| 1. | EXECUTIVE SUMMARY |
| 1.1. | Key EV battery materials market takeaways and IDTechEx commentary |
| 1.2. | Drivers and opportunities in the materials for EV batteries market |
| 1.3. | Regional policies in the EV market |
| 1.4. | Challenges for the materials for EV batteries market |
| 1.5. | Global EV sales, 2011 - Q3 2025 |
| 1.6. | Materials considered in this report |
| 1.7. | Global battery chemistry |
| 1.8. | Cathode market share for Li-ion in BEVs (2018-2036) |
| 1.9. | Li-ion performance and technology timeline |
| 1.10. | How does material intensity change? |
| 1.11. | Cathode material demand forecast 2021-2036 (kg) |
| 1.12. | Anode materials |
| 1.13. | The promise of silicon |
| 1.14. | Anode material demand forecast for EVs 2021-2036 (kg) |
| 1.15. | Battery cell material demand forecast for EVs 2021-2036 (kg) |
| 1.16. | Cell format market share |
| 1.17. | Electric car battery manufacturer share by region (GWh) |
| 1.18. | Major challenges in EV battery design overview |
| 1.19. | Methods for materials suppliers to improve sustainability for the OEM |
| 1.20. | Gravimetric energy density and cell-to-pack ratio |
| 1.21. | Passenger cars: Pack energy density trends |
| 1.22. | Cell vs pack energy density |
| 1.23. | Component breakdown of a battery pack |
| 1.24. | Reduction of pack materials (kg/kWh) |
| 1.25. | Thermal conductivity shift |
| 1.26. | Battery thermal management strategy market share |
| 1.27. | Energy density improvements with composites |
| 1.28. | Cure mechanisms for sealants |
| 1.29. | Thermal runaway in cell-to-pack |
| 1.30. | Fire protection materials: Main categories |
| 1.31. | Insulation materials comparison |
| 1.32. | Battery pack material demand forecast for EVs 2021-2036 (kg) |
| 1.33. | Total battery cell and pack materials forecast by material 2021-2036 (kg) |
| 1.34. | Total battery cell and pack materials forecast by vehicle type 2021-2036 (kg) |
| 1.35. | Total battery cell and pack materials market value forecast 2021-2036 (US$) |
| 1.36. | Access More With an IDTechEx Subscription |
| 2. | INTRODUCTION |
| 2.1. | Electric vehicle definitions |
| 2.2. | Drivetrain specifications |
| 2.3. | Global EV sales, 2011 - Q3 2025 |
| 2.4. | Regional snapshot - China |
| 2.5. | Regional snapshot - EU + UK + EFTA |
| 2.6. | Regional snapshot - USA |
| 2.7. | Battery materials for electric vehicles |
| 2.8. | Materials considered in this report |
| 3. | LI-ION BATTERY CHEMISTRY |
| 3.1. | What is a Li-ion battery? |
| 3.2. | Lithium battery chemistries |
| 3.3. | Why lithium? |
| 3.4. | Li-ion cathode benchmark |
| 3.5. | Li-ion anode benchmark |
| 3.6. | Global battery chemistry |
| 3.7. | Electric car battery manufacturer share by region (GWh) |
| 4. | CELL COSTS AND ENERGY DENSITY |
| 4.1. | Energy density by cathode |
| 4.2. | Li-ion performance and technology timeline |
| 4.3. | Impact of CAM prices on cell material costs |
| 4.4. | NMC 811 and LFP sensitivity analyses |
| 4.5. | BEV car battery price forecast |
| 4.6. | Li-ion batteries: Technologies, markets and end of life |
| 5. | MATERIALS FOR LI-ION BATTERY CELLS |
| 5.1. | Active and inactive material intensity by chemistry |
| 5.1.1. | How does material intensity change? |
| 5.1.2. | Inactive material intensities (exc. casings) |
