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| 1. | WHY ELECTRIC VEHICLES? |
| 1.1. | Human sources of carbon dioxide (CO2) |
| 1.2. | Carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuel combustion |
| 1.3. | Measures to reduce transport CO2 emissions |
| 1.4. | Targets for transport vehicle CO2 emissions |
| 1.5. | Industry transition to diesel- and petrol- free vehicles |
| 1.6. | Drivers for the adoption of Electric Vehicles |
| 1.7. | Why are electric buses more exciting? |
| 1.8. | Electric buses: future urban mobility |
| 1.9. | Carbon dioxide emissions in transportation |
| 1.10. | Transport of people 2010-2025 |
| 1.11. | Definitions and Terminologies - xEV |
| 1.12. | Electrochemistry definitions |
| 1.13. | Basic Terms of Battery Performance and Characterisation |
| 1.14. | Useful charts for performance comparison |
| 1.15. | What does 1 kilowatthour (kWh) look like? |
| 1.16. | Differences between cell, module, and pack |
| 2. | TYPES OF ELECTRIC BUSES AND BATTERIES |
| 2.1. | Types of pure electric bus |
| 2.2. | What is a battery? |
| 2.3. | Different applications of batteries |
| 2.4. | Why Li-ion batteries (LIB)? |
| 2.5. | Qualitative comparison of current major automotive battery technology groups |
| 2.6. | LIB market forecasts 2018-2028 (in $B/year) - buses, trucks, and vans |
| 2.7. | LIB cell cost ($/kWh) forecasts according to IDTechEx |
| 2.8. | Comparison of specific energy and energy density of various battery systems |
| 2.9. | Advantages of Li-ion Batteries |
| 2.10. | Disadvantages of Li-ion Batteries |
| 2.11. | The battery trilemma |
| 2.12. | Battery requirements for electric buses |
| 2.13. | Battery cell construction |
| 2.14. | Basic operation of a Li-ion cell |
| 2.15. | The main components of a battery cell |
| 2.16. | Potential and capacity of different anode materials |
| 2.17. | Commercial battery packaging technologies |
| 2.18. | Cylindrical Li-ion cells |
| 2.19. | Prismatic Li-ion cells |
| 2.20. | Pouch Li-ion cells (also called Lithium-polymer) |
| 2.21. | Comparison of commercial battery packaging technologies |
| 3. | EXAMPLES OF LI-ION VARIANTS |
| 3.1. | Lithium variants |
| 3.2. | Lithium Cobalt Oxide (LiCoO2) |
| 3.3. | Lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) |
| 3.4. | Switch away from LFP - the new Chinese EV mandate |
| 3.5. | Lithium Nickel manganese cobalt (LiNiMnCoO2) |
| 3.6. | Lithium Manganese Oxide Spinel (LiMn2O4) |
| 3.7. | Lithium Nickel Oxide (LiNiO2) and variants like NCA |
| 3.8. | Comparison of main lithium variants |
| 3.9. | Thermal stability of different cathodes |
| 3.10. | Cost of cathode metals |
| 3.11. | Anodes for Li-ion batteries |
| 3.12. | Li-ion batteries by cathode type |
| 3.13. | Li-ion batteries by anode type |
| 3.14. | Key parameters for automotive Li-ion variants |
| 3.15. | Some of the main Li-ion battery manufacturers |
| 3.16. | Cost analysis for automotive Li-ion cells |
| 3.17. | Cost analysis for automotive Li-ion batteries |
| 3.18. | Li-ion battery price forecast |
| 3.19. | Mapping: Top electric bus manufacturers and Li-ion battery pack suppliers |
| 3.20. | Examples of top electric buses, battery type and performance |
| 3.21. | Li-ion battery manufacturers by location |
| 3.22. | Electric bus manufacturers by location |
| 4. | COMPANY PROFILES: KEY ELECTRIC BUS MANUFACTURERS |
| 4.1. | Yutong |
| 4.2. | BYD |
| 4.3. | Ankai |
| 4.4. | King Long |
| 4.5. | CSR Times Electric Vehicle Co., Ltd. |
| 4.6. | Dongfeng Motor Corporation |
| 4.7. | Sunwin Bus Corporation |
| 4.8. | Zhongtong |
| 4.9. | Hengtong |
| 4.10. | Proterra |
| 4.11. | Solaris |
| 4.12. | Ebusco |
| 4.13. | Hybricon Bus System |
| 4.14. | Higer Bus Company |
| 4.15. | Scania |
| 4.16. | VDL |
| 4.17. | Volvo |
| 4.18. | Local Motors Inc. |
| 4.19. | Navya Arma |
| 4.20. | Navya |
| 4.21. | Easy Mile |
| 4.22. | Alstom |
| 5. | COMPANY PROFILES: KEY LI-ION BATTERY MANUFACTURERS |
| 5.1. | Gigafactories in a wider context |
| 5.2. | Battery manufacturing in Germany |
| 5.3. | The Giga-LIB project |
| 5.4. | Success stories in Europe |
| 5.5. | Chinese Li-ion battery manufacturers face slump in profits |
| 5.6. | Battery manufacturing plants - the state of the art |
| 5.7. | The Gigafactories |
| 5.8. | LGChem |
| 5.9. | LGChem's strategy |
| 5.10. | Samsung SDI |
| 5.11. | AESC - Nissan + NEC |
