| 1. | EXECUTIVE SUMMARY |
| 1.1. | Metal-organic frameworks are tunable, porous materials with high surface area |
| 1.2. | Translation from laboratories to industrial manufacturing is a key challenge |
| 1.3. | Standard batch synthesis is the preferred method by large manufacturers |
| 1.4. | IDTechEx outlook for MOF production |
| 1.5. | Main applications are carbon capture, water harvesting, and chemical separation |
| 1.6. | Carbon capture technologies are key to achieving net zero emission goals |
| 1.7. | MOFs can reduce energy requirements and operational costs for carbon capture |
| 1.8. | Benchmark: MOF-based point source capture vs amine scrubbing |
| 1.9. | MOF-based technologies are advancing in point source carbon capture |
| 1.10. | IDTechEx outlook for MOFs in carbon capture |
| 1.11. | Forecast 2025-2035: CO2 Capture Capacity using MOFs - DAC vs Point Source |
| 1.12. | MOFs can increase energy efficiency of water harvesting and HVAC systems |
| 1.13. | Benchmark: MOFs and other sorbents for atmospheric water harvesting |
| 1.14. | Benchmark: MOF-based AWH and HVAC technologies vs incumbent systems |
| 1.15. | Landscape of MOF-based water harvesting and dehumidification companies |
| 1.16. | IDTechEx outlook for MOFs in water harvesting and HVAC systems |
| 1.17. | Wide scope of applications for MOFs in chemical separations and purification |
| 1.18. | IDTechEx outlook of MOFs in chemical separations and purifications |
| 1.19. | Research on MOFs for numerous applications is in the early stages |
| 1.20. | Player landscape of recent patent activity (excluding academic institutions) |
| 1.21. | Forecast 2025-2035: Total Material Demand (mass) |
| 1.22. | Forecast 2025-2035: Total Market Revenue |
| 2. | INTRODUCTION TO METAL-ORGANIC FRAMEWORKS (MOFS) |
| 2.1. | Introduction to metal-organic frameworks |
| 2.2. | Numerous structures of MOFs exist with a large scope of applications |
| 2.3. | MOFs in carbon capture and removal with emerging commercial applications |
| 2.4. | Commercial applications emerging for MOFs in gas storage and transport |
| 2.5. | MOF-based catalysts beginning to appear in the market for catalysis |
| 2.6. | MOFs are promising candidates for separation and purification |
| 2.7. | MOFs demonstrating potential in water harvesting and air conditioning systems |
| 2.8. | MOF-based fuel cell membranes not ready for commercialization |
| 2.9. | MOFs in energy storage may be limited by complex material synthesis |
| 2.10. | Academic research is driving exploration of MOFs in sensors |
| 2.11. | MOFs in biomedical applications encounter barriers to clinical translation |
| 2.12. | Material benchmark: MOFs vs other solid adsorbents |
| 2.13. | Scalability and high cost have been main historical barriers to commercialization |
| 3. | MANUFACTURING METHODS, PRODUCTION CAPACITY, AND PRICING CONSIDERATIONS |
| 3.1.1. | Translation from laboratories to industrial manufacturing is challenging |
| 3.1.2. | Factors to consider for industrial manufacturing of MOFs |
| 3.2. | Manufacturing Processes |
| 3.2.1. | Overview of common manufacturing processes |
| 3.2.2. | Solvothermal and hydrothermal synthesis used for bench scale production |
| 3.2.3. | Mechanochemical synthesis can enable large scale continuous production |
| 3.2.4. | Electrochemical synthesis |
| 3.2.5. | Spray-drying synthesis |
| 3.2.6. | Other examples of synthesis methods |
| 3.2.7. | Benchmarking common MOF manufacturing methods (1/2) |
| 3.2.8. | Benchmarking common MOF manufacturing methods (2/2) |
| 3.3. | Downstream Processes |
| 3.3.1. | Downstream processing |
| 3.3.2. | Shaping processes are necessary to obtain functional MOF products |
| 3.4. | Key Players |
