1. | EXECUTIVE SUMMARY |
1.1. | Introduction to "Redox Flow Batteries 2021-2031" |
1.2. | Why RFB and not Lithium? |
1.3. | IDTechEx calculation of Levelized Cost of Storage |
1.4. | LCOS Calculation: Formula and Assumptions |
1.5. | High and low RFB adoption trend |
1.6. | High and low RFB adoption scenarios |
1.7. | Redox Flow Battery market forecast 2021-2031 |
1.8. | Forecast comparison with previous report version |
1.9. | RFB Penetration - comparison with Previous version |
1.10. | Vanadium, Zinc, Iron - the great RFB contenders |
1.11. | What about the Organic Flow Battery? |
2. | INTRODUCTION |
2.1. | Introduction: the role of energy storage |
2.2. | New avenues for stationary storage |
2.3. | Finding the right market |
2.4. | The battery trilemma |
2.5. | The increasingly important role of stationary storage |
2.6. | Stationary energy storage is not new |
2.7. | New avenues for stationary storage |
2.8. | The slow market of Redox Flow Batteries |
2.9. | Competing technologies: Li-ion |
2.10. | The LCOS of Li-ion and RFBs |
2.11. | Values provided at the customer side |
2.12. | Values provided at the utility side |
2.13. | Values provided in ancillary services |
2.14. | The centralised structure of the power grid |
2.15. | A problem of "flexibility" |
2.16. | Flexibility has impact on different time-scale |
2.17. | Phases of VRE integration issues |
2.18. | iea VRE adoption phases depend on grid stability |
2.19. | An increasing demand for storage |
2.20. | Higher VRE penetration requires more storage |
2.21. | The position of RFB in the power grid |
3. | REDOX FLOW BATTERY CHEMISTRIES |
3.1. | Definitions: What is a battery? |
3.2. | Definitions: Electrochemistry definitions |
3.3. | Definitions: Efficiencies |
3.4. | Redox Flow Battery: Energy & Power |
3.5. | Redox Flow Battery: Working Principle |
3.6. | Redox Flow Battery: RFB views |
3.7. | Redox Flow Battery: Decoupled power and energy |
3.8. | Redox Flow Battery: Fit-and-forget philosophy |
3.9. | Comparison of RFBs and conventional batteries |
3.10. | Choice of redox-active species and solvents |
3.11. | Redox Flow Battery Classification |
3.12. | History of RFB |
3.13. | RFB chemistries: Iron/Chromium |
3.14. | RFB chemistries: Polysulfides/Bromine flow batteries (PSB) |
3.15. | RFB chemistries: Vanadium/Bromine |
3.16. | RFB chemistries: All Vanadium (VRFB) |
3.17. | RFB chemistries: Zinc Bromine flow battery (ZBB) - Hybrid |
3.18. | RFB chemistries: Hydrogen/Bromide - Hybrid |
3.19. | RFB Chemistries: All-Iron - Hybrid |
3.20. | RFB Chemistries: all Iron |
3.21. | All iron-RFB: Disadvantages |
3.22. | ESS Inc.: Historical development |
3.23. | ESS Inc.: Products |
3.24. | Voltstorage began investigating Iron-RFB |
3.25. | Iron: the future competitor of Vanadium |
3.26. | Other RFBs: Organic Redox Flow Battery |
3.27. | Other RFBs: non-aqueous |
3.28. | Other RFBs: Lab-scale flow battery projects |
3.29. | Other RFBs: Microflow batteries? |
3.30. | Technology Recap |
3.31. | Cost factors at electrolyte level |
3.32. | Hype Curve for RFB technologies |
3.33. | Market Analysis: Technology Market Share |
3.34. | RFB Companies Market Share |
3.35. | Market Analysis: Energy Densities Comparison for Residential Sector |
3.36. | List of RFB Producers: Categorized Chemistry |
4. | RFB MATERIALS |
4.1. | Materials for Redox Flow Batteries |
4.2. | Membranes: Overview |
4.3. | Membranes: Mesoporous Separators |
4.4. | Membranes: Ionic Exchange Membranes (IEM) |
4.5. | Membranes: Composite Membranes, and Solid State Conductors |
4.6. | Bipolar Electrodes |
4.7. | Bipolar Electrodes: Parasitic Effect |
4.8. | Bipolar Electrodes: Electrode Materials |
4.9. | Electrodes: Carbon-based Electrodes |
4.10. | (Bipolar) Electrodes |
4.11. | Flow distributors and turbulence promoters |
4.12. | Electrolyte flow circuit |
4.13. | Cost breakdown of a vanadium-redox flow battery |
4.14. | RFB value chain |
4.15. | Raw materials for RFB electrolytes |
4.16. | Vanadium: Overview |
4.17. | Vanadium: Mining and Products |
4.18. | Vanadium: Ore Processing |
4.19. | The Vanadium Industry |
4.20. | Vanadium: Price Trend |
5. | LEVELIZED COST OF STORAGE (LCOS) CALCULATION |
5.1. | Levelized Cost of Storage for LiB and RFB |
5.2. | LCOS Calculation: Formula and Assumptions |
5.3. | Why RFB have lower LCOS than LiB |
5.4. | LCOS data |
5.5. | LCOS Calculation |
5.6. | Consideration and Conclusion for LCOS result |
6. | REDOX FLOW BATTERY FORECAST 2021-2031 |
6.1. | Redox Flow Battery market forecast 2021-2031 |
6.2. | Forecast comparison with previous report version |
6.3. | RFB Penetration - comparison with Previous version |
6.4. | Forecast calculation steps |
6.5. | RFB forecast 2021-2031: detailed description |
6.6. | VRE and primary energy consumption forecast |
6.7. | VRE Penetration forecast: RFB opportunity |
6.8. | High and Low RFB adoption scenarios |
6.9. | High and Low RFB adoption trend |
6.10. | High and Low RFB adoption scenarios |
6.11. | IDTechEx Market Forecast 2021-2031 calculation |
6.12. | IDTechEx's forecast: Limiting factors |
7. | APPENDIX |
7.1. | Technology and manufacturing readiness |