1. | EXECUTIVE SUMMARY |
1.1. | Trends in the Li-ion market |
1.2. | Li-ion market - regional overview |
1.3. | Regional policies |
1.4. | Regional efforts and policies in the Li-ion battery market |
1.5. | Li-ion value chain |
1.6. | Li-ion market players |
1.7. | Global cell capacity expansions outlook by location |
1.8. | Global gigafactory expansions outlook |
1.9. | Li-ion graphite anode material market overview |
1.10. | Li-ion graphite anode market player overview |
1.11. | Global cathode market share trend |
1.12. | Cathode production outlook by chemistry |
1.13. | Cathode manufacturer market share |
1.14. | CAM price trend |
1.15. | Key technology developments |
1.16. | Battery technologies - start-up activity |
1.17. | Battery technology start-ups - regional activity |
1.18. | Key technology developments |
1.19. | Li-ion performance and technology timeline |
1.20. | Readiness level snapshot |
1.21. | Are there alternatives to Li-ion? |
1.22. | Li-ion battery forecast by application, GWh |
1.23. | Li-ion battery forecast by application, $B |
1.24. | Li-ion market by cathode, GWh |
1.25. | Li-ion battery cathode outlook |
1.26. | Li-ion market by anode, GWh |
2. | INTRODUCTION |
2.1. | Importance of Li-ion |
2.2. | What is a Li-ion battery? |
2.3. | Lithium battery chemistries |
2.4. | Types of lithium battery |
2.5. | Why lithium? |
2.6. | Primary lithium batteries |
2.7. | Ragone plots |
2.8. | More than one type of Li-ion battery |
2.9. | Commercial anodes - graphite |
2.10. | The battery trilemma |
2.11. | Battery wish list |
2.12. | Why can't you just fast charge? |
2.13. | Rate limiting factors at the material level |
2.14. | Fast charge design hierarchy |
2.15. | Introduction - key battery performance metrics |
2.16. | Comparing commercial cell chemistries |
2.17. | Turnkey battery packs highlight trade-offs required |
2.18. | Electrochemistry definitions 1 |
2.19. | Electrochemistry definitions 2 |
2.20. | Useful charts for performance comparison |
3. | ANODES |
3.1. | Overview |
3.1.1. | Types of lithium battery by anode |
3.1.2. | Anode materials comparison |
3.1.3. | Anode materials discussion |
3.1.4. | Li-ion anode materials compared |
3.1.5. | Anode materials |
3.2. | Graphite |
3.2.1. | Introduction to graphite |
3.2.2. | Natural graphite for LIBs |
3.2.3. | Coated spherical purified graphite (CSPG) |
3.2.4. | Synthetic/artificial graphite production |
3.2.5. | Comparing natural and synthetic graphite anodes |
3.2.6. | Comparing natural and synthetic graphite |
3.2.7. | Impact of graphite price reduction |
3.2.8. | Li-ion graphite anode prices |
3.2.9. | Performance of synthetic and natural graphite |
3.2.10. | Performance of synthetic and natural graphite |
3.2.11. | Synthetic vs natural graphite overview |
3.2.12. | Synthetic vs natural graphite conclusions |
3.2.13. | Li-ion graphite anode material market overview |
3.2.14. | Graphite outlook |
3.3. | Graphite market |
3.3.1. | Li-ion graphite anode suppliers |
3.3.2. | Li-ion graphite anode market player overview |
3.3.3. | Graphite anode player shares |
3.3.4. | Graphite anode market concentration |
3.3.5. | Geographic breakdown of graphite anode suppliers |
3.3.6. | Graphite production capacity |
3.3.7. | Expansions in graphite production |
3.3.8. | New entrants in graphite anodes |
3.4. | Silicon anodes |
3.4.1. | The promise of silicon |
3.4.2. | Value proposition of silicon anodes |
3.4.3. | The reality of silicon |
3.4.4. | Alloy anode materials |
3.4.5. | Comparing silicon - a high-level overview |
3.4.6. | Solutions for silicon incorporation |
3.4.7. | Solutions for silicon incorporation |
3.4.8. | Key silicon anode solutions |
3.4.9. | Top Si-anode patent assignee topics |
3.4.10. | Top 3 patent assignee Si-anode technology comparison |
3.4.11. | How much can silicon increase energy density? |
3.4.12. | Silicon anodes offer significant benefits but also challenges |