| 3.4.1. | BASF uses large scale batch synthesis for industrial MOF production |
| 3.4.2. | BASF's position on batch vs continuous processes |
| 3.4.3. | BASF's process and cost considerations |
| 3.4.4. | Continuous flow hydrothermal synthesis for large-scale manufacturing |
| 3.4.5. | Morphologies obtained using Promethean's manufacturing process |
| 3.4.6. | Immaterial is scaling up its process to manufacture monolithic MOFs |
| 3.4.7. | Atomis has a patented process to manufacture MOFs |
| 3.4.8. | Mitsui Kinzoku is establishing scaled-up production system |
| 3.4.9. | SyncMOF can recommend and manufacture MOFs on the tonnes scale |
| 3.4.10. | Numat is expanding its manufacturing capability and commercializing products |
| 3.4.11. | EU4MOF: Initiative to accelerate MOF commercialization |
| 3.5. | Cost and Pricing Considerations |
| 3.5.1. | Key contributions to the production costs: Materials and manufacturing |
| 3.5.2. | Cost of raw materials is often prohibitive for large scale MOF production |
| 3.5.3. | MOFs with industrially available ligands can target a competitive selling price |
| 3.6. | Player Landscape and Production Capacity |
| 3.6.1. | Overview of MOF manufacturers |
| 3.6.2. | Landscape of MOF manufacturers and production capacity |
| 3.6.3. | Current Production Capacity and Planned Expansions |
| 3.7. | Outlook |
| 3.7.1. | IDTechEx outlook for MOF production |
| 4. | MOFS FOR CARBON CAPTURE |
| 4.1.1. | Growing global CO2 emissions is a challenge for tackling climate change |
| 4.1.2. | Industrial sources of emission and CO2 content varies with emission source |
| 4.1.3. | Current large-scale carbon capture facilities use solvent-based capture |
| 4.1.4. | For more information on Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage |
| 4.2. | Carbon Capture Using MOF Sorbents |
| 4.2.1. | Overview of solid sorbents explored for carbon capture |
| 4.2.2. | Operation of solid sorbent-based DAC and point source adsorption systems |
| 4.2.3. | MOF-based sorbents approaching commercialization in carbon capture |
| 4.2.4. | Gas composition impacts the CO2 adsorption characteristics of MOFs |
| 4.2.5. | Different strategies for MOF development and binding mechanisms |
| 4.2.6. | Examples of MOFs with open metal sites |
| 4.2.7. | CO2 selectivity in humid conditions is a key challenge for DAC |
| 4.2.8. | Using DFT and AI tools to advance discovery of new MOFs for carbon capture |
| 4.2.9. | PriSMA platform integrates materials, process design, TEA, and LCA |
| 4.2.10. | CALF-20: A MOF that is being commercialized for point source capture |
| 4.2.11. | ZnH functionality on MOFs can enhance CO2 capture at high temperatures |
| 4.3. | Considerations for MOF Selection |
| 4.3.1. | Factors to consider when selecting MOF sorbents for carbon capture (1/2) |
| 4.3.2. | Factors to consider when selecting MOF sorbents for carbon capture (2/2) |
| 4.3.3. | Lower energy penalty for regeneration is a key driver for MOF-based sorbents |
| 4.4. | Membrane-based CO2 Separation |
| 4.4.1. | Membrane-based CO2 separation for carbon capture |
| 4.4.2. | MOF-based membranes for carbon capture |
| 4.4.3. | CO2 separation using MOF glass show potential in membrane applications |
| 4.5. | Market Activity for MOF Sorbents and Membranes - Point Source |
| 4.5.1. | Promethean Particles targets its MOFs for applications in carbon capture |
| 4.5.2. | Nuada's point source carbon capture technology is operating at pilot scale |
| 4.5.3. | Captivate Technology developing solution based on MUF-16 |
| 4.5.4. | Svante's carbon capture technology is approaching commercialization |
| 4.5.5. | Estimated capture costs using Svante's technology |
| 4.5.6. | Comparison of key MOF-based point source capture systems (1/2) |
