1. | EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND FORECASTS |
1.1. | Li-ion batteries revolutionise energy availability |
1.2. | Why does battery innovation matter? |
1.3. | LIB cell cost ($/kWh) forecasts according to IDTechEx |
1.4. | Materials, processes, and markets for Advanced Li-ion |
1.5. | LIB standard chemistries in 2018, 2023, and 2028 |
1.6. | Beyond Li-ion: new battery chemistries |
1.7. | Non-commercial new battery technologies |
1.8. | Forecasts ($B) |
1.9. | List of industry events mentioned in this report |
2. | INTRODUCTION |
2.1. | What's the big deal with batteries? |
2.1.1. | What's the big deal with batteries? |
2.1.2. | What is energy storage and why does it matter? |
2.1.3. | LIB evolution over the last quarter of century |
2.1.4. | Prospects for Li-ion batteries |
2.1.5. | Challenges ahead |
2.1.6. | Li-ion batteries in the news |
2.1.7. | Better, cheaper Li-ion batteries |
2.2. | More than Li-ion |
3. | BATTERY BASICS |
3.1. | What is a battery? |
3.1.1. | What is a battery? |
3.1.2. | Redox reactions |
3.1.3. | Electrochemical reactions based on electron transfer |
3.1.4. | Primary (non-rechargeable) vs. secondary (rechargeable) batteries |
3.1.5. | Electrochemistry definitions |
3.1.6. | Useful charts for performance comparison |
3.1.7. | What does 1 kilowatthour (kWh) look like? |
3.2. | Energy Density |
3.2.1. | Energy density in context |
3.2.2. | Electrochemical inactive components reduce energy density |
3.3. | What is a Li-ion battery? |
3.3.1. | What is a Li-ion battery (LIB)? |
3.3.2. | There is more than one type of LIB |
3.3.3. | How can LIBs be improved? |
3.3.4. | Push and pull factors in Li-ion research |
3.3.5. | The battery trilemma |
3.3.6. | A quote from Thomas Edison on batteries |
3.3.7. | Performance goes up, cost goes down |
3.3.8. | General Motors' view on battery prices |
3.4. | Safety |
3.4.1. | Safety |
3.4.2. | Samsung's Firegate |
3.4.3. | The risks of a battery-intensive future |
4. | ADVANCED LI-ION BATTERIES |
4.1. | Batteries and thermodynamics |
4.2. | Lithium is not the only element in Li-ion batteries |
4.2.1. | The elements used in Li-ion batteries |
4.3. | Conventional Li-ion vs. Advanced Li-ion |
4.3.1. | Conventional Li-ion vs. Advanced Li-ion - what is the difference? |
4.3.2. | Summary of Advanced Li-ion technologies |
4.3.3. | Better batteries with a wider cell voltage |
4.3.4. | Better batteries with a higher electrode capacity |
4.3.5. | LGChem keynote at Interbattery 2017 in Seoul |
4.4. | Ways to get above 250 Wh/kg |
5. | LI-ION ELECTRODE MATERIALS |
5.1. | A family tree of batteries - Lithium-based |
5.1.1. | A peek into the Samsung Galaxy Note 7 - LIB teardown |
5.1.2. | A peek into Tesla's 18650 batteries - LIB teardown |
5.2. | Anode materials |
5.2.1. | Anode materials - Battery-grade graphite |
5.2.2. | Synthetic graphite |
5.2.3. | Anode alternatives - energy density vs. specific energy |
5.2.4. | Anode alternatives - lithium metal and LTO |
5.2.5. | Lithium metal - Hydro-Quebec |
5.2.6. | Li metal strategies - Tadiran, Polyplus, Solidenergy |
5.2.7. | Lithium metal needs to be handled in a dry room |
5.2.8. | The cost of using lithium metal |
5.2.9. | LTO - Toshiba |
5.2.10. | LTO - Nippon Chemicon |
5.2.11. | Anode alternatives - other carbon materials |