3.4.13. | Silicon anode performance |
3.4.14. | Silicon anode calendar life |
3.4.15. | Silicon anode cost benefits |
3.4.16. | Silicon anode cost potential |
3.4.17. | Silicon anode environmental benefits |
3.4.18. | Concluding remarks on Si-anode performance |
3.4.19. | Current silicon use |
3.4.20. | Silicon and LFP |
3.4.21. | Silicon in consumer devices |
3.4.22. | Comments on commercialisation timelines |
3.4.23. | Strategic partnerships and agreements developing for silicon anode start-ups |
3.4.24. | Notable players for silicon EV battery technology |
3.4.25. | Established company interest in silicon anodes |
3.4.26. | Commercial silicon anode production |
3.4.27. | Commercial silicon anode specification |
3.4.28. | Silicon anode material - Umicore |
3.4.29. | Silicon anode material - Wacker Chemie |
3.4.30. | Commercial silicon anode production |
4. | CATHODES |
4.1. | Overview |
4.1.1. | Cathode introduction |
4.1.2. | Overview of Li-ion cathodes |
4.2. | Li-ion cathode technologies |
4.2.1. | Cathode recap |
4.2.2. | Cathode materials - LCO and LFP |
4.2.3. | Cathode materials - NMC, NCA and LMO |
4.2.4. | Cathode performance comparison |
4.2.5. | Cathode comparisons |
4.2.6. | Energy density by cathode |
4.2.7. | Comparing commercial cell chemistries |
4.2.8. | Understanding layered oxide cathodes |
4.2.9. | Cathode materials for consumer devices |
4.2.10. | Cathode powder synthesis (NMC) |
4.2.11. | Complexity of cathode chemistry |
4.2.12. | NMC development - from 111 to 811 |
4.2.13. | Cathode materials - NCA |
4.2.14. | Benefits of high and ultra-high nickel NMC |
4.2.15. | High-Ni / Ni-rich cycle life and stability issues |
4.2.16. | Key issues with high-nickel layered oxides |
4.2.17. | Routes to high nickel cathode stabilisation |
4.2.18. | Routes to high-nickel cathodes |
4.2.19. | Single crystal NCA cathode |
4.2.20. | Ultra-high nickel cathode timelines |
4.2.21. | Outlook on high-Ni - commentary |
4.2.22. | LFP IP |
4.2.23. | LFP adoption in electric vehicles |
4.2.24. | LFP vs NMC |
4.2.25. | Cathode player roadmaps |
4.2.26. | Advanced cathode technologies and players |
4.2.27. | Cathode suitability |
4.2.28. | Li-ion cathode technology developments |
4.2.29. | For more info on advanced and next-generation Li-ion cathodes... |
4.3. | Cathode cost analysis |
4.3.1. | Cathode material intensities |
4.3.2. | Cathode chemistry impact on lithium consumption |
4.3.3. | Raw material price trends |
4.3.4. | Lithium price trend |
4.3.5. | Lithium price volatility |
4.3.6. | Impact of CAM prices on cell material costs |
4.3.7. | Impact of metal prices on NMC 811 CAM price |
4.3.8. | Impact of metal prices on NMC 811 $/kWh cell material costs |
4.3.9. | Impact of metal prices on LFP CAM price |
4.3.10. | Impact of metal prices on $/kWh LFP cell material costs |
4.3.11. | NMC 811 and LFP sensitivity analyses |
4.3.12. | New chemistries offer reduced reliance on critical materials |
4.3.13. | CAM price trend |
4.3.14. | Cathode active material market price trend |
4.4. | Cathode market |
4.4.1. | Cathode market overview |
4.4.2. | Cathode player manufacturing capacities |
4.4.3. | Cathode manufacturers - production capacity |
4.4.4. | Cathode manufactures |
4.4.5. | Cathode manufacturer market share |
4.4.6. | LFP cathode manufacturers |
4.4.7. | LFP cathode manufacturer market share |
4.4.8. | NMC/NCA cathode manufacturers |
4.4.9. | NMC/NCA cathode manufacturer market share |
4.4.10. | Cathode market by chemistry and region |
4.4.11. | Geographical breakdown of cathode production |
4.4.12. | Geographical breakdown of cathode capacity |
4.4.13. | Cathode market by region |
4.4.14. | Geographical control of cathode production |
4.4.15. | Chemistry production capacity share |
4.4.16. | Chemistry production spread |
4.4.17. | Capacity additions by chemistry |