| 4.5.7. | Comparison of key MOF-based point source capture systems (2/2) |
| 4.5.8. | MOFs used in key planned or operational CCUS projects (1/2) |
| 4.5.9. | MOFs used in key planned or operational CCUS projects (2/2) |
| 4.5.10. | SWOT assessment of MOF sorbents for point source carbon capture |
| 4.5.11. | UniSieve is developing MOF-based membranes for carbon capture |
| 4.5.12. | Orchestra Sci is developing membrane-based CO2 capture system |
| 4.5.13. | Comparison of key MOF-based membrane CO2 separation systems |
| 4.6. | Market Activity for MOF Sorbents - DAC |
| 4.6.1. | AspiraDAC's modular solar-powered DAC units gearing towards pilot scale |
| 4.6.2. | Mosaic Materials is upscaling its modular MOF-based DAC systems |
| 4.6.3. | Avnos's DAC removes CO2 and produces water for moisture swing adsorption |
| 4.6.4. | CSIRO's AirthenaTM DAC technology for industrial onsite gaseous CO2 supply |
| 4.6.5. | SyncMOF manufactures MOFs and engineers devices for carbon capture |
| 4.6.6. | Atoco is developing MOF-based point source and DAC solutions |
| 4.6.7. | Comparison of key MOF-based DAC systems |
| 4.6.8. | Comparison of key MOF-based DAC systems (2/2) |
| 4.7. | Comparisons with Incumbent Technology |
| 4.7.1. | Comparison of MOF-based point source capture with amine scrubbing (1/2) |
| 4.7.2. | Comparison of MOF-based point source capture with amine scrubbing (2/2) |
| 4.7.3. | Comparison of MOF-based DAC with aqueous solution-based DAC |
| 4.8. | Company Landscape |
| 4.8.1. | MOF-based carbon capture technologies |
| 4.8.2. | MOF-based carbon capture company landscape |
| 4.9. | Outlook |
| 4.9.1. | Key MOF development challenges that need to be tackled for carbon capture |
| 4.9.2. | Current challenges in carbon capture |
| 4.9.3. | IDTechEx outlook for MOFs in carbon capture |
| 4.9.4. | Forecast 2025-2035: MOFs for Carbon Capture |
| 4.9.5. | Forecast 2025-2035: CO2 Capture Capacity using MOFs - DAC vs Point Source |
| 5. | MOFS FOR WATER HARVESTING AND HVAC |
| 5.1.1. | Current AWH and HVAC systems are inefficient and energy-intensive |
| 5.1.2. | Wide range of applications for atmospheric water harvesting |
| 5.1.3. | Sorbents for water harvesting have a set of key requirements |
| 5.2. | MOFs for Water Harvesting |
| 5.2.1. | MOFs can adsorb water at lower humidity levels compared to other sorbents |
| 5.2.2. | Water adsorption isotherms of selected MOFs |
| 5.2.3. | Linear relationship between MOF pore volume and water uptake capacity |
| 5.2.4. | Solar powered device using MOF-801 harvested ~2.8L of water daily at 20%RH |
| 5.2.5. | MOF-303 tested for atmospheric water harvesting in Death Valley desert |
| 5.2.6. | Benchmark of sorbents for atmospheric water harvesting |
| 5.3. | Market Activity |
| 5.3.1. | AirJoule is commercializing its system for AWH and HVAC |
| 5.3.2. | Working principles of AirJoule's system |
| 5.3.3. | WaHa is commercializing its Vaporator® technology for AWH and HVAC |
| 5.3.4. | Framergy is commercialising AYRSORBTM F100 MOF for AWH and HVAC |
| 5.3.5. | Atomis and Daikin have patented a MOF-based AWH and humidity control device |
| 5.3.6. | Honeywell has partnered with Numat to develop MOF-based AWH device |
| 5.3.7. | Transaera is developing MOF-based hybrid air conditioning systems |
| 5.3.8. | Atoco is developing MOF-based water harvesting technology |
| 5.4. | Technology Assessment and Benchmarks |
| 5.4.1. | Comparison of MOF-based AWH and dehumidification systems (1/2) |
| 5.4.2. | Comparison of MOF-based AWH and dehumidification systems (2/2) |
| 5.4.3. | Benchmark: MOF-based AWH and HVAC technologies vs incumbent systems |
| 5.4.4. | SWOT Assessment of MOFs for AWH and HVAC |
| 5.5. | Company Landscape |
| 5.5.1. | Landscape of MOF-based water harvesting and dehumidification companies |
