| 1. | EXECUTIVE SUMMARY |
| 1.1. | Pain Points and Trends of Humanoid Robots in 2026 |
| 1.2. | Choice of components - cost-efficiency is the key? |
| 1.3. | Component trend - modularity, efficient materials, and power efficiency |
| 1.4. | Trend: Cost Reduction Through Volume Scaling and Task Specialization |
| 1.5. | Summary of humanoid robots |
| 1.6. | Maturity of commercialization of humanoid robots by application |
| 1.7. | Summary of critical components in humanoid robots |
| 1.8. | Actuator - technical comparison and challenges |
| 1.9. | Summary of motors in 2026 |
| 1.10. | Benchmarking reducers |
| 1.11. | 3D visual systems to sense surroundings |
| 1.12. | Benchmarking tactile sensors by technology |
| 1.13. | Cost analysis by component |
| 1.14. | Summary of software and functions |
| 1.15. | Humanoids market by country and primary use-case |
| 1.16. | Benefits and challenges of humanoid robots in the logistics industry |
| 1.17. | Estimated timeline of tasks handled by humanoid robots in the logistics industry |
| 1.18. | Humanoid robot tasks in the automotive industry: Near established vs emerging applications |
| 1.19. | Ambitious goals of humanoids deployment from BYD and Tesla |
| 1.20. | Technical Challenges for Humanoid Robots in the Automotive Industry |
| 1.21. | Commercial and regulatory challenges for humanoids in automotive industry |
| 1.22. | Market size and volume forecast of humanoid robots in the automotive, logistics and Home-use industry |
| 1.23. | Battery capacity (MWh) forecast for humanoid robots used for industries: 2026-2036 |
| 1.24. | Humanoid robot hardware component volume forecast: 2026-2036 |
| 1.25. | Humanoid robot hardware component market size forecast: 2026-2036 |
| 2. | INTRODUCTION |
| 2.1. | Humanoid Robotics Overview |
| 2.2. | Why humanoid robots and what is the difference between humanoid robots and specialized robots? |
| 2.3. | What is accelerating the adoption of humanoid robots? |
| 2.4. | What is holding back the adoption of humanoid robots? |
| 2.5. | What is Industry 5.0? |
| 2.6. | Over Long-Term Ambitions for Humanoid Robots — Context from Elon Musk and Tesla |
| 2.7. | A fast-growing humanoid robotics industry |
| 2.8. | Leading players enter the space of humanoid robotics |
| 2.9. | Cosmos and Nvidia's Isaac GR00T |
| 2.10. | Synergies between automotive industry and humanoid robotics industry |
| 2.11. | Cost analysis - Optimus (1/2) |
| 2.12. | Cost analysis - Optimus (2/2) |
| 2.13. | Partnerships and adoption |
| 3. | MAJOR CUSTOMERS AND USE CASES |
| 3.1. | Overview |
| 3.1.1. | Sectors that most likely to adopt humanoid robot (1/2) |
| 3.1.2. | Sectors that most likely to adopt humanoid robot (2/2) |
| 3.1.3. | Humanoids market by country and primary use-case |
| 3.1.4. | Maturity of commercialization of humanoid robots by application |
| 3.1.5. | Summary of humanoid robots (1/3) |
| 3.1.6. | Summary of humanoid robots (2/3) |
| 3.1.7. | Summary of humanoid robots (3/3) |
| 3.2. | Automotive industry |
| 3.2.1. | Automotive industry - collaborations (1/3) |
| 3.2.2. | Automotive industry - collaborations (2/3) |
| 3.2.3. | Automotive industry - collaborations (3/3) |
| 3.2.4. | Humanoid robots and automotive OEMs (1/2) |
| 3.2.5. | Humanoid robots and automotive OEMs (2/2) |
| 3.2.6. | Tasks of humanoid robots in automotive industry |
| 3.2.7. | Automotive - UBTech's humanoids used for materials handling at BYD |