4.4.18. | Cathode production outlook by chemistry |
4.4.19. | LFP cathode production outside China |
4.4.20. | Production capacity growth outlook |
4.4.21. | Future production capacity outlook by region |
4.4.22. | Global BEV cathode chemistry split |
4.4.23. | Europe BEV car cathode share |
4.4.24. | US BEV car cathode share |
4.4.25. | China BEV car cathode share |
4.4.26. | BEV cathode share by region |
4.4.27. | Global cathode market share trend |
4.4.28. | New cathode active material (CAM) entrants |
5. | BINDERS AND ADDITIVES |
5.1. | Binders |
5.2. | Binders - aqueous vs non-aqueous |
5.3. | Conductive agents |
5.4. | Results showing impact of CNT use in Li-ion electrodes |
5.5. | Improved performance at higher C-rate |
5.6. | Thicker electrodes enabled by CNT mechanical performance |
5.7. | Significance of dispersion in energy storage |
5.8. | New innovations for CNT enabled silicon anodes |
5.9. | Price position of CNTs: SWCNTs, FWCNTs, MWCNTs |
5.10. | Production capacity of CNTs globally |
5.11. | Key supply chain relationships for energy storage |
6. | ELECTROLYTES |
6.1. | Developments in Li-ion electrolytes |
6.2. | Introduction to Li-ion electrolytes |
6.3. | Electrolyte decomposition |
6.4. | Electrolyte additives 1 |
6.5. | Electrolyte additives 2 |
6.6. | Electrolyte additives 3 |
6.7. | Developments for the "million mile" battery |
6.8. | CATLs additive related patent |
6.9. | CATL electrolyte additive patent example |
6.10. | Electrolyte patent topic comparisons - key battery players |
6.11. | Electrolyte patent topic comparisons - key electrolyte players |
6.12. | Electrolyte technology overview |
6.13. | Electrolyte value chain |
6.14. | Electrolyte manufacturers |
6.15. | Electrolyte supplier market shares |
6.16. | Electrolyte market |
6.17. | Global electrolyte production capacity |
6.18. | Electrolyte market by region |
6.19. | Electrolyte suppliers |
6.20. | Overview of solid electrolytes and solid-state batteries |
6.21. | Introduction to solid-state batteries |
6.22. | Classifications of solid-state electrolyte |
6.23. | Comparison of solid-state electrolyte systems |
6.24. | Solid-state electrolyte technology approach |
6.25. | Analysis of SSB features |
6.26. | Summary of solid-state electrolyte technology |
6.27. | Current electrolyte challenges and solutions |
6.28. | Solid electrolyte material comparison |
6.29. | SSB company commercial plans |
6.30. | Technology summary of various companies |
6.31. | SSB developments |
7. | SEPARATORS |
7.1. | Introduction to Separators |
7.2. | Separator manufacturing |
7.3. | Polyolefin separators |
7.4. | Dry and wet separators and specifications |
7.5. | Product specification examples |
7.6. | Separator coatings |
7.7. | Innovation in separators |
7.8. | Key separator players |
7.9. | Li-ion separator player market shares |
7.10. | Separator market by region |
7.11. | Separator production capacity |
8. | CURRENT COLLECTORS |
8.1. | Where are the current collectors in a Li-ion battery cell? |
8.2. | Current collector materials |
8.3. | Copper foil production |
8.4. | Current collectors |
8.5. | Perforated foils |
8.6. | Plastic and composite current collectors |
8.7. | Copper current collector thickness |
8.8. | Trends in copper foil thickness |
8.9. | Li-ion copper foil current collector players |
8.10. | Copper current collector market |
8.11. | Current collector market |
8.12. | Trends in copper current collectors |
9. | CELL DESIGN AND MANUFACTURING |
9.1. | Overview |
9.1.1. | Li-ion battery cell manufacturing process |
9.1.2. | Power demand of LIB production |
9.1.3. | Energy consumption of Li-ion cell production |
9.1.4. | The need for a dry room |
9.1.5. | Electrode slurry mixing |
9.1.6. | Cell production |
9.1.7. | Dry electrode manufacturing |
9.1.8. | Benefits of dry electrode manufacturing |
9.1.9. | Dry vs aqueous electrode manufacturing |