5.2.12. | Hard carbon as additive for LIBs - Kuraray |
5.2.13. | Anode alternatives - silicon, tin and alloying materials |
5.2.14. | Pure silicon, silicon-dominant, silicon-rich, graphite-dominant anode materials |
5.2.15. | Silicon manufacturing - Paraclete Energy |
5.2.16. | Graphite-dominant silicon anodes - SiLion and Black Diamond |
5.2.17. | Graphite-dominant silicon anodes - Nexeon |
5.2.18. | Silicon-dominant anodes - Fraunhofer ISE |
5.2.19. | Silicon-dominant anodes - 3M |
5.2.20. | Silicon-dominant anodes - 3M |
5.2.21. | Silicon-dominant anodes - Enevate |
5.2.22. | Silicon-dominant anodes - Amprius |
5.2.23. | Pure silicon anodes - Enovix |
5.2.24. | Pure silicon anodes - Leyden Jar |
5.2.25. | Silicon alloy anodes - BioSolar |
5.2.26. | Silicon oxide anodes - Shin-Etsu |
5.2.27. | The silicon anode value chain |
5.2.28. | IP uncertainty in silicon anodes |
5.2.29. | Graphene's role in silicon anodes |
5.2.30. | Graphene and silicon - SiNode Systems |
5.2.31. | Benchmark comparison of 11 Silicon-based battery companies |
5.3. | Cathode materials |
5.3.1. | Standard cathode materials - LCO and LFP |
5.3.2. | Cathode alternatives - NCA |
5.3.3. | Cathode alternatives - LNMO, NMC, V2O5 |
5.3.4. | LMO - ZSW Ulm |
5.3.5. | Li-ion battery cathode recap |
5.3.6. | Ultra-high energy NMC - Kokam |
5.3.7. | Future NMC/NCM - From 111 to 622 and 811 |
5.3.8. | NMC Cathode materials at Interbattery 2017 |
5.3.9. | Future NMC/NCM - Hanyang University |
5.3.10. | Future NMC/NCM - BASF |
5.3.11. | Future NMC/NCM - Umicore |
5.3.12. | Patent litigation over NMC/NCM - Umicore vs. BASF |
5.3.13. | Patent litigation - the positive example of LFP |
5.3.14. | New cathode materials - FDK Corporation |
6. | INACTIVE MATERIALS |
6.1. | Separators |
6.1.1. | Separators - polyolefins |
6.1.2. | Separator manufacturing |
6.1.3. | Polyolefin separators - Celgard |
6.1.4. | Ceramic separators - Sion Power's Licerion |
6.1.5. | Ceramic coatings - Litarion, Optodot, Nabaltec |
6.1.6. | Ceramic coatings |
6.1.7. | Cellulose separators - Uppsala university |
6.1.8. | New battery separators - Dreamweaver |
6.2. | Current collectors |
6.2.1. | Current collectors - aluminium and copper |
6.2.2. | Current collectors - copper from LS Mtron |
6.2.3. | New current collectors - Dreamweaver |
6.2.4. | Porous current collectors - Nano-Nouvelle |
6.3. | Binders |
6.3.1. | Binders - aqueous vs. non-aqueous |
6.3.2. | Binder processing |
6.3.3. | Better binders - Solvay |
6.3.4. | Replacing toxic NMP - PPG |
6.3.5. | Better binders - Zeon |
6.3.6. | Better binders - Ashland |
6.4. | Solvents |
6.4.1. | NMP vs. aqueous processing |
6.5. | Conductive additives |
6.5.1. | Conductive agents |
6.5.2. | Conductive agents - Imerys |
6.5.3. | Conductive agents - Orion Engineered Carbons |
6.5.4. | Conductive agents - OCSiAl |
6.6. | Electrolytes, salts, and additives |
6.6.1. | Electrolytes - the solvents |
6.6.2. | Electrolytes - Ionic liquids |
6.6.3. | Electrolytes - conducting salts |
6.6.4. | Electrolyte additives |
6.7. | Solid-state electrolytes |
6.7.1. | Solid-state batteries - after the 2016 hype |
6.7.2. | Lithium-ion batteries vs. Solid-State batteries |
6.7.3. | Comparison between inorganic and polymer electrolytes |
6.7.4. | Inorganic electrolytes |