| 5.2. | Raw materials |
| 5.2.1. | The elements used in Li-ion batteries |
| 5.2.2. | The Li-ion supply chain |
| 5.2.3. | Raw material supply a driver for alternative chemistries? |
| 5.3. | Cathode materials |
| 5.3.1. | Li-ion cathode development |
| 5.3.2. | Cathode material intensities |
| 5.3.3. | Cathode material intensities (kg/kWh) |
| 5.3.4. | Cathode market share for Li-ion in BEVs (2018-2036) |
| 5.3.5. | Cathode material demand forecast 2021-2036 (kg) |
| 5.3.6. | Price assumptions |
| 5.3.7. | Critical cathode material value forecast 2021-2036 (US$B) |
| 5.3.8. | Lithium |
| 5.3.9. | Lithium introduction |
| 5.3.10. | Lithium resources by country |
| 5.3.11. | Regional lithium production by source |
| 5.3.12. | Lithium and its uses |
| 5.3.13. | Lithium production by country |
| 5.3.14. | Lithium price volatility in the 2020s |
| 5.3.15. | Lithium production vs demand (kt LCE) 2025-2036 |
| 5.3.16. | Lithium demand forecast for EVs 2021-2036 (kg) |
| 5.3.17. | Cobalt |
| 5.3.18. | Introduction to cobalt |
| 5.3.19. | Where can cobalt be found naturally? |
| 5.3.20. | Cobalt production by country 2020-2024 |
| 5.3.21. | Questionable cobalt mining practice |
| 5.3.22. | Cobalt price trend |
| 5.3.23. | Changing intensity of cobalt in Li-ion |
| 5.3.24. | Cobalt demand forecast for EVs 2021-2036 (kg) |
| 5.3.25. | Nickel |
| 5.3.26. | An overview of nickel |
| 5.3.27. | Where is nickel naturally found? |
| 5.3.28. | Nickel-bearing minerals |
| 5.3.29. | Nickel mining by country |
| 5.3.30. | Nickel demand forecast for EVs 2021-2036 (kg) |
| 5.4. | Anode materials |
| 5.4.1. | Anode materials |
| 5.4.2. | Anode material demand forecast for EVs 2021-2036 (kg) |
| 5.4.3. | Anode material prices |
| 5.4.4. | Anode material market value forecast for EVs 2021-2036 (US$) |
| 5.4.5. | Graphite |
| 5.4.6. | Introduction to graphite |
| 5.4.7. | Synthetic vs natural graphite overview |
| 5.4.8. | Graphite intensity by battery chemistry |
| 5.4.9. | Graphite anode sales volume by region |
| 5.4.10. | Graphite demand forecast for EVs 2021-2036 (kg) |
| 5.4.11. | Silicon |
| 5.4.12. | The promise of silicon |
| 5.4.13. | Value proposition of silicon anodes |
| 5.4.14. | The challenges of silicon anode material |
| 5.4.15. | Cell energy density increases with silicon content |
| 5.4.16. | Commercial silicon anode market |
| 5.4.17. | Current silicon use |
| 5.4.18. | Silicon and LFP |
| 5.4.19. | Silicon demand forecast for EVs 2021-2036 (kg) |
| 5.5. | Electrolytes, separators, binders, and conductive additives |
| 5.5.1. | What is in a cell? |
| 5.5.2. | Introduction to Li-ion electrolytes |
| 5.5.3. | Developments in Li-ion electrolytes |
| 5.5.4. | Electrolyte market by region |
| 5.5.5. | Introduction to separators |
| 5.5.6. | Polyolefin separators |
| 5.5.7. | Binders |
| 5.5.8. | Binders - aqueous vs non-aqueous |
| 5.5.9. | Why do Li-ion batteries need additives? |
| 5.5.10. | Conductive agents |
| 5.5.11. | Current collectors in a Li-ion battery cell |
| 5.5.12. | Current collector materials |
| 5.6. | Total battery cell materials forecast |
| 5.6.1. | Battery cell material demand forecast for EVs 2021-2036 (kg) |
| 5.6.2. | Battery cell material market value forecast for EVs 2021-2036 (US$) |