9.1.10. | Formation cycling |
9.1.11. | Cell design optimisations |
9.1.12. | How will new cell manufacturers compete |
9.1.13. | Key developments in cell manufacturing |
9.1.14. | Technology trends of major battery manufacturers |
9.1.15. | Technology trends of major manufacturers |
9.2. | Improving battery performance |
9.2.1. | Options for improving energy density |
9.2.2. | Anode materials are a key route to higher energy density |
9.2.3. | Cell design can also be optimised for energy density |
9.2.4. | Electrode thickness an important design lever |
9.2.5. | Energy density can exceed 1200 Wh/l and 400 Wh/kg |
9.2.6. | Options for improving fast-charge capability |
9.2.7. | Fast charge capability increasingly important |
9.2.8. | Composite electrode design optimisation can improve rate capability |
9.2.9. | Fast-charging battery developments |
9.2.10. | Options for improving cycle life |
9.2.11. | Various routes to improving cycle life |
9.2.12. | Cycle life particularly important for high energy chemistries |
9.2.13. | CATL's zero degradation TENER battery |
9.2.14. | Narada Power's zero-degradation battery |
9.2.15. | What underpins CATL's zero degradation ESS battery |
9.2.16. | Pre-lithiation likely to play key role in 'zero-degradation' claim |
9.2.17. | Cathode pre-lithiation additives |
9.2.18. | Data highlights the possibility for claiming zero-degradation |
9.2.19. | CATL pre-lithiation additive patent example |
9.2.20. | "Zero-degradation" battery highlights multiple design levers |
9.2.21. | Options for improving safety |
9.2.22. | Holistic design approach needed to ensure safety |
9.2.23. | Cell design for safety |
9.2.24. | Solid-state batteries can improve (but don't guarantee) safety |
9.2.25. | Pack design contributes to Li-ion battery safety |
9.2.26. | How low can cell costs go? |
9.2.27. | Concluding remarks |
9.3. | Cell manufacturers |
9.3.1. | Li-ion cell manufacturers |
9.3.2. | Large players dominate cell production |
9.3.3. | Cell manufacturer market shares |
9.3.4. | Electric car battery manufacturer market |
9.3.5. | Electric car battery manufacturer share by region |
9.4. | Li-ion battery production outlook |
9.4.1. | How long to build a Gigafactory? |
9.4.2. | How much to build a Gigafactory? |
9.4.3. | Gigafactory expansion plans |
9.4.4. | Battery production outlook - Europe |
9.4.5. | Cell capacity expansions - Europe |
9.4.6. | Battery production outlook - North America |
9.4.7. | Cell capacity expansion - North America |
9.4.8. | Battery production outlook - Asia |
9.4.9. | Cell capacity expansion - Asia |
9.4.10. | Global cell capacity expansions outlook by location |
9.4.11. | Global gigafactory expansions outlook |
9.4.12. | Gigafactory capacity by location |
9.4.13. | Li-ion battery production supply and demand outlook |
9.4.14. | Cell capacity expansions data |
9.4.15. | Li-ion battery production supply and demand commentary |
10. | COST ANALYSES AND FORECASTS |
10.1. | Li-ion value chain |
10.2. | Cost by cathode chemistry |
10.3. | Raw material price trends |
10.4. | Lithium prices trending down |
10.5. | Lithium price volatility |
10.6. | CAM price trend |
10.7. | Li-ion graphite anode prices |
10.8. | Impact of CAM prices on cell material costs |
10.9. | Impact of metal prices on NMC 811 $/kWh cell material costs |
10.10. | Impact of metal prices on $/kWh LFP cell material costs |
10.11. | NMC 811 and LFP sensitivity analyses |
10.12. | Li-ion cell material cost trends |
10.13. | NMC 811 cost breakdown trend |
10.14. | LFP cost breakdown trend |
10.15. | Historic Li-ion cell prices |
10.16. | High nickel NMC material cost |
10.17. | Li-ion cell price forecast |
10.18. | BEV car battery price forecast |
11. | BATTERY PACKS AND MODULES |
11.1. | Li-ion Batteries: from Cell to Pack |
11.2. | Shifts in Cell and Pack Design |
11.3. | Battery KPIs for EVs |
11.4. | Modular pack designs |
