Lithium Metal Batteries 2025-2035: Technology, Players, and Forecasts

Ten-year forecasts for 5 key application areas, with the overall market broken down into three distinct technologies. Benchmarking, case study analysis, technology discussion and application exploration.

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This report provides insight and market intelligence into the lithium metal battery market, including four key technologies (solid-state, liquid electrolyte, lithium-sulfur and lithium-air), player innovation and application market evaluation. The forecast covers a ten-year period from 2025-2035, in which three chemistries are expected to see mass production (solid-state, liquid electrolyte and lithium-sulfur). It is the most comprehensive market analysis to date on the development of batteries using lithium metal anodes.
 
Growth drivers and energy density needs
The lithium metal battery market is on the cusp of commercialization, with development efforts driven by demand from the automotive, aviation and consumer electronics industries. This demand is due to higher energy density requirements in many applications. Energy density is a major bottleneck for range in electric vehicles. The battery volume is standardized in most battery electric vehicles, and current lithium-ion technology using graphite anodes is unable to significantly improve the overall capacity of the battery given this volume restriction. As a result, automotive OEMs are looking to new chemistries and battery designs.
 
An introduction to lithium metal
This report covers lithium metal batteries, i.e. secondary batteries using lithium-ion chemistry with a lithium metal anode instead of the conventional graphite anode. Cathode and electrolyte vary depending on cell design, but the most popular cathodes are the incumbent NMC and LFP, while electrolytes can be solid, semi-solid or liquid. Lithium metal batteries have been proven to offer energy densities over 800 Wh/L and specific energies of more than 400 Wh/kg, compared with graphite-anode lithium-ion which can only achieve 500 Wh/L and 200 Wh/kg. However, development of lithium metal has been historically challenging as a result of lithium dendrite formation, which causes early degradation and limits cycle life. Efforts have been made to counteract this mechanism, including the development of separators and the introduction of alternative pressure, temperature and charging conditions, however, only in the last few years have cell developers begun to approach commercialization.
 
Cell structure comparison for lithium metal cells vs. incumbent graphite-anode cells. Source: IDTechEx
 
Forecasting
The lithium metal battery forecast covers a ten-year period between 2025 and 2035. This includes major commercialization milestones for solid-state, liquid electrolyte and lithium-sulfur sectors with each of them predicted to achieve vehicle-ready cells by 2035. The forecast methodology utilized primary interviews with major players covering expected commercialization timelines, as well as examining funding trends, manufacturing capacity and studying several addressable markets to determine the significance of lithium metal technology. The report includes breakdowns for each of the three main technology groups by application area, looking at electric vehicles, consumer electronics, drones and aviation/defense.
 
Key Aspects:
This report provides market analysis and insights into the lithium metal battery industry, including three major sub-technologies and 4 application areas. This includes:
 
A review of major challenges facing lithium metal battery development:
  • History of lithium metal as an anode material
  • Supply chain analysis
  • Lithium dendrite discussion
  • Pressure, temperature and charge-discharge protocol optimization
 
Technological analysis across solid-state, liquid electrolyte, anode-less, lithium-sulfur and lithium-air:
  • Review of technology advantages for each battery design
  • Benchmarking and comparison between technology sectors and to graphite anode lithium-ion batteries
  • Commercialization and mass production estimates
  • Review of application markets and the chemistries most suited
 