| 5.6. | Outlook |
| 5.6.1. | IDTechEx outlook for MOFs in water harvesting and HVAC systems |
| 5.6.2. | Forecast 2025-2035: MOFs for Water Harvesting & HVAC |
| 6. | MOFS FOR CHEMICAL SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION |
| 6.1.1. | Current chemical separation and purification processes are energy-intensive |
| 6.1.2. | Common industrial separation and purification technologies |
| 6.1.3. | Example applications of separation technologies |
| 6.1.4. | Key criteria for emerging technologies |
| 6.2. | MOF-based Mixed Membrane Matrices |
| 6.2.1. | Membrane-based separation technologies |
| 6.2.2. | CO2/CH4 separation has opportunities for MOF-based membranes |
| 6.2.3. | CO2/CH4 separation using MOF-based mixed membrane matrices |
| 6.2.4. | Impact of MOF loading on CO2/CH4 separation performance |
| 6.2.5. | Separation of C3H6/C3H8 using MOF-based mixed membrane matrices |
| 6.2.6. | MOF-based membranes are being explored for direct lithium extraction |
| 6.2.7. | Challenges and considerations |
| 6.3. | MOF-based Sorbents |
| 6.3.1. | Opportunities for challenging gas separation processes using MOF sorbents |
| 6.3.2. | Other examples of gas separations using MOF sorbents |
| 6.3.3. | Wastewater treatment using MOF sorbents in academic literature |
| 6.3.4. | MOF sorbents demonstrating PFAS removal and remediation |
| 6.3.5. | Refrigerant reclamation is key to meeting targets in Kigali Amendment |
| 6.3.6. | Refrigerant reclamation using MOF-based adsorptive separation |
| 6.4. | Market Activity for MOF-based Separation Technologies |
| 6.4.1. | Daikin and Atomis patented MOF-based technology to separate refrigerants |
| 6.4.2. | Daikin's current refrigerant recovery and reclamation efforts |
| 6.4.3. | UniSieve's membrane technology can separate propylene to 99.5% purity |
| 6.4.4. | Numat has commercialized MOF-based chemical filtration solutions |
| 6.4.5. | Tetramer is developing chemical protection and water purification solutions |
| 6.4.6. | EnergyX uses MOF-based MMMs for direct lithium extraction |
| 6.4.7. | Framergy has developed MOFs for gas purification |
| 6.4.8. | Squair Tech developed ST-Sorb13 for formaldehyde removal |
| 6.4.9. | Examples of patent application activity for separation and purification |
| 6.5. | Technology Assessment and Comparisons |
| 6.5.1. | Comparison of incumbent and emerging MOF-based separation technologies |
| 6.5.2. | Energy reduction for propane-propylene separation using membrane systems |
| 6.6. | Company Landscape |
| 6.6.1. | MOF-based chemical separation and purification company landscape |
| 6.7. | Outlook |
| 6.7.1. | Medium-term opportunities in hybrid separation systems |
| 6.7.2. | IDTechEx outlook of MOFs in chemical separations and purifications |
| 6.7.3. | Forecast 2025-2035: MOFs for Chemical Separations & Purification |
| 7. | OTHER APPLICATIONS - COMMERCIAL AND EARLY-STAGE RESEARCH |
| 7.1.1. | Research on MOFs for numerous applications is in the early stages |
| 7.2. | Gas Storage and Transport |
| 7.2.1. | Immaterial is developing MOF-based gas storage systems |
| 7.2.2. | H2MOF targeting long term hydrogen storage and long-haul transportation |
| 7.2.3. | Atomis is commercializing MOF-based gas storage solutions |
| 7.2.4. | BASF was previously unsuccessful at commercializing MOFs for NGVs |
| 7.2.5. | Numat has commercialized its ION-X gas storage and delivery systems |
| 7.2.6. | MOFs for hydrogen storage have key challenges to overcome |
| 7.3. | Sensors |
| 7.3.1. | Lantha Sensors is developing MOF-based sensors for chemical analysis |
| 7.3.2. | Matrix Sensors is developing MOF-based gas sensors for sorbent analysis |