11.5. | What is Cell-to-pack? |
11.6. | Drivers and Challenges for Cell-to-pack |
11.7. | What is Cell-to-chassis/body? |
11.8. | BYD Blade battery |
11.9. | CATL Cell to Pack |
11.10. | Cell-to-pack and Cell-to-body Designs Summary |
11.11. | Gravimetric Energy Density and Cell-to-pack Ratio |
11.12. | Volumetric Energy Density and Cell-to-pack Ratio |
11.13. | Cell-to-pack or modular? |
11.14. | Outlook for Cell-to-pack & Cell-to-body Designs |
11.15. | Module and pack manufacturing process |
11.16. | Differences in pack design by segment |
11.17. | Battery pack comparison |
11.18. | Battery module/pack comparison |
11.19. | Chemistry Choices in Turnkey EV Packs |
11.20. | Role of battery pack manufacturers |
11.21. | Future role for battery pack manufacturers |
11.22. | Trends in battery management systems |
11.23. | BMS core functionality |
11.24. | BMS core hardware |
11.25. | BMS structure |
11.26. | BMS players |
11.27. | Innovations in BMS |
11.28. | Advanced BMS activity |
11.29. | Increasing BEV voltage |
11.30. | Drivers for 800V Platforms |
11.31. | Emerging 800V Platforms & SiC Inverters |
11.32. | IDTechEx Li-ion Battery Timeline |
12. | BATTERY MARKETS AND APPLICATIONS |
12.1. | Power range of electrical and electronic devices |
12.2. | Application battery priorities |
12.3. | Application battery priorities discussion |
12.4. | Battery electric cars |
12.5. | Regional Electric Car Sales 2011-2022 |
12.6. | China Purchase Subsidies Extended |
12.7. | EU Emissions and Targets |
12.8. | US Emissions Standards |
12.9. | Cell Format Market Share |
12.10. | Other Vehicle Categories |
12.11. | Electric Buses - a Global Outlook |
12.12. | Electric Bus Sales Forecast to Regionally Diversify by 2045 |
12.13. | Battery Capacity in Buses Increasing |
12.14. | Chemistries Used in Electric Buses |
12.15. | Chinese Market Favours LFP, European Market More Mixed |
12.16. | Battery Suppliers and OEM Relationships |
12.17. | Electric LCVs: Drivers and Barriers |
12.18. | Historic Electric LCV Sales in Europe |
12.19. | Historic Electric LCV Sales in China |
12.20. | LCV Range Requirement |
12.21. | Cycle life requirements for commercial electric vehicles |
12.22. | IDTechEx Outlook for eLCVs |
12.23. | Recovery from Coronavirus: Addressable Truck Market 2019-2022 |
12.24. | Leading Global E-Truck Manufacturer Sales 2021- H1 2023 |
12.25. | BEV and FCEV M&HD Trucks: Weight vs Battery Capacity |
12.26. | E-Truck OEM Battery Chemistry Choice |
12.27. | Truck Battery Chemistry Examples |
12.28. | Electric medium and heavy duty trucks |
12.29. | Regional Truck markets |
12.30. | Introduction to Micro EVs |
12.31. | Asia Home to Major Electric Two-wheeler Markets |
12.32. | India Electric Two- and Three- wheeler Market Growth |
12.33. | China Electric Two-wheeler Market History |
12.34. | China and India: Major Three-wheeler Markets |
12.35. | Microcars: The Goldilocks of Urban EVs |
12.36. | Micro EV Characteristics |
12.37. | Average Battery Capacities of Microcars |
12.38. | Summary of Marine Markets |
12.39. | Summary of Market Drivers for Electric & Hybrid Marine |
12.40. | Marine Battery Market History 2019-2025 by Subsector: ferry, cruise, ro-ro, cargo, OSV, tug, other |
12.41. | Why Marine Batteries are Unique |
12.42. | Electronic devices and power tools |
12.43. | Consumer electronics - battery to device price ratios |
13. | FORECASTS |
13.1. | Li-ion battery forecast by application, GWh |
13.2. | Li-ion battery forecast by application, data |
13.3. | Li-ion battery forecast by application, $B |
13.4. | Li-ion battery demand share |
13.5. | Li-ion forecast, GWh |
13.6. | Li-ion EV forecast, GWh |
13.7. | Li-ion electronics forecast, GWh |
13.8. | Li-ion BEV car market by cathode, GWh |
13.9. | Li-ion market by cathode, GWh |
13.10. | Li-ion battery cathode outlook |
13.11. | Li-ion market by anode, GWh |