| 1. | EXECUTIVE SUMMARY |
| 1.1. | The scope of this report |
| 1.2. | Who should read this report? |
| 1.3. | Research methodology |
| 1.4. | Why is the lithium metal battery market interesting? |
| 1.5. | Battery anode materials discussion |
| 1.6. | Battery anode materials discussion: Silicon |
| 1.7. | High energy Li-ion anode technology overview |
| 1.8. | The power of lithium metal |
| 1.9. | Challenges of lithium metal: Dendrite formation |
| 1.10. | Lithium metal: Pressure, temperature and charge-discharge protocols |
| 1.11. | Lithium metal: Solutions and additives |
| 1.12. | Lithium metal electrolyte choice: Solid-state vs liquid |
| 1.13. | Lithium metal cathode choice: NMC, LFP and sulfur |
| 1.14. | Lithium metal technology benchmarking |
| 1.15. | Lithium metal for electric vehicles |
| 1.16. | Lithium metal for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) |
| 1.17. | Lithium metal for consumer electronics |
| 1.18. | Lithium metal for satellites (LEO, GEO and Starlink) |
| 1.19. | Lithium metal application market conclusions |
| 1.20. | Lithium metal development in different regions |
| 1.21. | Lithium metal players |
| 1.22. | Forecast methodology |
| 1.23. | Global lithium metal battery capacity: 2025-2035 |
| 1.24. | Global lithium metal battery market: 2025-2035 |
| 1.25. | Lithium metal market proportions for 2035 |
| 1.26. | Key takeaways for the lithium metal battery market |
| 1.27. | Access More With an IDTechEx Subscription |
| 2. | LITHIUM METAL ANODES: INTRODUCTION AND PLATING SOLUTIONS |
| 2.1. | Anode choices in lithium-ion batteries |
| 2.2. | High energy Li-ion anode technology overview |
| 2.3. | Lithium metal anodes - early failures |
| 2.4. | Understanding energy density |
| 2.5. | Lithium plating |
| 2.6. | Lithium plating illustration |
| 2.7. | The effect of current density on dendrite formation |
| 2.8. | Effects of pressure on void formation and lithium plating |
| 2.9. | Effects of temperature on void formation and lithium plating |
| 2.10. | Charge-discharge asymmetry effects on degradation |
| 2.11. | Pressure can lower energy density |
| 2.12. | Separator layers |
| 2.13. | Mechanical blocking |
| 2.14. | Ion transport regulation |
| 2.15. | Deposition regulation |
| 2.16. | Current collector modification |
| 3. | LITHIUM METAL FOIL SUPPLY |
| 3.1. | Impact of Li-metal anodes on lithium demand |
| 3.2. | Traditional lithium sources |
| 3.3. | Direct lithium extraction |
| 3.4. | Lithium recycling |
| 3.5. | Blue Solutions - recycling chain |
| 3.6. | Recycling proposed by Blue Solutions |
| 3.7. | Lithium metal recycling from Blue Solutions |
| 3.8. | The need for thin and cheap lithium foils |
| 3.9. | Alternative methods for foil creation |
| 3.10. | Comparison of methods |
| 3.11. | Li-S lithium foil production |
| 3.12. | Li-metal |
| 3.13. | Pure Lithium Corporation |
| 3.14. | Pure Lithium's Li-foil electrode production |
| 3.15. | Arcadium Lithium - LIOVIX® |
| 3.16. | LIOVIX® performance and characteristics |
| 4. | LIQUID ELECTROLYTE LITHIUM METAL |
| 4.1. | Liquid electrolytes |
| 4.2. | SES AI |
| 4.3. | SES AI batteries |
| 4.4. | SES AI - use of artificial intelligence |
| 4.5. | Sion Power |
| 4.6. | Sion Power technology |
| 4.7. | Sepion Tech |
| 4.8. | Feon Energy |
| 4.9. | Cuberg/Northvolt |