| 6. | CELL AND PACK DESIGN |
| 6.1. | Cell types and challenges |
| 6.1.1. | Cell types |
| 6.1.2. | Cell format market share |
| 6.1.3. | Li-ion batteries: From cell to pack |
| 6.1.4. | Pack design |
| 6.1.5. | Shifts in cell and pack design |
| 6.1.6. | Major challenges in EV battery design overview |
| 6.2. | Cell-to-pack, cell-to-chassis and Large Cell Formats: Designs and Announcements |
| 6.2.1. | Modular pack designs |
| 6.2.2. | What is cell-to-pack? |
| 6.2.3. | Drivers and challenges for cell-to-pack |
| 6.2.4. | What is cell-to-chassis/body? |
| 6.2.5. | Servicing/repair and recyclability |
| 6.2.6. | EU regulations and recyclability |
| 6.2.7. | Methods for materials suppliers to improve sustainability for the OEM |
| 6.2.8. | BYD blade cell-to-pack |
| 6.2.9. | BYD cell-to-body |
| 6.2.10. | CATL cell-to-pack |
| 6.2.11. | CATL CTP 3.0 |
| 6.2.12. | CATL cell-to-chassis |
| 6.2.13. | GM Ultium |
| 6.2.14. | Leapmotor cell-to-chassis |
| 6.2.15. | LG removing the module |
| 6.2.16. | MG cell-to-pack |
| 6.2.17. | Nio hybrid chemistry cell-to-pack |
| 6.2.18. | Our Next Energy: Aries |
| 6.2.19. | Stellantis cell-to-pack |
| 6.2.20. | SVOLT - Dragon Armor Battery |
| 6.2.21. | SK On - S-Pack |
| 6.2.22. | Tesla cell-to-body |
| 6.2.23. | VW cell-to-pack |
| 6.2.24. | Cell-to-pack and cell-to-body designs summary |
| 6.2.25. | Gravimetric energy density and cell-to-pack ratio |
| 6.2.26. | Volumetric energy density and cell-to-pack ratio |
| 6.2.27. | Outlook for cell-to-pack & cell-to-body designs |
| 6.2.28. | Electrode-to-pack |
| 6.3. | Energy density and material utilization |
| 6.3.1. | Passenger cars: Pack energy density (361 models) |
| 6.3.2. | Passenger cars: Pack energy density trends |
| 6.3.3. | Passenger cars: Cell energy density trends |
| 6.3.4. | Cell vs pack energy density |
| 6.3.5. | Cell and pack energy density forecast 2021-2036 (Wh/kg) |
| 6.3.6. | Component breakdown of a battery pack |
| 6.3.7. | Reduction of pack materials (kg/kWh) |
| 7. | PACK COMPONENTS |
| 7.1. | Thermal interface materials for EV battery packs |
| 7.1.1. | Introduction to thermal interface materials for EVs |
| 7.1.2. | TIM pack and module overview |
| 7.1.3. | TIM application - pack and modules |
| 7.1.4. | TIM application by cell format |
| 7.1.5. | Key properties for TIMs in EVs |
| 7.1.6. | Gap pads in EV batteries |
| 7.1.7. | Switching to gap fillers from pads |
| 7.1.8. | Dispensing TIMs introduction and challenges |
| 7.1.9. | Challenges for dispensing TIM |
| 7.1.10. | Thermally conductive adhesives in EV batteries |
| 7.1.11. | Material options and market comparison |
| 7.1.12. | TIM chemistry comparison |
| 7.1.13. | Gap filler to thermally conductive adhesives |
| 7.1.14. | Thermal conductivity shift |
| 7.1.15. | TCA requirements |
| 7.1.16. | TIM demand per vehicle |
| 7.1.17. | TIM forecast for EV batteries 2021-2036 (ktpa) |
| 7.1.18. | Other applications for TIMs |
| 7.2. | Cold plates and coolant hoses |
| 7.2.1. | Thermal system architecture |
| 7.2.2. | Coolant fluids in EVs |
| 7.2.3. | Introduction to EV battery thermal management |
| 7.2.4. | Battery thermal management strategy by OEM |
| 7.2.5. | Battery thermal management strategy market share |
