1. | EXECUTIVE SUMMARY |
1.1. | Introduction to PFAS |
1.2. | Growing concerns about the negative impact of PFAS |
1.3. | Pathways for PFAS to contaminate the environment |
1.4. | The scale of PFAS contamination worldwide |
1.5. | Global limits on PFAS in drinking water: overview |
1.6. | PFAS remediation: a multi-billion-dollar challenge |
1.7. | PFAS remediation needed to treat PFAS contamination in the environment |
1.8. | Prominent application areas for PFAS treatment |
1.9. | Treatment of PFAS in water: simplified process overview |
1.10. | Technology landscape for treating PFAS-contaminated liquids |
1.11. | The need for different PFAS treatment approaches |
1.12. | Key factors impacting the selection of PFAS treatment approach |
1.13. | Benchmarking of incumbent PFAS removal technologies |
1.14. | Selected players for incumbent technologies for PFAS removal |
1.15. | Technology readiness level (TRL) for emerging PFAS removal technologies |
1.16. | Selected players for emerging technologies for PFAS removal |
1.17. | The need for PFAS destruction technologies |
1.18. | Incineration or sequestration: incumbent solutions for PFAS waste management |
1.19. | Drivers and restraints for emerging PFAS destruction technologies |
1.20. | Liquid-phase PFAS destruction technologies: segmented by treatment mechanism |
1.21. | Comparison of PFAS destruction technologies |
1.22. | Technology readiness level (TRL) for emerging PFAS destruction technologies |
1.23. | Selected players in emerging PFAS destruction technologies |
1.24. | Treatment methods for PFAS-contaminated solids |
1.25. | Selected players for technologies for PFAS treatment in solids |
1.26. | PFAS drinking water treatment market forecast 2025-2035 |
1.27. | PFAS drinking water treatment market forecast 2025-2035: discussion |
1.28. | Summary and key takeaways |
1.29. | Company profiles |
2. | INTRODUCTION TO PFAS AND PFAS REMEDIATION |
2.1. | Introduction to PFAS |
2.2. | Established application areas for PFAS |
2.3. | Growing concerns about the negative impact of PFAS |
2.4. | Pathways for PFAS to contaminate the environment |
2.5. | The scale of PFAS contamination in the US: identified sites of contamination |
2.6. | The scale of PFAS contamination in the US: potential sites of contamination |
2.7. | The scale of PFAS contamination in Australia: identified sites of contamination |
2.8. | The scale of PFAS contamination worldwide |
2.9. | PFAS remediation needed to treat PFAS contamination in the environment |
2.10. | Report scope |
2.11. | PFAS categorization: long-chain PFAS vs short-chain PFAS |
2.12. | PFAS categorization: PFAS precursors |
3. | MARKET ANALYSIS FOR PFAS TREATMENT |
3.1. | Regulations on PFAS in water |
3.1.1. | Global limits on PFAS in drinking water: overview |
3.1.2. | Maximum contaminant limits (MCLs) for individual PFAS in different countries |
3.1.3. | Regulatory focus on long-chain PFAS may shift in the future |
3.1.4. | USA: development of the national drinking water standards for PFAS |
3.1.5. | USA: National Primary Drinking Water Regulation (NPDWR) |
3.1.6. | USA: designation of PFAS as "hazardous substances" under CERCLA |
3.1.7. | USA: states that have set maximum contaminant levels for PFAS in drinking water |
3.1.8. | USA: states that have set advisory limits for PFAS in drinking water |
3.1.9. | USA: Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule (UCMR) as a precursor to further regulations on PFAS in drinking water |
3.1.10. | USA: future regulations to impact wastewater discharge and landfill leachate |
3.1.11. | EU: increasing concerns from authorities about the negative health effects of PFAS |
3.1.12. | EU: revised Drinking Water Directive (DWD) limiting PFAS |
3.1.13. | EU: developing regulations on PFAS in groundwater, surface water, and wastewater |
3.2. | Regulations governing PFAS-contaminated waste |
3.2.1. | USA: liability for generators of PFAS-containing waste under CERCLA |
3.2.2. | USA: transportation and disposal of PFAS-containing waste under CERCLA |
3.2.3. | USA: potential listing of PFAS under RCRA as hazardous constituents |
3.2.4. | USA: potential listing of PFAS under RCRA as hazardous waste |
3.2.5. | USA: potential listing of PFAS under RCRA as hazardous waste |
3.2.6. | USA: more PFAS may be designated as "hazardous substances" under CERCLA |
3.2.7. | Australia: limited options for end-of-life of spent adsorption/filtration media |
3.2.8. | EU: POPs Regulation governs the end-of-life of PFAS-contaminated waste |
