1. | EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS |
1.1. | Purpose and scope of this report |
1.2. | Why we need pure electric mining vehicles |
1.3. | Types of mine emerging beyond open pit |
1.3.1. | Deep mines, block caving and sea floor |
1.3.2. | Open pit (open cast) all-electric mine of the future |
1.3.3. | Electric land and air deep pit vehicles charging from zero emission microgrids |
1.3.4. | Making the electricity |
1.4. | Primary conclusions of this report: industry |
1.5. | Primary conclusions of this report: regional |
1.6. | Primary conclusions of this report: technical |
1.7. | Market forecasts number k electric mining vehicles 2020-2030 |
1.8. | Market forecasts unit price $k mining electric land vehicles 2020-2030 |
1.9. | Market forecasts mining electric land vehicles 2020-2030 - market value $m |
1.10. | Predicting when mining pure electric vehicles have lower up-front price vs diesel 2020-2040 |
1.10.1. | Evidence of the price parity/ size trend |
1.11. | Mining vehicle market outlook |
1.12. | Adoption timeline for mining EVs and infrastructure 2020-2030 |
2. | INTRODUCTION |
2.1. | Mining today |
2.2. | Mining basics |
2.3. | Mining gets more challenging |
2.4. | More mining needed |
2.5. | Threats and incentives |
2.6. | Mining equipment market estimates |
2.7. | Electric vehicles EV vs non-electric vehicles |
2.8. | Vehicles used in both construction and mining |
2.9. | Hybrids as interim stage |
2.10. | Powertrain trends by type of mining vehicle |
2.11. | Vehicle simplification |
2.11.1. | Reduce diesel mining vehicle parts by 90% with electrics: same as with cars |
2.12. | Pollution control |
2.12.1. | Carbon dioxide emissions from mobile machinery |
2.12.2. | Emission push for pure electric equipment |
2.13. | Major equipment manufacturers: 11 examples of CAM coverage |
2.14. | Dana Oerlikon |
2.15. | Here come mines electrified then unmanned |
2.15.1. | Overview |
2.15.2. | Goldcorp Chapleau unmanned electric mine 2020 |
2.16. | Sustainable mining |
2.17. | Future of quarrying |
2.18. | Future of underground mining |
2.19. | Mining EV manufacturers by type and maturity 2020 |
2.20. | EVs in operation by mine: examples |
2.21. | Examples of EVs for mines |
2.22. | Examples: load haul dump LHD |
3. | MINING BEV APPRAISAL: 22 MANUFACTURERS |
3.1. | Artisan Vehicle Systems (Sandvik) |
3.2. | BYD |
3.3. | Caterpillar |
3.4. | Deere & Co |
3.5. | Energetique Mining Vehicles |
3.6. | Epiroc |
3.7. | ETF Mining |
3.8. | GE Mining |
3.9. | Hitachi |
3.10. | Komatsu including Joy Global, Le Tourneau |
3.11. | Liebherr Group |
3.12. | LuiGong |
3.13. | Maclean Engineering |
3.14. | Medatech |
3.15. | Miller Technology |
3.16. | Normet |
3.17. | OJSC Belaz |
3.18. | Partisan Motors |
3.19. | RDH Scharf AG |
3.20. | Sandvik |
3.21. | Sany |
3.22. | Volvo Group |
4. | ENABLING TECHNOLOGIES |
4.1. | Seven key EV enabling technologies for mining EVs |
4.2. | Here come moveable, minimal energy storage microgrids |
4.3. | Progress to CAM electrics with off-grid zero emission |
4.4. | Overview of electrics in mining vehicles |
4.5. | Traction motors |
4.5.1. | Overview |
4.5.2. | Operating principles for EV use |
4.5.3. | Electric motor choices in EVs for CAM applications |
4.5.4. | Example: Le Tourneau and others |
4.5.5. | Choices of motor position |
4.5.6. | Dana Corp. including TM4 |
4.5.7. | Saminco |
4.5.8. | Siemens |
4.5.9. | Motor trends: Protean Electric, Lightyear, YASA |
4.5.10. | Ziehl-Abegg in-wheel drive for trucks etc. |
4.5.11. | Autonomous Tractor Corp.: lesson for mining |
4.5.12. | Possible long term trend of motor technology |
4.6. | Batteries and supercapacitors |
4.6.1. | Overview |
4.6.2. | Battery requirements for CAM electric vehicles |
4.6.3. | Example: JCB excavators |
4.6.4. | Future W/kg vs Wh/kg 2020-2030 |
4.6.5. | Energy density 2020-2030 |
4.6.6. | Disadvantages of Li-ion batteries |
4.6.7. | Forecast of Li-ion battery cost (industrial) $/kWh) |
4.6.8. | Battery packs |
4.6.9. | BYD |
4.6.10. | Akasol |
4.6.11. | Lithium storage GmbH |
4.6.12. | Battery Packs - Saminco |
4.7. | How to charge mining vehicles |
4.7.1. | The challenge |
4.7.2. | Solar bodywork |
4.7.3. | Solar gensets |
4.7.4. | Envision Solar transportable solar tracks the sun |
4.7.5. | Floatovoltaics and mining |
4.7.6. | Anatomy of a typical solar + battery microgrid |
4.7.7. | Solar vs diesel cost analysis |
5. | ENERGY INDEPENDENT, ZERO EMISSION MINES |
5.1. | Mining by use of self-produced zero emission electricity |
5.2. | Zero emission microgrids: solar, water, wind reinvented |
5.3. | New options beyond solar: relocatable, much less intermittent |
5.4. | Open tide "tide stream" power options mimic wind power options |
5.5. | Comparison of off-grid technology options |
5.6. | New power generating technology kVA comparison |
5.7. | Airborne Wind Energy developers |
5.8. | Open sea wave power technologies |
5.9. | Fuel cell and other hybrids |
6. | AUTONOMOUS AND REMOTELY OPERATED MINING VEHICLES IN ACTION |
6.1. | Overview |
6.2. | Challenges |
6.3. | Built Robotics |
6.4. | Gemini Scout |
6.5. | Julius |
6.6. | UNEXMiN |
6.7. | Simba W6-C |
6.8. | Komatsu |
6.9. | GMG mining robot guidelines |
7. | AUTONOMY COMPONENTS AND INTEGRATION |
7.1. | Overview |
7.2. | Lidars |
7.3. | Radars |
7.4. | AI software and computing platform |
7.5. | High-definition (HD) map |