| 7.2.6. | Thermal management in cell-to-pack designs |
| 7.2.7. | Inter-cell heat spreaders or cooling plates |
| 7.2.8. | Advanced cold plate design |
| 7.2.9. | Roll bond aluminium cold plates |
| 7.2.10. | Examples of cold plate design |
| 7.2.11. | Erbslöh Aluminum |
| 7.2.12. | Polymer heat exchangers? |
| 7.2.13. | Graphite heat spreaders |
| 7.2.14. | Integrating the cold plate into the enclosure |
| 7.2.15. | Cold plate suppliers (1) |
| 7.2.16. | Cold plate suppliers (2) |
| 7.2.17. | Cold plate suppliers (3) |
| 7.2.18. | Coolant hoses for EVs |
| 7.2.19. | Coolant hose material |
| 7.2.20. | Differences between ICE and EV thermal systems |
| 7.2.21. | Alternate hose materials (1) |
| 7.2.22. | Alternate hose materials (2) |
| 7.2.23. | Alternate hose materials (3) |
| 7.2.24. | Alternate hose materials (4) |
| 7.2.25. | Alternate hose materials (5) |
| 7.2.26. | Thermal management component mass forecast 2021-2036 (kg) |
| 7.3. | Battery enclosures |
| 7.3.1. | Battery enclosure materials and competition |
| 7.3.2. | From steel to aluminium |
| 7.3.3. | Reducing weight further with aluminum |
| 7.3.4. | Towards composite enclosures? |
| 7.3.5. | Composite enclosure EV examples (1) |
| 7.3.6. | Composite enclosure EV examples (2) |
| 7.3.7. | Projects for composite enclosure development (1) |
| 7.3.8. | Projects for composite enclosure development (2) |
| 7.3.9. | Alternatives to phenolic resins |
| 7.3.10. | Are polymers suitable housings? |
| 7.3.11. | Envalior - plastic enclosure for HV battery |
| 7.3.12. | Plastic intensive battery pack from SABIC |
| 7.3.13. | Polymers replacing metals |
| 7.3.14. | SMC vs RTM/LCM |
| 7.3.15. | SMC for battery trays and lids - LyondellBasell |
| 7.3.16. | Advanced composites for battery enclosures - INEOS composites |
| 7.3.17. | Polyamide 6-based enclosure |
| 7.3.18. | Continental structural plastics - honeycomb technology |
| 7.3.19. | Composite parts - TRB lightweight structures |
| 7.3.20. | Composites with fire protection |
| 7.3.21. | Autoneum - impact protection plate |
| 7.3.22. | Other composite enclosure material suppliers (1) |
| 7.3.23. | Other composite enclosure material suppliers (2) |
| 7.3.24. | COOLBat lightweight battery enclosures |
| 7.3.25. | EMI shielding for composite enclosures |
| 7.3.26. | Challenges with structural batteries |
| 7.3.27. | Adding fire protection to composite parts |
| 7.3.28. | Metal foams for battery enclosures? |
| 7.3.29. | Battery enclosure materials summary |
| 7.3.30. | Energy density improvements with composites |
| 7.3.31. | Cost effectiveness of composite enclosures |
| 7.3.32. | Battery enclosure material forecasts 2021-2036 (kg) |
| 7.4. | Pack sealants |
| 7.4.1. | How to seal an EV battery enclosure |
| 7.4.2. | Challenges with sealing EV batteries |
| 7.4.3. | Cure mechanisms for sealants |
| 7.4.4. | Determining the sealing approach |
| 7.4.5. | A variety of dispensed materials available |
| 7.4.6. | Players and materials |
| 7.4.7. | Properties of battery sealants |
| 7.4.8. | Injection molded battery seals |
| 7.4.9. | Tapes for battery sealing |
| 7.4.10. | Other areas for battery sealants (cold plate integration) |
| 7.4.11. | Other areas for battery sealants (Tesla Structural Pack) |
| 7.4.12. | Sealant quantity per vehicle |