| 7.3.3. | MOFs explored as sensors for food safety and motion sensing in academia |
| 7.4. | Membranes for PEM Fuel Cells |
| 7.5. | Energy Storage |
| 7.5.1. | Integration of MOFs into batteries is being explored to improve performance |
| 7.5.2. | Patent applications: Several players exploring MOFs for secondary cells |
| 7.5.3. | Framergy, NovoMOF, and EnergyX have explored MOFs for Li-ion batteries |
| 7.5.4. | MOF-based composite materials can be used for battery thermal management |
| 7.5.5. | MOF-based supercapacitors in academic literature |
| 7.5.6. | MOFs for thermal energy storage in academic literature |
| 7.6. | Semiconductors |
| 7.6.1. | MOFs in semiconductor devices to improve insulation and dielectric properties |
| 7.7. | Catalysis |
| 7.7.1. | Framergy is developing MOFs for catalytic degradation of harmful chemicals |
| 7.7.2. | Iron-based MOFs for breakdown of NOx gases under ambient conditions |
| 7.7.3. | Photocatalytic dye degradation using MOF-nanoparticle composites |
| 7.8. | Biomedical Applications |
| 7.8.1. | Targeted drug release using MOFs for orally delivered drugs |
| 7.8.2. | Targeted delivery of chemotherapy drugs using biocompatible MOFs |
| 7.9. | Others |
| 7.9.1. | MOFs can stabilize qubits at room temperature for quantum computing |
| 7.9.2. | Applications of MOFs in agriculture |
| 8. | PATENTS: TRENDS AND OVERVIEW |
| 8.1. | Trends in MOF-related patents applications 2006-2025 and the legal status |
| 8.2. | Global distribution of MOF-related patents and the top assignees |
| 8.3. | Top Applicants Over Time 2006-2025: BASF a key leader but others emerging |
| 8.4. | Patent examples published 2024 onwards: Granted or under examination (1/2) |
| 8.5. | Patent examples published 2024 onwards: Granted or under examination (2/2) |
| 8.6. | Player landscape of recent patent activity (excluding academic institutions) |
| 9. | FORECASTS |
| 9.1. | Methodology |
| 9.2. | MOF Pricing Considerations |
| 9.3. | Forecast 2025-2035: MOFs for Carbon Capture |
| 9.4. | Forecast 2025-2035: CO2 Capture Capacity using MOFs - DAC vs Point Source |
| 9.5. | Forecast 2025-2035: MOFs for Water Harvesting & HVAC |
| 9.6. | Forecast 2025-2035: MOFs for Chemical Separations & Purification |
| 9.7. | Forecast 2025-2035: Total Material Demand (mass) |
| 9.8. | Forecast 2025-2035: Total Market Revenue |
| 9.9. | Progression of the metal-organic frameworks market |
| 9.10. | Comparison with previous forecast: 2024 version vs 2025 version |
| 10. | COMPANY PROFILES |
| 10.1. | AspiraDAC: MOF-Based DAC Technology Using Solar Power |
| 10.2. | Atoco (MOF-Based AWH and Carbon Capture) |
| 10.3. | Atomis: MOF Manufacturer |
| 10.4. | BASF: MOF Manufacturer |
| 10.5. | CSIRO: MOF-Based DAC Technology (Airthena) |
| 10.6. | Daikin: MOF-Based Refrigerant Separation |
| 10.7. | EnergyX |
| 10.8. | Framergy: MOF Manufacturer |
| 10.9. | Green Science Alliance: MOF and Advanced Materials Developer |
| 10.10. | Immaterial: MOF Manufacturer |
| 10.11. | Lantha Sensors: MOF-Based Chemical Analysis |
| 10.12. | Matrix Sensors: MOF-Based CO₂ Sensors |
| 10.13. | Montana Technologies: MOF-Based AWH and HVAC Technology |
| 10.14. | Mosaic Materials: MOF-Based DAC Technology |
| 10.15. | NovoMOF |
| 10.16. | Nuada: MOF-Based Carbon Capture |
| 10.17. | Numat: MOF Manufacturer |
| 10.18. | Orchestra Scientific: MOF-Based Carbon Separation |
| 10.19. | ProfMOF: MOF Manufacturer |
| 10.20. | Promethean Particles: MOF Manufacturer |
| 10.21. | Squair Tech: MOF-Based Indoor Air Quality |
| 10.22. | Svante: MOF-Based Carbon Capture |
| 10.23. | SyncMOF — MOF Manufacturer |
| 10.24. | Tetramer: MOFs for Decontamination and Filtration |
| 10.25. | Transaera: MOF-Based HVAC Technology |
| 10.26. | UniSieve: MOF-Based Membrane Technology |