.13. | Hybricon Bus System |
4.14. | Higer Bus Company |
4.15. | Scania |
4.16. | VDL |
4.17. | Volvo |
4.18. | Local Motors Inc. |
4.19. | Navya Arma |
4.20. | Navya |
4.21. | Easy Mile |
4.22. | Alstom |
5. | COMPANY PROFILES: KEY LI-ION BATTERY MANUFACTURERS |
5.1. | Gigafactories in a wider context |
5.2. | Battery manufacturing in Germany |
5.3. | The Giga-LIB project |
5.4. | Success stories in Europe |
5.5. | Chinese Li-ion battery manufacturers face slump in profits |
5.6. | Battery manufacturing plants - the state of the art |
5.7. | The Gigafactories |
5.8. | LGChem |
5.9. | LGChem's strategy |
5.10. | Samsung SDI |
5.11. | AESC - Nissan + NEC |
5.12. | AESC battery specification |
5.13. | Tesla/Panasonic |
5.14. | Tesla/Panasonic in Europe? |
5.15. | BYD |
5.16. | Applications of BYD's LFP battery |
5.17. | BYD LFP used in electric vehicles |
5.18. | Specification of BYD LFP Battery |
5.19. | CATL |
5.20. | ATL vs. CATL |
5.21. | Microvast |
5.22. | Guoxuan |
5.23. | Boston Power |
5.24. | A123 Systems |
5.25. | A123 battery specification |
5.26. | A123 - Heavy duty HEV applications |
5.27. | A123 - 14 Ah nanophosphate prismatic pouch cell |
5.28. | A123 - automotive battery systems |
5.29. | A123 - heavy duty battery systems |
5.30. | A123 - BAE Systems HybriDrive™ |
5.31. | A123 - Battery life analysis |
5.32. | Tianjin Lishen Battery Co., Ltd. |
5.33. | Chinese EV battery value chain |
5.34. | SK Innovation Co., Ltd |
5.35. | Specification of SK Innovation module, Pack and BMS |
5.36. | Northvolt (formerly SGF Energy) |
5.37. | TerraE |
5.38. | The Megafactories |
5.39. | Thinking small has advantages and disadvantages |
5.40. | Altairnano |
5.41. | Electrovaya |
5.42. | Electrovaya Inc. |
5.43. | Xalt Energy |
5.44. | XALT Energy |
5.45. | Blue Solutions/Bolloré |
5.46. | Leclanché |
5.47. | Lithops |
5.48. | Saft |
5.49. | Saft's battery system for commercial vehicles |
5.50. | Varta Microbattery |
5.51. | Tadiran Batteries |
5.52. | BMZ |
5.53. | GS Yuasa Corporation |
5.54. | Hitachi Vehicle Energy, Ltd. |
5.55. | Hitachi Vehicle Energy, Ltd. |
5.56. | Zhejiang Tianneng Energy Technology Co., Ltd |
5.57. | Toshiba |
5.58. | Features of Toshiba's SCIB |
5.59. | Production plant for Toshiba's SCIB |
5.60. | Toshiba R&D activities |
6. | BATTERY DYNAMICS IN ELECTRIC BUSES |
6.1. | Battery capacity vs Gross vehicle weight |
6.2. | Battery capacity vs Passenger-range |
6.3. | Passenger capacity vs e-bus weight |
6.4. | Li-ion battery sales volume based on capacity |
6.5. | Li-ion battery sales, MWh for electric bus, 2017 |
6.6. | Li-ion batteries used in electric buses, 2017 (MWh) |
6.7. | Battery market value based on e-bus manufacturers, 2017 |
6.8. | Anode material market share |
6.9. | Electric bus manufacturers: sales volume 2017 |
6.10. | Market share: electric bus manufacturers, 2017 |
6.11. | Market share: Li-ion battery manufacturers for e-buses |
7. | MARKET FORECASTS 2018-2028 |
7.1. | Sales volume forecast for large electric buses |
7.2. | Electric bus market forecast 2018-2028 unit price $k |
7.3. | Electric bus market value, 2018-2028 |
7.4. | LIB market forecasts 2018-2028 (in $B/year) - buses |
7.5. | Battery market of Li-ion variant by % sales volume |
7.6. | Assumptions for the "business-as-usual" forecast |
7.7. | Battery market of anode chemistry by % sales volume |
7.8. | LIB market forecasts 2018-2028 (in $B/year) - buses |
7.9. | Assumptions on the forecast |
8. | BUS ENERGY STORAGE BEYOND BATTERIES |
8.1. | Bus energy storage beyond batteries |
8.2. | Performance Comparisons 1 |
8.3. | Vehicles where Li-ion battery has been replaced by supercapacitors |
8.4. | Energy storage devices and their characteristics |
8.5. | Operational principles of different systems |
8.6. | Fuel cells as range extenders |
8.7. | Fuel cells for traction |
8.8. | Problems with fuel cells |
8.9. | Roadmaps have not been met |
8.10. | Performance Comparisons 2 |
8.11. | Supercapacitors are often used across Li-ion batteries |
8.12. | Car or bus bodywork becomes a supercapacitor ! |
8.13. | Supercapacitors to Li-ion batteries - a spectrum of functional tailoring |
8.14. | Flywheels - What are they? Who likes them? |
8.15. | Flybrid KERS used by Wrightbus UK on hybrid buses |
8.16. | Flywheel KERS mechanical |
8.17. | Flywheel scope for mechanical versions |
9. | CONCLUSIONS AND OUTLOOK |
10. | ANALYSIS OF OVER 140 LITHIUM-BASED RECHARGEABLE BATTERY MANUFACTURERS |
10.1. | Methodology |
10.2. | Top LIB producers in 2016 and public announcements |
10.3. | Geographical distribution |
10.4. | Cathode and anode choices |
10.5. | Cathode preferences by country of manufacturing |
10.6. | Cathode choice vs. company size and output |
10.7. | Cell format |
10.8. | LIB markets - geographical focus |