| 7.4.13. | EV battery sealants forecast 2021-2036 (kg) |
| 7.5. | Fire protection materials |
| 7.5.1. | Thermal runaway and fires in EVs |
| 7.5.2. | Battery fires and related recalls (automotive) |
| 7.5.3. | Automotive fire incidents: OEMs and situations |
| 7.5.4. | EV fires compared to ICEs (1) |
| 7.5.5. | EV fires compared to ICEs (2) |
| 7.5.6. | Issues with EV and ICE fire comparisons |
| 7.5.7. | Severity of EV fires |
| 7.5.8. | EV Fires: When do they happen? |
| 7.5.9. | Regulatory background |
| 7.5.10. | What are fire protection materials? |
| 7.5.11. | Thermal runaway in cell-to-pack |
| 7.5.12. | Thermally conductive or thermally insulating? |
| 7.5.13. | Fire protection materials: Main categories |
| 7.5.14. | Material comparison |
| 7.5.15. | Density vs thermal conductivity - thermally insulating |
| 7.5.16. | Density vs thermal conductivity - cylindrical cell systems |
| 7.5.17. | Material market shares 2024 |
| 7.5.18. | Fire protection materials forecast 2021-2036 (kg) |
| 7.5.19. | Fire protection materials |
| 7.6. | Compression pads/foams |
| 7.6.1. | Compression pads/foams |
| 7.6.2. | Polyurethane compression pads |
| 7.6.3. | Asahi Kasei |
| 7.6.4. | Freudenberg Sealing Technology |
| 7.6.5. | Rogers compression pads |
| 7.6.6. | Compression and fire protection (1) |
| 7.6.7. | Compression and fire protection (2) |
| 7.6.8. | Saint-Gobain |
| 7.6.9. | Saint-Gobain |
| 7.6.10. | Example use in EVs: Ford Mustang Mach-E |
| 7.6.11. | Compression pads/foams forecast 2021-2036 (kg) |
| 7.7. | Cell electrical insulation |
| 7.7.1. | Inter-cell electrical isolation |
| 7.7.2. | Films for electrical insulation |
| 7.7.3. | Avery Dennison - tapes for batteries |
| 7.7.4. | Dielectric coatings |
| 7.7.5. | Insulation materials comparison |
| 7.7.6. | Insulating cell-to-cell foams |
| 7.7.7. | Inter-cell electric insulation forecast 2021-2036 (kg) |
| 7.8. | Electrical interconnects and insulation |
| 7.8.1. | Introduction to battery interconnects |
| 7.8.2. | Aluminum vs copper for interconnects |
| 7.8.3. | Busbar insulation materials |
| 7.8.4. | Tesla Model S P85D |
| 7.8.5. | Nissan Leaf 24kWh: Cell connection |
| 7.8.6. | Nissan Leaf 24kWh |
| 7.8.7. | BMW i3 94Ah |
| 7.8.8. | Hyundai E-GMP |
| 7.8.9. | VW ID4 |
| 7.8.10. | Tesla 4680 |
| 7.8.11. | Material quantity in battery interconnects: Kg/kWh summary |
| 7.8.12. | Electrical interconnects: Aluminum, copper, and insulation forecast 2021-2036 (kg) |
| 7.9. | Battery pack materials forecasts |
| 7.9.1. | Battery pack material demand forecast for EVs 2021-2036 (kg) |
| 7.9.2. | Battery pack materials price assumptions |
| 7.9.3. | Battery pack material market value forecast for EVs 2021-2036 (US$) |
| 8. | BATTERY MATERIAL/STRUCTURE EXAMPLES |
| 8.1. | Examples: Automotive |
| 8.1.1. | Audi e-tron |
| 8.1.2. | Audi e-tron GT |
| 8.1.3. | BMW i3 |
| 8.1.4. | BYD Blade |
| 8.1.5. | CATL CTP 3.0 |
| 8.1.6. | Chevrolet Bolt |
| 8.1.7. | Faraday Future FF91 |
| 8.1.8. | Ford Mustang Mach-E/Transit/F150 battery |
| 8.1.9. | Honda 0 Series |
| 8.1.10. | Hyundai Kona |
| 8.1.11. | Hyundai E-GMP |
| 8.1.12. | Jaguar I-PACE |
| 8.1.13. | Kia EV9 (GMP) |
| 8.1.14. | Mercedes EQS |
| 8.1.15. | MG ZS EV |
| 8.1.16. | MG Cell-to-pack |