| 5.12. | AESC battery specification |
| 5.13. | Tesla/Panasonic |
| 5.14. | Tesla/Panasonic in Europe? |
| 5.15. | BYD |
| 5.16. | Applications of BYD's LFP battery |
| 5.17. | BYD LFP used in electric vehicles |
| 5.18. | Specification of BYD LFP Battery |
| 5.19. | CATL |
| 5.20. | ATL vs. CATL |
| 5.21. | Microvast |
| 5.22. | Guoxuan |
| 5.23. | Boston Power |
| 5.24. | A123 Systems |
| 5.25. | A123 battery specification |
| 5.26. | A123 - Heavy duty HEV applications |
| 5.27. | A123 - 14 Ah nanophosphate prismatic pouch cell |
| 5.28. | A123 - automotive battery systems |
| 5.29. | A123 - heavy duty battery systems |
| 5.30. | A123 - BAE Systems HybriDrive™ |
| 5.31. | A123 - Battery life analysis |
| 5.32. | Tianjin Lishen Battery Co., Ltd. |
| 5.33. | Chinese EV battery value chain |
| 5.34. | SK Innovation Co., Ltd |
| 5.35. | Specification of SK Innovation module, Pack and BMS |
| 5.36. | Northvolt (formerly SGF Energy) |
| 5.37. | TerraE |
| 5.38. | The Megafactories |
| 5.39. | Thinking small has advantages and disadvantages |
| 5.40. | Altairnano |
| 5.41. | Electrovaya |
| 5.42. | Electrovaya Inc. |
| 5.43. | Xalt Energy |
| 5.44. | XALT Energy |
| 5.45. | Blue Solutions/Bolloré |
| 5.46. | Leclanché |
| 5.47. | Lithops |
| 5.48. | Saft |
| 5.49. | Saft's battery system for commercial vehicles |
| 5.50. | Varta Microbattery |
| 5.51. | Tadiran Batteries |
| 5.52. | BMZ |
| 5.53. | GS Yuasa Corporation |
| 5.54. | Hitachi Vehicle Energy, Ltd. |
| 5.55. | Hitachi Vehicle Energy, Ltd. |
| 5.56. | Zhejiang Tianneng Energy Technology Co., Ltd |
| 5.57. | Toshiba |
| 5.58. | Features of Toshiba's SCIB |
| 5.59. | Production plant for Toshiba's SCIB |
| 5.60. | Toshiba R&D activities |
| 6. | BATTERY DYNAMICS IN ELECTRIC BUSES |
| 6.1. | Battery capacity vs Gross vehicle weight |
| 6.2. | Battery capacity vs Passenger-range |
| 6.3. | Passenger capacity vs e-bus weight |
| 6.4. | Li-ion battery sales volume based on capacity |
| 6.5. | Li-ion battery sales, MWh for electric bus, 2017 |
| 6.6. | Li-ion batteries used in electric buses, 2017 (MWh) |
| 6.7. | Battery market value based on e-bus manufacturers, 2017 |
| 6.8. | Anode material market share |
| 6.9. | Electric bus manufacturers: sales volume 2017 |
| 6.10. | Market share: electric bus manufacturers, 2017 |
| 6.11. | Market share: Li-ion battery manufacturers for e-buses |
| 7. | MARKET FORECASTS 2018-2028 |
| 7.1. | Sales volume forecast for large electric buses |
| 7.2. | Electric bus market forecast 2018-2028 unit price $k |
| 7.3. | Electric bus market value, 2018-2028 |
| 7.4. | LIB market forecasts 2018-2028 (in $B/year) - buses |
| 7.5. | Battery market of Li-ion variant by % sales volume |
| 7.6. | Assumptions for the "business-as-usual" forecast |
| 7.7. | Battery market of anode chemistry by % sales volume |
| 7.8. | LIB market forecasts 2018-2028 (in $B/year) - buses |
| 7.9. | Assumptions on the forecast |
| 8. | BUS ENERGY STORAGE BEYOND BATTERIES |
| 8.1. | Bus energy storage beyond batteries |
| 8.2. | Performance Comparisons 1 |
| 8.3. | Vehicles where Li-ion battery has been replaced by supercapacitors |
| 8.4. | Energy storage devices and their characteristics |
| 8.5. | Operational principles of different systems |
| 8.6. | Fuel cells as range extenders |
| 8.7. | Fuel cells for traction |
| 8.8. | Problems with fuel cells |
| 8.9. | Roadmaps have not been met |
| 8.10. | Performance Comparisons 2 |
| 8.11. | Supercapacitors are often used across Li-ion batteries |
| 8.12. | Car or bus bodywork becomes a supercapacitor ! |
| 8.13. | Supercapacitors to Li-ion batteries - a spectrum of functional tailoring |
| 8.14. | Flywheels - What are they? Who likes them? |
| 8.15. | Flybrid KERS used by Wrightbus UK on hybrid buses |
| 8.16. | Flywheel KERS mechanical |
| 8.17. | Flywheel scope for mechanical versions |
| 9. | CONCLUSIONS AND OUTLOOK |
| 10. | ANALYSIS OF OVER 140 LITHIUM-BASED RECHARGEABLE BATTERY MANUFACTURERS |
| 10.1. | Methodology |
| 10.2. | Top LIB producers in 2016 and public announcements |
| 10.3. | Geographical distribution |
| 10.4. | Cathode and anode choices |
| 10.5. | Cathode preferences by country of manufacturing |
| 10.6. | Cathode choice vs. company size and output |
| 10.7. | Cell format |
| 10.8. | LIB markets - geographical focus |
| Slides | 234 |
|---|---|
| Forecasts to | 2028 |