| 3.2.8. | Automotive - Nio uses UBTech's humanoid doing pilot operation at factories |
| 3.2.9. | Zeekr also followed Nio to deploy UBTech's humanoids in their factories |
| 3.2.10. | Figure AI's Figure 02 works with BMW |
| 3.2.11. | Apptronik's Apollo with Mercedes-Benz |
| 3.2.12. | Humanoid Robot Tasks in the Automotive Industry: Near Established vs. Emerging Applications |
| 3.2.13. | Ambitious goals of humanoids deployment from BYD and Tesla |
| 3.2.14. | Technical Challenges for Humanoid Robots in the Automotive Industry |
| 3.2.15. | Commercial and regulatory challenges for humanoids in automotive industry |
| 3.2.16. | Opportunities for humanoids in automotive industry |
| 3.3. | Logistics industry |
| 3.3.1. | Overview of humanoid robots in the logistics industry (1) |
| 3.3.2. | Overview of humanoid robots in the logistics industry (2) |
| 3.3.3. | Benefits and challenges of humanoid robots in the logistics industry |
| 3.3.4. | Agility Robotics - Leading Humanoid Robot Player in the Logistics Industry |
| 3.3.5. | Cooperative area for humanoid robots used in warehouses - safety challenge |
| 3.3.6. | BYD - UBTech's last mile delivery with humanoid robots |
| 3.3.7. | GXO and Apptronik |
| 3.3.8. | Figure's Helix: Humanoid Robotics in Logistics |
| 3.3.9. | Humanoid × Siemens: Wheeled Humanoid Robots Validated in Industrial Logistics Operations |
| 3.3.10. | Estimated timeline of tasks handled by humanoid robots in the logistics industry |
| 3.4. | News and players involved in humanoid's robotics industry |
| 3.4.1. | Meta getting into humanoid robotics |
| 3.4.2. | Figure AI: What Has Been Demonstrated in Home-Like Environments |
| 3.4.3. | Nvidia's Humanoid Robot Technologies |
| 3.4.4. | Cosmos and Nvidia's Isaac GR00T |
| 3.4.5. | Apptronik raised US$350 million in series A funding |
| 4. | DESIGN, MANUFACTURING, AND COMMERCIAL CHALLENGES |
| 4.1. | Summary of challenges |
| 4.1.1. | Design and manufacturing challenges (1/3) - Summary |
| 4.1.2. | Design and manufacturing challenges (2/3) - Summary |
| 4.1.3. | Design and manufacturing challenges (3/3) - Summary |
| 4.1.4. | Commercial and social barriers for adopting humanoid robots |
| 4.1.5. | Challenges around humanoid robot integration |
| 4.1.6. | UniTree |
| 4.1.7. | Manus - MetaGloves for Hand-Tracking for Motion Capture |
| 4.2. | Design and manufacturing challenges |
| 4.2.1. | Design and manufacturing challenges - actuators (motors + reducers) |
| 4.2.2. | Design and manufacturing challenges - reducers |
| 4.2.3. | Design and manufacturing challenges - motors and thermal management (1/2) |
| 4.2.4. | Design and manufacturing challenges - motors and thermal management (2/2) |
| 4.2.5. | Design and manufacturing challenges - batteries and cooling |
| 4.2.6. | Design, manufacturing, and commercial challenges - tactile sensors |
| 4.3. | Regulatory and commercial challenges |
| 4.3.1. | Concerns: Safety, regulation, and data privacy |
| 4.3.2. | How to work around safety and regulatory requirement - cooperative space for industrial settings |
| 4.3.3. | Lack of enough evidence to prove the return on investment |
| 4.3.4. | Regional regulations for humanoid robots |
| 4.3.5. | Regional regulations for humanoid robots |
| 4.3.6. | Regional regulations for humanoid robots |
| 4.3.7. | Regional regulations for humanoid robots |
| 4.3.8. | Regional regulations for humanoid robots - Other key jurisdictions |
| 4.3.9. | Regulatory implications for humanoid robot deployment timelines |