3.3. | The costs of PFAS remediation |
3.3.1. | Increasing funding to address PFAS contamination |
3.3.2. | Legal action to address PFAS contamination |
3.3.3. | The cost of PFAS remediation outpaces funding |
4. | PFAS WATER TREATMENT |
4.1. | Introduction to PFAS water treatment |
4.1.1. | Treatment of PFAS in water: simplified process overview |
4.1.2. | Overview of applications requiring PFAS water treatment |
4.1.3. | The need for different PFAS treatment approaches |
4.1.4. | Key factors impacting the selection of PFAS treatment approach |
4.1.5. | Typical flow rates for different facilities |
4.2. | Incumbent removal technologies for PFAS in water |
4.2.1. | Adsorption: granular activated carbon (GAC) |
4.2.2. | Granular activated carbon: common carbon sources |
4.2.3. | GAC: impact of material type on PFAS removal capabilities |
4.2.4. | GAC: impact of material type on PFAS removal capabilities |
4.2.5. | GAC: impact of co-contaminants on PFAS removal |
4.2.6. | GAC: removal of short chain PFAS |
4.2.7. | GAC: increased costs of removing short-chain PFAS |
4.2.8. | High temperature thermal reactivation of granular activated carbon |
4.2.9. | High temperature thermal reactivation of PFAS-laden GAC |
4.2.10. | Future regulations may impact reactivation of PFAS-laden GAC in the US |
4.2.11. | PFAS-laden GAC treatment in Europe |
4.2.12. | Solvent-based regeneration of PFAS-laden GAC: Revive Environmental |
4.2.13. | Solvent-based regeneration of PFAS-laden GAC: Revive Environmental |
4.2.14. | Suppliers of GAC media for PFAS removal applications |
4.2.15. | Adsorption: powdered activated carbon (PAC) |
4.2.16. | Adsorption: ion exchange resins (IER) |
4.2.17. | Pre-treatment requirements for ion exchange resins |
4.2.18. | Anionic ion exchange resins: gel vs macroporous |
4.2.19. | Use of regenerable ion exchange resins for PFAS removal applications |
4.2.20. | Regenerable vs single-use ion exchange resins |
4.2.21. | Use of regenerable ion exchange resins for short-chain PFAS removal |
4.2.22. | Solvent-based regeneration of spent ion exchange resin: ECT2 |
4.2.23. | Commercially available PFAS-selective resins |
4.2.24. | Chemistry of commercially available PFAS-selective resins |
4.2.25. | Particle size distribution of commercially available PFAS-selective resins |
4.2.26. | Uniformity of commercially available PFAS-selective resins |
4.2.27. | Capacity of commercially available PFAS-selective resins |
4.2.28. | Moisture retention of commercially available PFAS-selective resins |
4.2.29. | Comparison of adsorption methods: advantages of GAC and IER |
4.2.30. | Comparison of adsorption methods: disadvantages of GAC and IER |
4.2.31. | Comparison of removal methods: estimated treatment costs |
4.2.32. | Comparison of removal methods: estimated treatment costs (2) |
4.2.33. | Comparison of removal methods: estimated treatment costs (3) |
4.2.34. | High pressure membrane filtration: reverse osmosis and nanofiltration |
4.2.35. | Comparison of GAC, IER, and RO technologies for PFAS removal |
4.2.36. | Benchmarking of GAC, IER, and RO technologies for PFAS removal |
4.2.37. | treatment of PFAS using multiple removal technologies |
4.2.38. | treatment of PFAS using multiple removal technologies (2) |
4.2.39. | Key technical challenges for incumbent PFAS removal technologies |
4.2.40. | Selected players for incumbent technologies for PFAS removal |
4.3. | Emerging removal technologies for PFAS in water |
4.3.1. | Overview of emerging removal technologies for PFAS in water |
4.3.2. | Foam fractionation and ozofractionation for PFAS removal |
4.3.3. | Foam fractionation - effectiveness of removing individual PFAS |
4.3.4. | Foam fractionation - commercial progress |
4.3.5. | Emerging sorbents: polymeric sorbents for PFAS removal |
4.3.6. | Emerging sorbents: mineral-based sorbents for PFAS removal |
4.3.7. | Comparison of PFAS adsorption performance: GAC vs. emerging sorbents |
4.3.8. | Comparison of PFAS adsorption performance: GAC vs IER vs emerging sorbents |
4.3.9. | In-situ vs ex-situ treatments for PFAS removal: activated carbon |
4.3.10. | In-situ vs ex-situ treatments for PFAS removal: activated carbon |
4.3.11. | In-situ vs ex-situ treatments for PFAS removal: mineral-based sorbent |
4.3.12. | In-situ vs ex-situ treatments for PFAS removal: ion exchange resin |
4.3.13. | Emerging sorbents: in-situ vs ex-situ applications |
4.3.14. | Emerging sorbents - commercial products overview |