6.7.5. | Difference between inorganic and polymer electrolytes |
6.7.6. | Critical aspects of solid electrolytes |
6.7.7. | Solid electrolytes - Toyota Motors |
6.7.8. | Solid electrolytes - Solvay |
6.7.9. | Solid electrolytes - Solvay |
6.7.10. | Electrolytes - Solid Power |
6.7.11. | Solid electrolytes - Solidenergy |
6.7.12. | Solid electrolytes - US Army Research Lab |
6.7.13. | Solid-state Electrolyte Technology evaluation |
7. | CURRENT LI-ION VS. FUTURE LI-ION |
7.1. | Future Li-ion according to BMW |
7.2. | LGChem's view of future batteries |
7.3. | Battery Projects |
7.3.1. | ARPA-E Battery 500 Project |
7.3.2. | ARPA-E Battery 500 Project |
7.3.3. | Approved projects |
7.3.4. | Approved projects |
7.3.5. | Approved projects |
8. | BEYOND LI-ION TECHNOLOGIES |
8.1. | Is Li-ion the silver bullet of batteries? |
8.1.1. | Is Li-ion the silver bullet of batteries? |
8.1.2. | Is Li-ion the silver bullet of batteries? |
8.1.3. | The innovation cycle |
8.1.4. | Li-ion vs. future Li-ion vs. beyond Li-ion |
8.1.5. | There are several avenues to better batteries |
8.1.6. | What is the future battery technology? |
8.1.7. | Cathodes for post-Li-ion |
9. | LITHIUM-SULPHUR |
9.1. | Motivation - Why Lithium Sulphur batteries? |
9.1.1. | Operating principle of lithium-sulphur batteries |
9.1.2. | Advantages of LSBs |
9.1.3. | Challenges for LSBs |
9.1.4. | Challenges for LSBs - Polysulphide solubility issue |
9.1.5. | Challenges for LSBs - Sulphur conductivity |
9.1.6. | Challenges for LSBs - Anode protection |
9.1.7. | Solutions to LSB challenges electrode structure approach |
9.1.8. | Solutions to LSB challenges electrode structure approach |
9.1.9. | Solutions to LSB challenges Electrolyte approaches |
9.2. | Lithium-sulphur batteries |
9.2.1. | Lithium-sulphur batteries - Polyplus |
9.2.2. | Lithium-sulphur batteries - Sion Power |
9.2.3. | Lithium-sulphur batteries - Oxis Energy |
9.2.4. | Silicon/sulphur battery - GIST University |
9.2.5. | LSB Electrolytes - TU Dresden |
9.2.6. | Lithium-sulphur - Daimler |
9.3. | Lithium sulphur battery applications |
9.3.1. | Lithium sulphur battery applications - Defense |
9.3.2. | Li sulphur battery applications - autonomous vehicles |
9.4. | Lithium Sulphur value chain |
10. | LITHIUM-AIR |
10.1. | The Holy Grail of batteries - lithium-air batteries |
10.2. | Types of Lithium-air batteries |
10.3. | Aqueous LABs |
10.3.1. | Aqueous LABs - Polyplus |
10.3.2. | Aqueous LABs - Ohara Corp. |
10.3.3. | Aqueous LABs - Energie De France (EDF) |
10.4. | Non-aqueous LABs |
10.4.1. | Non-aqueous LABs - Oxford University |
10.4.2. | Non-aqueous LABs - Toyota |
10.5. | Technical challenges for LABs |
10.5.1. | Technical challenges for LABs |
11. | OTHER LI-BASED BATTERIES |
11.1. | Lithium/thionyl chloride (Li-SOCl2) |
11.2. | Lithium/iodine (Li-I2) |
11.3. | Lithium/sulphur dioxide - Seoul National University |
12. | SODIUM-ION |
12.1. | Sodium-ion batteries as a drop-in technology |
12.2. | Working principle of sodium-ion batteries |
12.3. | Sodium-ion vs. Lithium-ion |
12.4. | Life cycle assessment of Na-ion vs. Li-ion |
12.5. | Sodium-ion - Laboratories |
12.5.1. | Sodium-ion - Sharp Laboratories of Europe |
12.5.2. | Sodium-ion - Faradion |
12.5.3. | Sodium-ion - NEI Corporation |
12.5.4. | Sodium-ion - Broadbit Batteries |