| 5. | COMPONENT LEVEL ANALYSIS |
| 5.1. | Overview |
| 5.1.1. | Component summary of humanoid models |
| 5.1.2. | Summary of critical components in humanoid robots |
| 5.1.3. | Cost analysis by component |
| 5.1.4. | Component overview - Tesla Optimus |
| 5.2. | Actuators Overview |
| 5.2.1. | Actuators - introduction |
| 5.2.2. | Actuators - componentry level split |
| 5.2.3. | Actuators categorization: Linear and rotary |
| 5.2.4. | Linear and rotary actuators and their pros and cons |
| 5.2.5. | Linear and rotary actuators and their applications in humanoids' joints |
| 5.2.6. | Actuator categorization: Electric, pneumatic and hydraulic |
| 5.2.7. | Actuator - technical comparison and challenges |
| 5.2.8. | Actuation: Direct drive or geared setting? |
| 5.3. | Motors |
| 5.3.1. | Electric motors are getting increasingly popular |
| 5.3.2. | A summary of motors for different humanoid robotics companies |
| 5.3.3. | Direct drive motors - frameless motors |
| 5.3.4. | Frameless motors - can be used for direct drive actuator or geared actuation |
| 5.3.5. | Brushed/Brushless motors |
| 5.3.6. | Coreless motors |
| 5.3.7. | Benefits and drawbacks of coreless motors |
| 5.3.8. | Motors - housing and casing: Current and emerging materials |
| 5.3.9. | Surface Processing for BLDC Motor Housings |
| 5.3.10. | Summary of motors in 2026 |
| 5.3.11. | Use case: Tesla Optimus motors |
| 5.4. | Reducers |
| 5.4.1. | Reducer Overview: Harmonic, Planetary, and RV Reducers |
| 5.4.2. | Benchmarking Reducers (1/2) |
| 5.4.3. | Benchmarking reducers (2/2) |
| 5.4.4. | Harmonic reducer |
| 5.4.5. | Design, manufacturing and material challenges of harmonic reducers |
| 5.4.6. | RV Reducer |
| 5.4.7. | Design, manufacturing and material challenges of RV reducers |
| 5.4.8. | Planetary reducer |
| 5.4.9. | Thermal management challenges of planetary reducers |
| 5.4.10. | Design and manufacturing challenges of planetary reducers |
| 5.4.11. | Use cases: Tesla Optimus |
| 5.5. | Screws |
| 5.5.1. | Introduction to different types of screws |
| 5.5.2. | Ball screws - component and technical analysis (1/2) |
| 5.5.3. | Ball screws - component and technical analysis (2/2) |
| 5.5.4. | Planetary roller screws - introduction and key components |
| 5.5.5. | Planetary roller screws benefits and drawbacks |
| 5.5.6. | Challenge of planetary roller screws: Manufacturing with high quality at large scale |
| 5.5.7. | Material considerations of planetary roller screws |
| 5.5.8. | Surface coating and treatment components |
| 5.5.9. | Heat Treatment of Metal Components |
| 5.5.10. | Tesla Optimus: Roller screws and ball screws |
| 5.5.11. | Example materials for humanoid robots' transmission systems |
| 5.5.12. | Future trend of screws for heavy-duty tasks |
| 5.6. | Bearing |
| 5.6.1. | Introduction to bearings |
| 5.6.2. | Categorization of bearings |
| 5.6.3. | Comparison of ball bearing and roller bearing |
| 5.6.4. | Structural components and skin covering materials |
| 5.6.5. | Summary |
| 5.6.6. | Overview of bill of materials - frames, joints and surfaces for humanoids |
| 5.6.7. | Comparison of key materials and surface treatments for humanoid robot frames and joints (1/2) |
| 5.6.8. | Comparison of key materials and surface treatments for humanoid robot frames and joints (2/2) |
| 5.6.9. | Magnesium versus Aluminum alloy |
| 5.6.10. | Humanoids Skeleton Technical Requirements - Lightweight Metal Structural Materials - Magnesium |