Market analysis and forecasting:
  • Ten-year forecast for solid-state, liquid electrolyte and lithium-sulfur from 2025-2035
  • Player analysis across different technologies
  • Application market evaluation and size estimates
Report MetricsDetails
Forecast Period2025 - 2035
Forecast UnitsCapacity (GWh), Market value (US$ Billions)
Regions CoveredWorldwide
Segments CoveredSolid-state lithium metal, lithium metal with liquid electrolyte, lithium-sulfur
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1.EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
1.1.The scope of this report
1.2.Who should read this report?
1.3.Research methodology
1.4.Why is the lithium metal battery market interesting?
1.5.Battery anode materials discussion
1.6.Battery anode materials discussion: Silicon
1.7.High energy Li-ion anode technology overview
1.8.The power of lithium metal
1.9.Challenges of lithium metal: Dendrite formation
1.10.Lithium metal: Pressure, temperature and charge-discharge protocols
1.11.Lithium metal: Solutions and additives
1.12.Lithium metal electrolyte choice: Solid-state vs liquid
1.13.Lithium metal cathode choice: NMC, LFP and sulfur
1.14.Lithium metal technology benchmarking
1.15.Lithium metal for electric vehicles
1.16.Lithium metal for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs)
1.17.Lithium metal for consumer electronics
1.18.Lithium metal for satellites (LEO, GEO and Starlink)
1.19.Lithium metal application market conclusions
1.20.Lithium metal development in different regions
1.21.Lithium metal players
1.22.Forecast methodology
1.23.Global lithium metal battery capacity: 2025-2035
1.24.Global lithium metal battery market: 2025-2035
1.25.Lithium metal market proportions for 2035
1.26.Key takeaways for the lithium metal battery market
1.27.Access More With an IDTechEx Subscription
2.LITHIUM METAL ANODES: INTRODUCTION AND PLATING SOLUTIONS
2.1.Anode choices in lithium-ion batteries
2.2.High energy Li-ion anode technology overview
2.3.Lithium metal anodes - early failures
2.4.Understanding energy density
2.5.Lithium plating
2.6.Lithium plating illustration
2.7.The effect of current density on dendrite formation
2.8.Effects of pressure on void formation and lithium plating
2.9.Effects of temperature on void formation and lithium plating
2.10.Charge-discharge asymmetry effects on degradation
2.11.Pressure can lower energy density
2.12.Separator layers
2.13.Mechanical blocking
2.14.Ion transport regulation
2.15.Deposition regulation
2.16.Current collector modification
3.LITHIUM METAL FOIL SUPPLY
3.1.Impact of Li-metal anodes on lithium demand
3.2.Traditional lithium sources
3.3.Direct lithium extraction
3.4.Lithium recycling
3.5.Blue Solutions - recycling chain
3.6.Recycling proposed by Blue Solutions
3.7.Lithium metal recycling from Blue Solutions
3.8.The need for thin and cheap lithium foils
3.9.Alternative methods for foil creation
3.10.Comparison of methods
3.11.Li-S lithium foil production
3.12.Li-metal
3.13.Pure Lithium Corporation
3.14.Pure Lithium's Li-foil electrode production
3.15.Arcadium Lithium - LIOVIX®
3.16.LIOVIX® performance and characteristics
4.LIQUID ELECTROLYTE LITHIUM METAL
4.1.Liquid electrolytes
4.2.SES AI
4.3.SES AI batteries
4.4.SES AI - use of artificial intelligence
4.5.Sion Power
4.6.Sion Power technology
4.7.Sepion Tech
4.8.Feon Energy
4.9.Cuberg/Northvolt
4.10.Liquid electrolyte lithium metal chemistry analysis
5.ANODE-LESS LITHIUM METAL
5.1.Anode-less design
5.2.Anode creation through charging
5.3.A lack of excess - lifetime cycling challenges
5.4.Cathode choice
5.5.Anode-less solid-state batteries
5.6.QuantumScape
5.7.Ensurge MicroPower
5.8.Samsung
5.9.Dual-chemistry battery systems
5.10.ONE - Gemini
5.11.Anode-less lithium metal chemistry analysis
6.SOLID-STATE WITH LITHIUM METAL
6.1.Solid electrolytes
6.2.Classifications of solid-state electrolytes
6.3.Popular solid-state battery cell choices
6.4.History of solid-state batteries
6.5.Solid-state electrolytes
6.6.Requirements for solid-state electrolytes with multifunctions
6.7.Value propositions of solid-state batteries
6.8.Current electrolyte challenges and possible solution
6.9.Solid-state electrolyte chemistry analysis
7.LITHIUM-SULFUR
7.1.Lithium-sulfur batteries: An introduction
7.2.Operating principle of Li-S
7.3.Li-S advantages and use cases
7.4.Polysulfide shuttle
7.5.Alternative electrolytes
7.6.Selective membranes for polysulfide shuttle inhibition
7.7.Cathode swelling forces
7.8.Expansion-tolerant cathode architectures
7.9.Binder-free architectures
7.10.Solutions to Li-S challenges
7.11.NexTech Batteries
7.12.Li-S Energy
7.13.Graphene Batteries AS
7.14.Zeta Energy
7.15.theion
7.16.Lyten
7.17.Gelion
7.18.LG Chem Li-S IP
7.19.Lithium-sulfur companies
7.20.Value proposition of Li-S batteries
7.21.What markets exist for lithium sulphur batteries?
7.22.What markets exist for lithium sulphur batteries?
7.23.Li-S cost structure
7.24.Li-S material intensity
7.25.Li-S cost calculation
7.26.Li-S cost comparisons
7.27.Lithium sulfur chemistry analysis
7.28.Concluding remarks on Li-S
8.LITHIUM-AIR
8.1.Lithium-air batteries: An introduction
8.2.Basic design
8.3.Air vs oxygen
8.4.Pore clogging
8.5.Electrolyte choice
8.6.PolyPlus
8.7.PLE separator
8.8.Polyplus - a note on lithium seawater
8.9.Lithium-seawater batteries for marine applications
8.10.Lithium Air Industries
8.11.IIT/Argonne National Lab
8.12.Lithium air chemistry analysis
8.13.Concluding remarks on lithium-air
9.FORECASTS
9.1.Forecast methodology
9.2.Global capacity of solid-state batteries with lithium metal anodes
9.3.Global market for solid-state batteries with lithium metal anodes
9.4.Global capacity of lithium metal batteries with liquid electrolyte
9.5.Global market for lithium metal batteries with liquid electrolyte
9.6.Global capacity of lithium-sulfur batteries
9.7.Global market for lithium-sulfur batteries
9.8.Global lithium metal battery market: 2025-2035
9.9.Lithium metal market proportions for 2035
9.10.Total global capacity of lithium-metal anode batteries
9.11.Conclusions
10.COMPANY PROFILES
10.1.Company profiles
 

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The lithium metal battery market is expected to exceed US$13 billion by 2035.

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slides 161
Forecasts to 2035
Published Feb 2025
 

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