12.5.5. | Aqueous sodium-ion - Alveo Energy |
12.5.6. | Aqueous sodium-ion - Juline-Titans (former Aquion Energy) |
12.6. | The cost of sodium-ion batteries - CIC Energigune |
12.7. | New cathodes for sodium-ion - Seoul National University |
13. | REDOX FLOW BATTERIES |
13.1. | Catholytes and anolytes |
13.2. | Exploded view of an RFB and polarisation curve |
13.3. | The case for RFBs |
13.3.1. | The case for RFBs |
13.3.2. | The case for RFBs |
13.4. | Types of RFBs |
13.4.1. | RFB chemistries: Iron/Chromium |
13.4.2. | RFB chemistries: PSB flow batteries |
13.4.3. | RFB chemistries: Vanadium/Bromine |
13.4.4. | RFB chemistries: all Vanadium (VRFB) |
13.4.5. | Hybrid RFBs: Zinc/Bromine |
13.4.6. | Hybrid RFBs: Hydrogen/Bromine |
13.4.7. | Hybrid RFBs: all Iron |
13.4.8. | Other RFBs: organic |
13.4.9. | Other RFBs: non-aqueous |
13.4.10. | Lab-scale flow battery projects |
13.4.11. | Microflow batteries? |
13.5. | Other RFB configurations |
13.6. | Redox Flow Battery Technology Recap |
13.7. | Hype Curve® for RFB technologies |
13.8. | Comparison with fuel cells and conventional batteries |
13.9. | Redox Flow Batteries |
13.9.1. | Redox Flow Batteries - Sumitomo Electric |
13.9.2. | Redox Flow Batteries - ThyssenKrupp |
14. | SUPERCAPACITORS AND LITHIUM-ION CAPACITORS |
14.1. | Operating principle of supercapacitors |
14.2. | Types of capacitor |
14.3. | Principles - capacitance |
14.4. | Principles - supercapacitance |
14.4.1. | Principles - supercapacitance |
14.4.2. | Principles - supercapacitance |
14.5. | Supercapacitors: victims of the wrong performance metric? |
14.5.1. | Supercapacitors: victims of the wrong performance metric? |
14.5.2. | Supercapacitors: victims of the wrong performance metric? |
14.6. | Forklifts may not be the same again |
14.6.1. | Forklifts may not be the same again |
14.6.2. | Forklifts may not be the same again |
14.7. | Lithium-ion capacitors (LIC) |
14.8. | Supercapacitors and Lithium-ion capacitors |
14.9. | LICs for EV fast charging infrastructures - ZapGo |
15. | MAGNESIUM-ION |
15.1. | Magnesium-ion batteries |
15.2. | Magnesium-ion - Ljubljana University |
15.3. | Magnesium-ion - ZSW Ulm |
16. | SODIUM-SULPHUR |
16.1. | Sodium-sulphur batteries |
16.2. | Sodium-sulphur batteries - NGK Insulators |
17. | ZINC-AIR |
17.1. | Zinc-air batteries - operating principle |
17.2. | The problem of making Zn-air high-power |
17.3. | Zn-air batteries - EMW Energy |
17.4. | Zn-air batteries - Fluidic Energy |
17.5. | Zn-air batteries - EOS Energy Storage |
18. | ZINC-CARBON |
18.1. | Zinc-carbon batteries |
18.2. | Zinc-carbon batteries - Medical applications |
18.3. | Zinc-carbon batteries - Cosmetic skin patches |
18.4. | Zinc-carbon - FlexEL LLC |
18.5. | Zinc-carbon - Zinergy Power |
19. | BENCHMARK OF LI-ION VS. OTHER TECHNOLOGIES |
19.1. | A family tree of batteries - Li-ion |
19.2. | A family tree of batteries - Non-Li-ion |
19.3. | Benchmarking of theoretical battery performance |
19.4. | Benchmarking of practical battery performance |
19.5. | Battery technology benchmark - Comparison chart |
19.6. | Battery technology benchmark - open challenges |
20. | ADDRESSABLE MARKETS |
20.1. | Electric vehicles |
20.1.1. | Electric vehicles as a catch-all term |
20.1.2. | Electric vehicles - Volkswagen |
20.1.3. | Electric buses - Toshiba |