| 5.6.11. | Challenges of Using Magnesium Alloy as Structural Materials - Surface Treatment |
| 5.6.12. | Skins for humanoids |
| 5.6.13. | 1X Robotics - PA66 as the Skin Material |
| 5.6.14. | XPeng - IRON - FAM |
| 5.6.15. | Surface treatment for humanoid shell and frame materials |
| 5.6.16. | Bill of materials (BOM) for different humanoid components (1/2) |
| 5.6.17. | Bill of materials (BOM) for different humanoid components (2/2) |
| 5.7. | Sensors - cameras, LiDAR, radar, and ultrasonic sensors |
| 5.7.1. | 3D visual systems to sense the surroundings |
| 5.7.2. | Use Case: UBTech's Walker S1 with multi-cameras |
| 5.7.3. | Use Case: UBTech's Walker X with multi-cameras and ultrasonic sensors |
| 5.7.4. | Use Case: Boston Dynamics - LiDAR, depth sensor and RGB camera |
| 5.7.5. | Pure Camera or LiDAR + Camera Solution? |
| 5.7.6. | Outlook: Cameras and LiDAR in humanoid robots |
| 5.7.7. | Comparison of LiDAR, cameras, and 1D/3D ultrasonic sensors |
| 5.7.8. | Comparisons of LiDAR, camera & ultrasonic sensors - (1) |
| 5.7.9. | Comparisons of LiDAR, camera & ultrasonic sensors - (2) |
| 5.7.10. | LiDAR costs and technical analysis for uses in humanoid robots |
| 5.7.11. | Necessity and categorization of LiDAR in humanoids |
| 5.7.12. | LiDAR cost breakdown and scanning methods |
| 5.7.13. | mmWave Radar |
| 5.8. | Tactile Sensors |
| 5.8.1. | Tactile sensors - introduction to the technologies behind the sensors |
| 5.8.2. | Tactile sensors - high value components for humanoid robotics |
| 5.8.3. | Benchmarking tactile sensors by technology |
| 5.8.4. | Use Case: Tactile Sensors into Sanctuary.AI's Phoenix General Purpose Robots |
| 5.8.5. | Use Case: 6D Tactile/Force Sensors into Tesla's Optimus |
| 5.8.6. | Paxini - Tactile sensors for humanoid robot fingers |
| 5.8.7. | Comparison of Paxini's tactile sensors with traditional tactile sensors |
| 5.8.8. | Unitree uses Nexdor and Hanwei's tactile sensors |
| 5.8.9. | Gelsight - Digit: camera-based tactile sensor for hands |
| 5.8.10. | Flexible tactile is the trend, however, technical and material challenges remain |
| 5.8.11. | Tactile sensing on hands and feet |
| 5.8.12. | Tactile sensing and e-skins on body |
| 5.8.13. | Challenges of tactile sensors and electronic skins |
| 5.8.14. | Summary of tactile sensors in 2026 |
| 5.9. | Software, AI and Chips |
| 5.9.1. | AI hardware and software introduction |
| 5.9.2. | Summary of software and functions |
| 5.9.3. | Software - Simulation/training environments and perception/sensing |
| 5.9.4. | Software - motion planning and control |
| 5.9.5. | Software - foundation model |
| 5.9.6. | Lack of training data - pain points of AI - synthetic data generation |
| 5.9.7. | Nvidia Isaac GR00T - synthetic data generation |
| 5.9.8. | Multi-contact planning and control for humanoid robots |
| 5.10. | Batteries and power electronics for charging |
| 5.10.1. | Humanoid's batteries parameters comparison |
| 5.10.2. | Challenges of batteries in 2026 |
| 5.10.3. | Limited battery endurance - fast charging or battery swapping - thermal management challenges and potential solutions |
| 5.10.4. | Battery Chemistry |
| 5.10.5. | Swappable battery that runs for four hours continuously |
| 5.10.6. | Design and manufacturing challenges - batteries and cooling |
| 5.10.7. | Outlook for batteries in humanoids in 2026 |
| 5.10.8. | Battery capacity per humanoid robot for industrial applications forecast: 2025-2045 |
| 5.11. | High-performance materials |