| 8.1.17. | Porsche Taycan |
| 8.1.18. | Rimac Technology |
| 8.1.19. | Rivian R1T |
| 8.1.20. | Tesla Model 3/Y Cylindrical NCA |
| 8.1.21. | Tesla Model 3/Y Prismatic LFP |
| 8.1.22. | Tesla Model S P85D |
| 8.1.23. | Tesla Model S Plaid |
| 8.1.24. | Tesla 4680 Pack |
| 8.1.25. | Tesla Cybertruck |
| 8.1.26. | Toyota Prius PHEV |
| 8.1.27. | Toyota RAV4 PHEV |
| 8.1.28. | VW MEB Platform |
| 8.2. | Examples: Heavy duty, commercial vehicles, and other vehicles |
| 8.2.1. | Akasol (BorgWarner) |
| 8.2.2. | MAN BatteryPack |
| 8.2.3. | Microvast & REE |
| 8.2.4. | John Deere (Kreisel) |
| 8.2.5. | Romeo Power |
| 8.2.6. | Superbike Battery Holder |
| 8.2.7. | Vertical Aerospace |
| 8.2.8. | Voltabox |
| 8.2.9. | Xerotech |
| 8.2.10. | XING Mobility |
| 8.2.11. | XING Mobility Cell-to-pack and Cell-to-chassis |
| 9. | FORECASTS AND ASSUMPTIONS |
| 9.1. | Materials for EV cells and packs: Forecast coverage |
| 9.2. | Materials considered in this report |
| 9.3. | EV materials forecast: Methodology & assumptions |
| 9.4. | IDTechEx model database |
| 9.5. | Average battery capacity forecast: Car, 2W, 3W, microcar, bus, van, and truck |
| 9.6. | EV battery demand market share forecast (GWh) |
| 9.7. | Global battery chemistry |
| 9.8. | Cathode market share for Li-ion in BEVs (2018-2036) |
| 9.9. | Cathode material demand forecast 2021-2036 (kg) |
| 9.10. | Price assumptions |
| 9.11. | Critical cathode material value forecast 2020-2036 (US$B) |
| 9.12. | Anode material demand forecast for EVs 2021-2036 (kg) |
| 9.13. | Anode material prices |
| 9.14. | Anode material market value forecast for EVs 2021-2036 (US$) |
| 9.15. | Battery cell material demand forecast for EVs 2021-2036 (kg) |
| 9.16. | Battery cell material market value forecast for EVs 2021-2036 (US$) |
| 9.17. | Battery pack material demand forecast for EVs 2021-2036 (kg) |
| 9.18. | Battery pack materials price assumptions |
| 9.19. | Battery pack material market value forecast for EVs 2021-2036 (US$) |
| 9.20. | Total battery cell and pack materials forecast by material 2021-2036 (kg) |
| 9.21. | Total battery cell and pack materials forecast by vehicle type 2021-2036 (kg) |
| 9.22. | Total battery cell and pack materials market value forecast 2021-2036 (US$) |
| 10. | COMPANY PROFILES |
| 10.1. | Aerogel Core Ltd |
| 10.2. | Ampcera |
| 10.3. | Asahi Kasei: Fire Protection for Electric Vehicle Batteries |
| 10.4. | Beam Global (AllCell) |
| 10.5. | CFP Composites |
| 10.6. | Denka: Fire Protection Materials for Electric Vehicle Batteries |
| 10.7. | DuPont: Thermal Materials for Future Battery Designs |
| 10.8. | Elven Technologies |
| 10.9. | Freudenberg Sealing Technologies: EV Inter-Cell Fire Protection |
| 10.10. | FTI Group: Fire Protection for Electric Vehicles |
| 10.11. | LG Chem |
| 10.12. | Lubrizol: Immersion Fluids for Batteries |
| 10.13. | MAHLE: M3x Battery Pack |
| 10.14. | Mitsubishi Chemical Group: Phase Change Materials |
| 10.15. | Parker: Electric Vehicle Battery Materials |
| 10.16. | Rogers Corporation: Compression Pads With Fire Protection |
| 10.17. | SABIC: Electric Vehicle Battery Thermal Barriers |
| 10.18. | Saint-Gobain: Inter-cell fire protection foams |
| 10.19. | SK Enmove: Next Gen Refrigerants |
| 10.20. | XING Mobility |