4.3.15. | Flocculation/coagulation technologies for PFAS removal |
4.3.16. | Electrostatic coagulation/concentration for PFAS removal |
4.3.17. | Technology readiness level (TRL) for PFAS removal technologies |
4.3.18. | Selected players for emerging technologies for PFAS removal |
4.4. | Destruction technologies for PFAS in water |
4.4.1. | The need to destroy PFAS in water |
4.4.2. | PFAS destruction: definition |
4.4.3. | Incineration or sequestration: incumbent solutions for PFAS waste management |
4.4.4. | PFAS waste management: landfilling |
4.4.5. | PFAS waste management: thermal treatment to destroy PFAS |
4.4.6. | Thermal treatment of waste: types and applicability for PFAS destruction |
4.4.7. | Moratorium on incineration of AFFF: US Department of Defense |
4.4.8. | Full list of novel destruction technologies for PFAS (part 1) |
4.4.9. | Full list of novel destruction technologies for PFAS (part 2) |
4.4.10. | Liquid-phase PFAS destruction technologies: segmented by treatment mechanism |
4.4.11. | Disposal and transport cost of incumbent PFAS destruction options |
4.4.12. | Electrochemical oxidation for PFAS destruction: overview |
4.4.13. | Electrochemical oxidation for PFAS destruction: key technical factors |
4.4.14. | Electrochemical oxidation for PFAS destruction: key commercial factors |
4.4.15. | Supercritical water oxidation (SCWO) for PFAS destruction: overview |
4.4.16. | Hydrothermal alkaline treatment (HALT) for PFAS destruction: overview |
4.4.17. | SCWO and HALT: key technical and commercial factors |
4.4.18. | SCWO and HALT: key technical and commercial factors |
4.4.19. | Non-thermal plasma treatment for PFAS destruction: overview |
4.4.20. | Thermal plasma treatment for PFAS destruction |
4.4.21. | Plasma treatment: key technical and commercial factors |
4.4.22. | Photocatalysis for PFAS destruction: overview |
4.4.23. | Metal organic frameworks (MOFs) for photocatalytic degradation of PFAS |
4.4.24. | Photocatalysis: key technical factors |
4.4.25. | Photocatalysis: key technical and commercial factors |
4.4.26. | Advanced reduction processes: using a piezoelectric element to produce reactive species to degrade PFAS |
4.4.27. | Sonochemical oxidation (or sonolysis) for PFAS destruction: overview |
4.4.28. | Commercial development of sonolysis for PFAS destruction |
4.4.29. | Destruction technologies in the treatment flow of PFAS-contaminated water |
4.4.30. | Destruction technologies in the treatment flow of PFAS-contaminated water: alternative positioning |
4.4.31. | Destruction technologies in the treatment flow of PFAS-contaminated water: positioning as a replacement for removal technologies |
4.4.32. | Comparison of PFAS destruction technologies |
4.4.33. | PFAS destruction technologies: key considerations |
4.4.34. | PFAS destruction technologies: key challenges |
4.4.35. | Technology readiness level (TRL) for emerging PFAS destruction technologies |
4.4.36. | Drivers and restraints for emerging PFAS destruction technologies |
4.4.37. | Selected players in emerging PFAS destruction technologies |
5. | PFAS TREATMENT FOR SOLIDS |
5.1. | PFAS migration into solid-phase media |
5.2. | Potential regulations impacting PFAS in soil |
5.3. | Potential regulations impacting PFAS in sludge |
5.4. | Treatment methods for PFAS-contaminated solids |
5.5. | Soil washing (or soil scrubbing) |
5.6. | Soil flushing |
5.7. | Thermal desorption |
5.8. | Phytoremediation |
5.9. | Immobilization |
5.10. | In-situ immobilization of PFAS in soil: activated carbon |
5.11. | In-situ immobilization of PFAS in soil: mineral-based sorbents |
5.12. | Pyrolysis and gasification |
5.13. | Plasma |
5.14. | Supercritical water oxidation (SCWO) for PFAS destruction: overview |
5.15. | Selected players for technologies for PFAS treatment in solids |
6. | APPLICATION AREAS FOR PFAS TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES |
6.1. | Prominent application areas for PFAS treatment |
6.2. | Drinking water treatment |
6.3. | Aqueous film forming foam (AFFF) |
6.4. | Landfill leachate |
6.5. | Municipal wastewater treatment |
6.6. | Industrial process and wastewater |
6.7. | Sites with heavy PFAS contamination |
6.8. | Point-of-use (POU) and point-of-entry (POE) filters and systems |
7. | MARKET FORECAST FOR PFAS TREATMENT |
7.1. | Forecast methodology and assumptions |
7.2. | PFAS drinking water treatment market forecast 2025-2035 |
7.3. | PFAS drinking water treatment market forecast 2025-2035: discussion |
8. | COMPANY PROFILES |