| 5.11.1. | Shape-Memory Alloys (SMAs) and Low-Melting-Point Alloys (LMPAs) |
| 5.11.2. | Magnesium alloy - trend towards lightweight humanoid robot |
| 5.11.3. | Technical challenges of magnesium alloy and Honda's ASIMO |
| 5.11.4. | PEEK - costs and technical properties |
| 5.11.5. | Applications of PEEK in humanoid robot components |
| 5.11.6. | Challenges and market outlook for PEEK in humanoid robots (1) |
| 5.11.7. | Challenges and market outlook for PEEK in humanoid robots (2) |
| 5.11.8. | Commercial PEEK materials that can be used for humanoids |
| 5.11.9. | Material performance comparison of PEEK, aluminum and magnesium alloy |
| 5.11.10. | NdFeB - rare earth permanent magnets |
| 5.11.11. | Rare earth metals are commonly used in electric vehicles, leading to supply chain synergies to humanoid robotics industry |
| 5.11.12. | Ultra High Molecular Weight Polyethylene (UHMWPE) |
| 5.11.13. | Steel materials for humanoid robots - estimated gravimetric requirement per type of material for Optimus |
| 5.11.14. | Summary of material preference for humanoid robot |
| 5.12. | Arm Effectors |
| 5.12.1. | Key points of humanoid's arm effectors |
| 5.12.2. | Hot swappable arm effectors |
| 5.12.3. | Technical barriers of humanoid hands in 2026 |
| 5.12.4. | Dexterous Hand: Core Functions and Technical Pathways |
| 5.12.5. | Actuation methods of humanoid hands |
| 5.12.6. | Coreless DC Motors-The "Engine" Behind Dexterous Hands |
| 5.12.7. | Competitive Landscape of Coreless DC Motors for Dexterous Hands |
| 5.12.8. | Optical Encoders: Enabling Precision and Stability in Dexterous Hands |
| 5.12.9. | Optical Disc Encoder Competitive Landscape |
| 5.12.10. | Cooling |
| 5.12.11. | Thermal Challenges of Humanoid Robots |
| 5.12.12. | Overview of Cooling for Humanoid Robots |
| 5.12.13. | Actuator: Micro-Cooling Channels on the Housing |
| 5.12.14. | Air Cooling Humanoid Robot Joints |
| 5.12.15. | Liquid Cooling in Humanoid Robots |
| 5.12.16. | Summary of Cooling Use Cases (1/2) |
| 5.12.17. | Summary of Cooling Use Cases (2/2) |
| 6. | MARKET FORECASTS AND FUTURE TRENDS |
| 6.1.1. | Volume forecast of humanoid robots in the automotive industry: 2026-2036 |
| 6.1.2. | Market size forecast of humanoid robots in the automotive industry: 2026-2036 |
| 6.1.3. | Volume forecast of humanoid robots in the logistics and warehousing industry: 2026-2036 |
| 6.1.4. | Market size forecast of humanoid robots in the logistics and warehousing industry: 2026-2036 |
| 6.1.5. | Humanoid robots in the Home-use industry: 2026-2036 |
| 6.1.6. | Cost forecast of humanoid robots: 2026-2036 |
| 6.1.7. | Battery capacity (MWh) forecast for humanoid robots used for industries: 2026-2036 |
| 6.1.8. | Humanoid robot hardware component volume forecast: 2026-2036 |
| 6.1.9. | Humanoid robot hardware component market size forecast: 2026-2036 |
| 7. | COMPANY PROFILES |
| 7.1. | AgiBot |
| 7.2. | Agility Robotics |
| 7.3. | Beijing Humanoid Robotics Innovation Center |
| 7.4. | Epoch Robotics |
| 7.5. | Fourier Robotics |
| 7.6. | IntBot |
| 7.7. | Keenon Robotics |
| 7.8. | Magic Atom |
| 7.9. | Pal Robotics |
| 7.10. | Pasinic Perception Technology |
| 7.11. | Realbotix |
| 7.12. | Sanctuary AI |
| 7.13. | Sharpa Robotics |
| 7.14. | Tesla: We, Robot Cybercab Reveal |
| 7.15. | Tesla: We, Robot Optimus Reveal |
| 7.16. | Ubtech Robotics |
| 7.17. | Unitree Robotics |
| 7.18. | Unitree Robotics: Humanoid Robotics |
| 7.19. | Xinghaitu |
| 7.20. | Zhongqing |