| 4.10. | Liquid electrolyte lithium metal chemistry analysis |
| 5. | ANODE-LESS LITHIUM METAL |
| 5.1. | Anode-less design |
| 5.2. | Anode creation through charging |
| 5.3. | A lack of excess - lifetime cycling challenges |
| 5.4. | Cathode choice |
| 5.5. | Anode-less solid-state batteries |
| 5.6. | QuantumScape |
| 5.7. | Ensurge MicroPower |
| 5.8. | Samsung |
| 5.9. | Dual-chemistry battery systems |
| 5.10. | ONE - Gemini |
| 5.11. | Anode-less lithium metal chemistry analysis |
| 6. | SOLID-STATE WITH LITHIUM METAL |
| 6.1. | Solid electrolytes |
| 6.2. | Classifications of solid-state electrolytes |
| 6.3. | Popular solid-state battery cell choices |
| 6.4. | History of solid-state batteries |
| 6.5. | Solid-state electrolytes |
| 6.6. | Requirements for solid-state electrolytes with multifunctions |
| 6.7. | Value propositions of solid-state batteries |
| 6.8. | Current electrolyte challenges and possible solution |
| 6.9. | Solid-state electrolyte chemistry analysis |
| 7. | LITHIUM-SULFUR |
| 7.1. | Lithium-sulfur batteries: An introduction |
| 7.2. | Operating principle of Li-S |
| 7.3. | Li-S advantages and use cases |
| 7.4. | Polysulfide shuttle |
| 7.5. | Alternative electrolytes |
| 7.6. | Selective membranes for polysulfide shuttle inhibition |
| 7.7. | Cathode swelling forces |
| 7.8. | Expansion-tolerant cathode architectures |
| 7.9. | Binder-free architectures |
| 7.10. | Solutions to Li-S challenges |
| 7.11. | NexTech Batteries |
| 7.12. | Li-S Energy |
| 7.13. | Graphene Batteries AS |
| 7.14. | Zeta Energy |
| 7.15. | theion |
| 7.16. | Lyten |
| 7.17. | Gelion |
| 7.18. | LG Chem Li-S IP |
| 7.19. | Lithium-sulfur companies |
| 7.20. | Value proposition of Li-S batteries |
| 7.21. | What markets exist for lithium sulphur batteries? |
| 7.22. | What markets exist for lithium sulphur batteries? |
| 7.23. | Li-S cost structure |
| 7.24. | Li-S material intensity |
| 7.25. | Li-S cost calculation |
| 7.26. | Li-S cost comparisons |
| 7.27. | Lithium sulfur chemistry analysis |
| 7.28. | Concluding remarks on Li-S |
| 8. | LITHIUM-AIR |
| 8.1. | Lithium-air batteries: An introduction |
| 8.2. | Basic design |
| 8.3. | Air vs oxygen |
| 8.4. | Pore clogging |
| 8.5. | Electrolyte choice |
| 8.6. | PolyPlus |
| 8.7. | PLE separator |
| 8.8. | Polyplus - a note on lithium seawater |
| 8.9. | Lithium-seawater batteries for marine applications |
| 8.10. | Lithium Air Industries |
| 8.11. | IIT/Argonne National Lab |
| 8.12. | Lithium air chemistry analysis |
| 8.13. | Concluding remarks on lithium-air |
| 9. | FORECASTS |
| 9.1. | Forecast methodology |
| 9.2. | Global capacity of solid-state batteries with lithium metal anodes |
| 9.3. | Global market for solid-state batteries with lithium metal anodes |
| 9.4. | Global capacity of lithium metal batteries with liquid electrolyte |
| 9.5. | Global market for lithium metal batteries with liquid electrolyte |
| 9.6. | Global capacity of lithium-sulfur batteries |
| 9.7. | Global market for lithium-sulfur batteries |
| 9.8. | Global lithium metal battery market: 2025-2035 |
| 9.9. | Lithium metal market proportions for 2035 |
| 9.10. | Total global capacity of lithium-metal anode batteries |
| 9.11. | Conclusions |
| 10. | COMPANY PROFILES |
| 10.1. | Company profiles |