20.1.4. | Electric aircraft - UBER Elevate |
20.2. | Consumer electronics |
20.2.1. | Battery technologies for consumer electronics |
20.3. | Wearables |
20.3.1. | Battery technologies for wearables |
20.3.2. | Wearables suffer from bulky batteries |
20.4. | Stationary storage (BESS) |
20.4.1. | The increasingly important role of stationary storage |
20.4.2. | Li-ion is capturing market share at the expense of lead-acid |
20.4.3. | Stationary storage battery choice in 2017 |
20.5. | Internet of Things (IoT) |
20.5.1. | Battery choices for the Internet of Things |
21. | MARKET FORECASTS |
21.1. | Cathode materials forecasts 2018 - 2028 |
21.1.1. | LIB market by cathode material - GWh |
21.1.2. | LIB markets by cathode material - $B |
21.1.3. | LIB-based EV market share - $B |
21.1.4. | LIB cathode production, 2018 vs. 2028 |
21.1.5. | Cathode market forecasts - a detailed analysis |
21.1.6. | EV battery tech market share - $B |
21.1.7. | Lead acid and NiMH battery markets in electric vehicles 2018 - 2028 ($M) |
21.1.8. | Selected EV markets and cathode/battery type market share |
21.1.9. | Different technologies will dominate different EV segments |
21.1.10. | PHEV vs. HEV markets by battery choice ($B) |
21.1.11. | PHEV vs. HEV markets by battery choice - analysis |
21.1.12. | Pure electric vehicle markets by battery choice ($B) |
21.1.13. | 48V mild hybrid and micro-EV markets by battery choice ($B) |
21.1.14. | Pure EV and 48V mild hybrid markets by battery choice - analysis |
21.2. | Anode materials forecasts 2018 - 2028 |
21.2.1. | LIB market by anode material - GWh |
21.2.2. | LIB market by anode material - 2018 vs. 2028 |
21.2.3. | LIB market by anode material - $B |
21.2.4. | LIB-based EV market share - $B |
21.2.5. | Selected EV markets and anode type market share |
21.2.6. | Pure electric vehicle markets and market share by anode |
21.2.7. | Pure electric vehicles and anode markets - analysis |
21.2.8. | Other passenger EV anode markets |
21.2.9. | Other passenger EV anode markets - analysis |
21.3. | Li-ion electrolyte forecasts 2018 - 2028 |
21.3.1. | Electrolyte technology market share (GWh) |
21.3.2. | Electrolyte technology market share ($B) |
21.3.3. | Electric vehicle electrolyte market share (%) |
21.3.4. | Electrolyte market - analysis |
21.4. | Battery forecasts for drones and electric aircraft, 2018 - 2028 |
21.4.1. | Drones and electric aircraft - can lithium-sulphur make it? |
21.4.2. | Drone market share by anode ($M) |
21.5. | Battery forecasts for marine EVs, 2018 - 2028 |
21.5.1. | Battery technologies for the marine sector |
21.6. | Battery forecasts for consumer electronics, 2018 - 2028 |
21.6.1. | Consumer electronics cathode and anode choice ($B) |
21.7. | Battery forecasts for stationary storage (BESS), 2018 - 2028 |
21.7.1. | Stationary storage battery choice ($B) |
21.8. | Disruptive potential vs. rate of innovation |
21.9. | Summary tables - cathode, anode, electrolyte ($B) |
22. | COMPANY PROFILES |
22.1. | SiNode Systems |
22.2. | Broadbit Batteries |
22.3. | Unienergy Technology |
22.4. | NGK |
22.5. | 24M |
22.6. | Johnson Battery Technology |
22.7. | Nano Nouvelle |
22.8. | US Army Research Lab |
22.9. | Voltaiq |
22.10. | PARC |
22.11. | Energous |
22.12. | Tanktwo |
23. | APPENDIX |
23.1. | List of abbreviations |